Phase 1A Literature Search and Sensitivity Assessment

Tidewater Center Project

East Bridge Street

Village of Saugerties, Ulster County, New York

Prepared for:
Arm of the Sea Productions, Inc.
C/O Patrick Wadden
P.O Box 175
Malden on Hudson NY 12453

HUDSON VALLEY
Cultural Resource Consultants, Ltd.
3 Lyons Drive Poughkeepsie, NY 12601

May 2018
 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
SHPO Project Review Number (if available):
Involved State and Federal Agencies:
Phase of Survey: Phase 1A Literature Search & Sensitivity Assessment
Location Information:
Location: East Bridge Street
Minor Civil Division: Village of Saugerties
County: Ulster County
Survey Area (English & Metric)
Length: 365’/111.2 m
Width: 130’/39.6 m
Depth (when appropriate):
Number of Acres Surveyed:
Number of Square Meters & Feet Excavated (Phase II, Phase III only): N/A
Percentage of the Site Excavated (Phase II, Phase III only):
USGS 7.5 Minute Quadrangle Map: Saugerties, NY Quadrangle
Archaeological Survey Overview
Number & Interval of Shovel Tests:
Number & Size of Units: N/A
Width of Plowed Strips: N/A
Surface Survey Transect Interval: N/A
Results of Archaeological Survey
Number & name of precontact sites identified: 0
Number & name of historic sites identified: Sheffield Paper Mill & Barclay Channel
Number & name of sites recommended for Phase II/Avoidance: Sheffield Paper Mill & Barclay
Channel
Results of Architectural Survey
Number of buildings/structures/cemeteries within project area: 0
Number of buildings/structures/cemeteries adjacent to project area: 0
Number of previously determined NR listed or eligible buildings/structures/cemeteries/districts: 0
Number of identified eligible buildings/structures/cemeteries/districts: Sheffield Paper Mill &
Barclay Channel
Report Author (s): Beth Selig, MA, RPA. Stephanie Roberg-Lopez MA, RPA
Date of Report: May 15, 2018
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

I. PHASE 1A LITERATURE SEARCH AND SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT ........................1

A. EAST FISHKILL TRANSMISSION LINE REBUILD PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................1

B. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ..........................................................................................5

 GEOLOGY ..........................................................................................................................5
 ECOLOGY ..........................................................................................................................5
 DRAINAGE .........................................................................................................................5
 SOILS ..................................................................................................................................6

C. RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND SURVEYS .......................................................8

 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES....................................................8
 PREVIOUSLY COMPLETED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS ...........................................9

D. NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE/LISTED SITES ................................................................. 9

E. PRECONTACT AND HISTORIC CONTEXT ...........................................................................10

 PRECONTACT SITE RESEARCH..................................................................................... 10
 HISTORIC BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 12
 THE SHEFFIELD PAPER MILL ...................................................................................... 12
 CARTOGRAPHIC RESEARCH ......................................................................................... 14
 SANBORN FIRE INSURANCE MAPS .............................................................................. 18
 AERIAL REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 25

F.

G. ASSESSMENT OF SENSITIVITY FOR CULTURAL RESOURCES ............................................28

 PRECONTACT SENSITIVITY .......................................................................................... 28
 HISTORIC SENSITIVITY ................................................................................................. 28

H. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................28

I. BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................34
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Detail of the 2016 USGS Topographical Map. Saugerties NY Quadrangles. 7.5 Minute
Series. (Source: USGS.gov.) Scale: 1”=650’.
Figure 2: Aerial Image showing soil units within the project area. (Source: National Resources
Conservation Service.) Scale: 1”=120’.
Figure 3: 1875 Lithographic Image of the Sheffield Paper Mills Property. (Beers 1875)
Figure 4: 1881 Lithographic Image of the Sheffield Paper Mills Property. (Smith 2014)
Figure 5: 1854 O. Tillson Atlas of Ulster County, Village of Saugerties. Scale: 1”=325’. (Source: Library
of Congress)
Figure 6: 1858 French, J. H. Map of Ulster Co., New York: from actual surveys, Village of Saugerties. Scale:
1”=435’. (Source: Library of Congress)
Figure 7: 1875 F.W. Beers. Atlas of the County of Ulster County, Village of Saugerties. (Source: Historic
Map Works) Scale: 1”=240’.
Figure 8: 1894 Sanborn Image of the Sheffield Paper Company Saugerties, NY. (Source: Hartwell,
Chester)
Figure 9: 1887 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing the project area. Scale: 1”=120’. (Source:
Sanborn Library, EDR)
Figure10: 1892 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing the project area. Scale: 1”=110’. (Source:
Sanborn Library, EDR)
Figure 11: 1904 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing the project area. Scale: 1”=110’. (Source:
Sanborn Library, EDR)
Figure 12: 1912 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing the project area. Scale: 1”=125’. (Source:
Sanborn Library, EDR)
Figure 13: 1927 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing the project area. Scale: 1”=130’. (Source:
Sanborn Library, EDR)
Figure 14: 1949 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing the project area. Scale: 1”=115’. (Source:
Sanborn Library, EDR)
Figure 15: 1956 USGS Aerial Image. Saugerties NY. (Source: Earth Explorer) Scale: 1”=185’.
Figure 16: 1978 USGS Aerial Image. Saugerties NY. (Source: Earth Explorer) Scale: 1”=215’.

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Soil Unit Descriptions (Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2017)

Table 2: Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites within a one mile radius
 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Photo 1: View to the north of from Tina Chorvas Park into the Tidewater Center Parcel. The ruins
of the Sheffield Paper Mill are located within the parcel. The storage bin (coal and lumber)
can be seen to the right along the creek bank.
Photo 2: View to the northeast toward the former coal and lumber storage building located along the
banks of the Esopus Creek.
Photo 3: View to the northwest of the western portion of the project area. The former Sheffield Paper
Mill was built into the side of the hill.
Photo 4: View to the northwest of the former mill building. This structure was originally constructed
in the 1830s, and rebuilt in 1872 after a fire destroyed the early mill.
Photo 5: View to the northwest, of the ruins of the main mill structure. The interior is filled with
rooms, hallways and alcoves that previously housed equipment.
Photo 6: View to the east toward the Esopus at the northern extent of the building ruins.
Photo 7: View to the east of the former mill building. The culvert in the center of the photo is the
location of the former raceway channel that flowed through the mill property.
Photo 8: View to the north of the race way, located to the west of the mill buildings along the western
boundary of the parcel.
Photo 9: Numerous subterranean features still exist within the project area. These below grade
features are likely associated with mechanical operations and water power.
Photo 10: View to the northeast across the project area, from the southeastern portion of the project
area.
Photo 11: A photograph taken by a drone in 2014 provides an overview of the ruins within the project
area. View to the west (Source: Michael Smith)
Photo 12: View to the south of the coal bin located along the banks of the Esopus Creek. This bin was
built in the mid-twentieth century to replace the earlier wood frame structures in this location.
Photo 13: View of the interior of the main mill building. View to the south. These rooms would have
been located in the basement levels of the building, and housed the paper mill machinery.
Photo 14: View to the east of the interior of the main mill building.
 I. PHASE 1A LITERATURE SEARCH AND SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT

A. TIDEWATER CENTER PROJECT DESCRIPTION

In April and May of 2018, Hudson Valley Cultural Resource Consultants (HVCRC) was retained by The Arm
of the Sea Productions, Inc., to complete a Phase 1A Literature Search and Sensitivity Assessment of the
Tidewater Center project located in the village of Saugerties, Ulster County, New York. A surface
reconnaissance of the project area was completed by Beth Selig, MA, RPA on April 26, 2018. The background
research and sensitivity analysis, photographs of the existing conditions on the site and the final report were
also completed by Beth Selig.

This cultural resource report and supporting materials were edited and reviewed by Stephanie Roberg-Lopez,
MA, RPA who received her Master’s degree in Archaeology from Yale University and has more than 30 years
of experience in CRM/Archaeology in the United States, as well as additional experience in Yorkshire England
and South America.

All work was completed in accordance with the Standards for Cultural Resource Investigations and the Curation
of Archeological Collections published by the New York Archeological Council (NYAC) and recommended
for use by New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP). The report
complies with New York State OPRHP’s Phase 1 Archaeological Report Format Requirements, established in
2005. Furthermore this report complies with the Wyandotte Nation Archaeological Procedures established in
September 2013.

The Tidewater Center Project (hereafter “the project area”) consists of ±1.5 acres of land located in the village
of Saugerties on the southern bank of the Esopus Creek, to the north of Tina Chorvas Park. The project will
include redeveloping the parcel. The initial work proposed includes site clearing, the construction of an access
road and the fencing off of the ruins of the former Sheffield Paper Mill, as well as the stabilization of the
Esopus shoreline. One of the many challenges faced by the proposed project is the increased storm flooding
of Esopus Creek.

A preliminary site plan developed for the project includes the construction of a boardwalk along the Esopus, a
kayak and canoe ramp, a waterworks playground, a floating dock, an observation tower and a performing arts
center. These design elements and others are currently being considered for the project.

The project area is located less than one mile west of the confluence of Esopus Creek and the Hudson River
in Saugerties. This parcel of land includes the former Sheffield Paper Mill, one of the early industrial businesses
in the village. The visible ruins on the site include the remnants of a large storage bin, shown on the late
nineteenth century maps as a coal and lumber storage bin, a brick building that includes a series of apertures
and halls on several levels, shown on the 1894 image as the mill, machine and finishing rooms. The paper mill
and its various buildings are built into the hillside. A channel, carved by Henry Barclay, which served as a
raceway to provide hydropower to the paper mill, is visible in the landscape. The ruins on the site are somewhat
unstable, and safety concerns prevented the archaeologist from entering these structures.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 1

 Project Area

Figure 1: Detail of the 2016 USGS Topographical Map. Saugerties NY Quadrangles. 7.5 Minute Series.
(Source: USGS.gov.) Scale: 1”=650’.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 2

Photo 1: View to the north of from Tina Chorvas Park into the Tidewater Center Parcel. The ruins of the
Sheffield Paper Mill are located within the parcel. The storage bin (coal and lumber) can be seen to the right
along the creek bank.

Photo 2: View to the northeast toward the former coal and lumber storage building located along the banks
of the Esopus Creek.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 3

Photo 3: View to the northwest of the western portion of the project area. The former Sheffield Paper Mill
was built into the side of the hill.

Photo 4: View to the northwest of the former mill building. This structure was originally constructed in the
1830s, and rebuilt in 1872 after a fire destroyed the early mill.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 4

B: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
The landscape within the project area is dominated by the ruins of the Sheffield Paper Mill. The property
contains the remnants of brick, concrete and stone walls and buildings that were once part of a large industrial
complex along the Esopus Creek. Patrick Wadden of The Arm of the Sea Productions, Inc., indicates that the
soils contain heavy metal contaminants. The project area was recently cleared of trees, scrub brush, and dense
vegetation. Due to the parcel’s history as part of a large industrial complex, the entirety of the site has been
profoundly disturbed through the construction of buildings, the addition of infrastructure and the
establishment of docks along the banks of Esopus Creek.

There are significant changes in the elevation of the project area. Along the banks of Esopus Creek, in the
eastern portion of the project area, the elevation is 10’ Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL). The landscape rises
sharply to the west, with the elevation in the eastern portion of the project area rising to 35’ AMSL.

GEOLOGY

The Hudson Highlands is the predominant, if not dominant, physiographic province of the eastern part of the
Hudson River Valley. The Hudson Highlands province is a northeast-southwest trending band of igneous and
metamorphic rocks which extend from New England through New York, crossing the Hudson River in the
vicinity of Cold Spring and West Point.(Spectra 2004: Appendix C).

Surficial geological deposits distributed throughout the Hudson Valley consist of almost all of the types of
glacial deposits that are associated with continental glaciation. The ice deposited a thick sequence of till over
much of the area in the form of ground moraines (lodgment till), drumlins, and later, ablation till. The Hudson
Highlands are almost entirely blanketed by a thin layer of glacial till, with frequent bedrock outcrops. Outwash
sand and gravel occupy some of the river and stream valleys that border and run through the Highlands.
Examples of these are the Ramapo and Mahwah Rivers and the Moodna and Woodbury Creeks. Recent
alluvium is also found in most, if not all, of these valleys (Spectra 2004: Appendix C).

The bedrock of the Hudson Highlands is primarily composed of easily eroded sedimentary rock, such as
siltstone, shale, and greywacke that was laid down in the Cambrian and Ordovician periods (USDA 2002:12).
More specifically, the project area falls within the Austin-Glen Formation which is composed of greywacke and
shale.

ECOLOGY

The project area lies within the Eastern Broadleaf Forest. This province is dominated by broadleaf deciduous
trees featuring the drought-resistant oak-hickory varieties. The Northern reaches of the oak-hickory forest
contain increasing numbers of maple, beech, and basswood (Bailey 1995).

DRAINAGE

The project area is located on the banks of Esopus Creek, which drains into the Hudson River less than one
mile east of the project area. During the nineteenth century the project area was bisected by the Barclay channel,
which allowed for additional water power for the nearby mills.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 5

 SOILS

The soils located within and adjacent to the project area are well drained and excessively well drained gravelly
and channery loams. The characteristics of the soils within the project area have an important impact on the
site’s potential for the presence of precontact cultural material, since the type of soils present affects the ability
of an area to support human populations. The landscape within the project area has experienced a profound
level of disturbance due to the construction of the Barclay channel and the former mill buildings. Details of
the soils within the project area are included in Table 1.

Table 1: Soil Unit Descriptions (Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2014)

Map
Map Unit
Unit Soil Horizons & Texture Slope Drainage Landform
Name
Symbol
H1 - 0 to 6 inches: gravelly silt loam
Drumlinoid
Bath- H2 - 6 to 28 inches: gravelly loam Well
ridges, hills, till
Nassau- H3 - 28 to 48 inches: very gravelly loam Drained
plains
Rock H4 - 48 to 52 inches: bedrock
BOD 10 to 25%
outcrop H1 - 0 to 6 inches: channery silt loam
complex, Somewhat Benches,
H2 - 6 to 16 inches: very channery silt
hilly excessively ridges, till
loam H3 - 16 to 20 inches: unweathered
drained plains
bedrock
H1 - 0 to 6 inches: channery silt loam
H2 - 6 to 16 inches: very channery silt Somewhat Benches,
loam 25 to 65% excessively ridges, till
Nassau- H3 - 16 to 20 inches: unweathered plains
drained
Bath-Rock bedrock
NBF outcrop
complex, H1 - 0 to 8 inches: channery silt loam Drumlinoid
very steep H2 - 8 to 20 inches: channery loam ridges, hills, till
Well
H3 - 20 to 30 inches: channery silt loam 25 to 45% plains
Drained
H4 - 30 to 34 inches: unweathered
bedrock

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 6

 Project Area

Figure 2: Aerial Image showing soil units within the project area. (Source: National Resources Conservation
Service.) Scale: 1”=120’.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 7

C: RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND SURVEYS
To gather information on the history and prehistory of the project area and the surrounding region, HVCRC
consulted historical documents and maps available at the Library of Congress, David Rumsey Cartography
Associates and the New York Public Library. HVCRC reviewed the combined site files of the New York State
Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation (OPRHP) and the New York State Museum (NYSM)
for information regarding previously recorded archeological sites within one mile (1.6 km) of the Project area.
HVCRC also consulted OPRHP and regional sources (e.g. Beauchamp 1900; Parker 1920; Ritchie 1980; Ritchie
and Funk 1973) for descriptions of regional archeological sites. In addition, HVCRC consulted the files at the
OPRHP for information regarding cultural resources listed on the State and/or National Register of Historic
Places (S/NRHP) within one-half mile of the Project area.

PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

A total of 13 previously documented archaeological sites have been identified within a one-mile radius of the
project area boundaries. The majority of these are associated with the early nineteenth century mill sites along
Esopus Creek.

Table 2: Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites within one-mile radius.

Distance
Time Site Type/
Site Number Site Name from Project
Period Materials Recovered
Area
11142.000005 Sheffield Paper Within Project Historic Paper Mill, ruins on the
Historic
Mills Area banks of Esopus Creek
11142.000006 Ulster Iron Works Location of the Former Iron
1320’ / 400 m Historic
Works Site
11142.000007 Canal Location of the 1825 Barclay
1320’ / 400 m Historic
Canal
11142.000008 Worker's Tenement Structure associated
Tenement 1320’ / 400 m Historic with the former mills in
Structure Saugerties
11142.000009 Upper Landing Early nineteenth century
1320’ / 400 m Historic
Site residential site
11142.000189 Reinhart Site J 5280’ / 1.6 k Precontact Multicompnent camp site
11142.000217 Kierstad Barn Site 3960’ / 1.2 k Historic Kierstad Dutch Barn & Midden
11142.000219 Cantine Mill Site Location of the nineteenth
1320’ / 400 m Historic
century mill site
NYSM 5760 Sandrack Vosburg, Bifaces, end scraper,
1320’ / 400 m Precontact
debitage
NYSM 5935 Snyder Remen Multicomponent site described
2640’ / 800 m Precontact
by Bob Funk 1963
NYSM 503 Hallenbeck 2640’ / 800 m No Info No Information
NYSM 8377 A.C. Parker Site 5280’ / 1.6 k Precontact No Information
NYSM 10483 W.H. Kipp 5280’ / 1.6 k Historic Historic residential site

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 8

PREVIOUSLY COMPLETED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS
As part of the research for this project, surveys completed for sites in the general area were consulted. A total
of two surveys have been completed within the general vicinity of the project area. These surveys have
identified archaeological sites, including both precontact and historic sites. At the Cantine Mill historic site, a
Phase 2/Phase 3 Investigation was completed to mitigate the adverse effects of a development project to the
site.

In addition to the material identified on the GIS maps in CRIS, a review of the scanned Archaeological Survey
Coverage Maps and Bibliographic information identified a professionally excavated archaeological survey
within a one-mile radius of the project area. In 1995 a report for Archaeological Potential and Field
Reconnaissance, SEQR Parts 1A, 1B, &3, Proposed Saugerties Park, East Bridge Street, Village of Saugerties,
Ulster County NY was completed by Karen Hartgen. This survey identified and investigated the Upper
Landing Site (11142.000009). Surveys pre-dating 1999 have not been digitized and uploaded into the CRIS
system and are unavailable for review.

D: NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE/LISTED SITES

The National Register Database and OPRHP files were reviewed to identify structures on or in the vicinity of
the Project area that have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places or identified as National
Register Eligible. There are five National Register Listed (NRL) properties within a one half mile radius of the
Project area. None of the identified NRL or NRE properties will be impacted by the proposed project.

Table 3: National Register Eligible and Listed Sites within a half-mile radius Status
90NR01110 Loerzel Beer Hall Listed
98NR01371 Trinity Episcopal Church Complex Listed

98NR01338 DuBois-Kierstede Stone House Listed

90NR01109 Main-Partition Streets Historic District Listed

17NR00065 Saugerties and New York Steamboat Company Warehouses Listed

11142.000206 268 Main St Eligible
11142.000149 Sheffield Estate - 33 Barclay St Eligible
11142.000203 19 West Bridge St Eligible
11142.000153 Clifton - 27 Barclay St Eligible
11142.000187 Former Sheffield Mill - 55 East Bridge Street 12477 Eligible

As part of the assessment of the proposed undertaking, nearby buildings were carefully assessed. No new
National Register Eligible sites were identified within the general vicinity of the project area.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 9

E: PRECONTACT AND HISTORIC CONTEXT
The following narrative of the history of the project area provides an evaluation of the potential for Native
American sites or early European settlement sites to be present within the boundaries of the project area.

PRECONTACT SITE RESEARCH

During the paleoindian period, mobile bands of hunter-gatherers occupied what is now New York State. These
bands exploited the resources of the landscape by hunting game and gathering plants. Paleoindian sites have
been documented in the upland regions a short distance from the Hudson River. Frequently, these sites are
associated with sources of stone used as the raw material for tool making. Two paleoindian sites located in
Green County are the West Athens Hill site in the Town of Athens, north of Catskill, and the Kings Road site
in the nearby Town of Coxsackie (Funk 1976). In addition, a paleoindian component was identified at the
Iroquois Gas Compressor Station in the Town of Athens, near the Native American Quarry known as Flint
Mine Hill (HAA 1995). The Swale site, and Railroad 1 site are among the few well documented paleoindian
sites in the Hudson River Valley, however these sites are located some distance from the project area (Lothrop
and Bradley 2012).

With the lowering of the water table during the archaic period, subsistence methods and technologies changed
in response to climatic warming. This was accompanied by an increase in vegetation density and diversity,
changing faunal migrations and a change in sea levels (Sirkin 1977). The Archaic Period was likely a time of
incipient sedentism among the inhabitants of the area. Most of the Archaic sites identified in Ulster County
are small, and lack traces of substantial dwellings and fortifications.

Changes in settlement and subsistence patterns that occurred during the Late Archaic period reflect an increased
exploitation of coastal and riverine resources. Ground stone food processing tools are more common,
reflecting an increase in processed plant resources in the diet. Projectile points commonly found at Late Archaic
sites include narrow stemmed, broad stemmed and side notched types. The Laurentian Tradition of the Late
Archaic is the most represented throughout New York State, and is subdivided into a series of phases:
Vergennes, Vosburg, Sylvan Lake, River and Snook Kill. Archaic period sites have been identified along the
banks of the Hudson River to the north of the project area in Tivoli and Hyde Park, as well as to the south at
Bannerman’s Island. The Archaic period is better represented within the Hudson Valley than any other
prehistoric period.

The Woodland period is distinguished from the Archaic in part, by the use of ceramics. Horticulture, although
practiced in other parts of North America at an earlier date, does not appear in this the Hudson River Valley
until c. 1000 AD. The soil and moisture requirements for the cultivation of maize, beans, and squash created
a marked change in the pattern of land use and the selection of locations for villages. It was no longer necessary
for the entire group to move from place to place following a seasonal round of migration fueled by fluctuating
sources of food. Cord marked ceramics became common during the Middle Woodland period, and incised
vessels, many with a collar area, are typical of Late Woodland cultures.

In the general vicinity of the project area, Woodland Period sites have been identified along Catskill Creek, near
its confluence with the Hudson River. At the time of European Contact, the Hudson Valley lay within the
Mohican Indian territory which extended from the southern end of Lake Champlain, to western Dutchess
County, and from the Schoharie Valley, east to south central Vermont (Ritchie 1989).

At the time of European Contact and settlement, the project area was probably occupied by the Waoranecks
(Warranawonkongs) who lived between Saugerties and Danns Kammer and especially within the Esopus,
Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 10
Wallill and Sawangunk River valleys. The western boundary of their territory is unknown. This indigenous
group was likely a branch or clan related to the Munsee tribe, who were members of the Delaware linguistic
family. The term Minsi or Munsee means people of the stony country (Ruttenber and Clark 1881). The Munsee
are described by Becker (1993) as a horticultural nation, who supported their domestic subsistence through
hunting and gathering (Hull 1996).

HISTORIC BACKGROUND

The northern boundary of the early town of Saugerties was a stream called Sayers Kill, where Barent Cornelis
Vogle operated a sawmill in the 1650’s for the Manor of Rensselaerwyck. The name Saugerties, means “Little
Sawyer” in Dutch, a tribute to the early settlers of the region. The first settlers in the area included Myndert
Mynderse who may have had a saw mill and farm, however Vogle and Mynderse left the region at the onset of
the first Esopus War in 1658 (Purcell et. al.1992).

Three settlers purchased the parcels of land that form present day Saugerties, from the State Government in
1685. One was the Sawyerkill Lands, the second a large tract along the Beaverkill and the third, lands on both
sides of the Esopus where it entered the Hudson River. In 1687 the riverfront parcel, near the confluence of
the Hudson and Esopus Creek, was sold to Barent Burhans, whose granddaughter’s husband built a ferry across
the river to Clermont (Purcell et. al.1992).

In 1710, roughly 300 families who had emigrated from the Palatine region of Germany established camps on
the east and west sides of the Hudson. Within the town of Saugerties the camp became known as the West
Camp, with villages in the region known as Elizabeth, Georgetown and Newton. Sawmills were established
within the camps along Esopus Creek. The Katsbaan area northeast of the village was settled before 1730 by
Dutch farmers from the Kingston Commons and Palatines from along Esopus Creek. By 1732, the Palatine
and Dutch settlers submitted a petition to deed Katsbaan to the Dutch Reformed Church, and upon receiving
the land, they built stone church (Purcell et. al.1992).

After the Revolutionary War, settlers migrated to the county and settled within the Hudson Valley region. By
the 1790’s, Ulster County river ports prospered by catering to the needs of both inland settlers and New York
City markets. Saugerties was organized from Kingston in 1811, and at that time the main hamlet contained 21
houses. Henry Barclay and his wife Catherine came to Saugerties from New York City in 1825. Barclay, an
importer who had a strong business relationship with Robert L. Livingston, constructed a dam along the Esopus
Creek. In 1828, he established the Ulster Iron Works to produce hoop and bar iron. This iron works perfected
the pudding process, and made a much more refined and durable product than the iron that had been available
on the market (Smith 2014). This iron would set the standard for the iron used during the Civil War.

In 1830, Barclay built a paper mill along the Esopus Creek, harnessing the hydropower of the Esopus, which
at that time had only one set of falls. This paper mill implemented the Fourdrinier wireweb paper making
machine, producing paper in a continuous roll rather than in sheets. In addition to constructing the mills,
Barclay laid out village streets and lots to organize the rapidly growing population (Smith 2014). One of
Barclay’s enterprises was the construction of a long raceway, or channel, through the small parcel of land that
creates a bend in the Esopus, creating another set of falls at the Sheffield Paper Mill. The falls descend 40’
from the location of the dam to its confluence at the Hudson River.

Barclay died in 1851, and his paper mill was passed on to J. B Sheffield. His other enterprises, including the
Iron works, were sold at auction (Smith 2016). By the mid-nineteenth century, the village of Saugerties was
incorporated and had established a number of industries including stone quarrying and a lead company. In the

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 11

winter, the ice industry thrived along the river and the creek. By the late nineteenth century, a brick yard had
been established in Glasco, and steam ships and tug boats routinely journeyed from Saugerties to New York
City. The Saugerties and New York Steamboat Company was established in 1889, docking their boats near the
Saugerties Lighthouse.

By the late nineteenth century, railroads including the West Shore Railway were built through the county.
During the nineteenth century, Ulster County became a center for such industries as fishing, lumbering, tanning,
dairy farming, stone quarrying, brick making, ice harvesting and papermaking. Most of these industries declined
in the twentieth century for various reasons, including the depletion of resources, competition from more
efficient operations and emerging technologies that made such industries as ice harvesting obsolete. The present
day economy is primarily oriented toward tourism.

THE SHEFFIELD PAPER MILL

The following discussion is not meant to be a comprehensive history of the Sheffield Paper Mill, or its entities.
This historical narrative is meant to outline the general history of the mill and its buildings formerly located
within the project area boundaries. The following information has been gathered from sources cited, and
materials provided by local researchers, including Michael Sullivan Smith, Caleb Lang and Chester Hartwell.

The Sheffield Paper Mill first operated under the name “Saugerties Paper Manufacturing Company”, when the
mill was incorporated under Henry Barclay in 1831 (Smith 2014). Joseph Sheffield took over the Barclay Paper
Mill in the 1850’s, after Henry Barclay’s death. The mill was run by Joseph B. Sheffield and Norman White,
until full ownership was transferred to Sheffield the Barclay Estate in 1857. After Norman White left the
operation in 1867, the business became known as J.B. Sheffield and Son, as Joseph’s son William had come of
age. The first mill, built in the 1830s was rebuilt in 1860, and 1868-69 by Sheffield and White (Child 1872). It
burned in 1872 (Smith report’s this date as 1873). The New York Times reported that this loss reached
$300,000 and that this event would impact 150 workers (NYT 1872). William Sheffield began rebuilding, and
the new construction would last until the mills were torn down in 1968. The paper mill operated under a variety
of titles throughout the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, including the Pennsylvania and
New York Paper Company, the Sheffield Paper Company, Diamond Mills Paper Company, Fabricon products,
the Ulster County Paper Mills, Ulster Paper Mills and finally, the Empire State Paper Mill. Despite the changes
of ownership and names, the mill was colloquially known as the Sheffield Paper Mill.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 12

Fig 3: 1875 Lithographic Image of the Sheffield Paper Mills Property. (Beers 1875)

In the mid-nineteenth century, the paper mill complex included two buildings; one 140 by 40 feet the other 120
by 40 feet. These mills were powered by the Esopus Creek fall which descended a distance of 31 feet, providing
substantial hydropower. The paper mill employed 130 people (Child 1871).

By 1882, the neighboring Ulster Iron Works and the Sheffield Paper Company owned all the lands on the
southern side of the Esopus. The iron works had ceased production prior to 1887 and the owner, William
Mulligan, sold the property for stock in the Sheffield Paper Company. William Sheffield joined with William
Parsons to replace the iron works with the Barclay Fibre Company to make pulp from wood fiber. John Myers
fronted the capital for this expansion, the first time private capital was invested in one of Saugerties’ many mills.
Prior to this time, all the investments in Saugerties mills were made by local residents and businessmen (Smith
2016).

The papermaking industry continued to expand in Saugerties with the construction of another facility, the Mill,
in 1888. This business was variously known as the Blank Book Factory, the bindery, and also the Mill and was
built by the Sheffield Paper Company and John Q. Preble Inc. The Blank Book factory was forced into
bankruptcy by 1889 due to the financial failure of Preble Inc., and a subsequent cascade of losses through
Sheffield’s related sales expansion in Chicago. The bankruptcy was resolved when bond holders bought the
assets of the Sheffield Paper Company and sold assets to the New York and Pennsylvania Paper Company to
offset the debts. The Barclay Fibre Company was not part of the bankruptcy proceedings, however its owner,
John Preble, voluntarily ceased operations in 1897. The mortgage to the property was held by John G. Myers,
who used it as part of the bankruptcy settlement (Smith 2016).

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 13

Fig 4: 1881 Lithographic Image of the Sheffield Paper Mills Property. (Smith 2014)

The bindery, or Blank Book Factory operated at the Saugerties Manufacturing Company into the early twentieth
century up to the Great Depression. In 1894 the Sheffield Paper Company was officially sold to the Diamond
Mills Paper Company. Within the space of a year, the company is owned by the Saugerties Manufacturing Corp.
In 1899 the mill is leased by Hayden Bates, Charles Askew and Benjamin Crump and renamed the Ulster Paper
Mill. Throughout these many changes in ownership, the mill complex is still part of the Sheffield Estate. IN
1900-1903 Diamond Mills Co., buys the mill. Ralph Thompson becomes owner in 1920. In 1912, the Saugerties
Novelty Paper Company, a subsidiary of the Diamond Mills Co, becomes the sole owner of the former Sheffield
Paper Mill. The Saugerties Novelty Paper Company come manufactured crepe and tissue paper. In the late
1940s the Diamond Mill Company, which had purchased the Sheffield property and the nearby Cantine Mill,
sold the former Sheffield property to Flavicon, a maker of paper for food packaging. Throughout the mid-
twentieth century, the property changed hands, first to the Ulster Paper company and finally to the Empire
Paper Company, who owned the mills in the late 1960s. The Empire Paper company manufactured vacuum
cleaner bags. A series of fires destroyed a number of buildings in the late 1960s. The buildings of the Sheffield
Mill, particularly those located in within the project area, were destroyed in the early 1970’s, and by 1976 only
ruins remained.

CARTOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

HVCRC examined historical maps of Ulster County to identify possible structures, previous road alignments
and other landscape features or alterations that would affect the likelihood that archeological and/or historic
resources could be located within the project area. These maps are included in this report, with the boundaries
of the Project area superimposed. Nineteenth century maps frequently lack the accuracy of location and scale
present in modern surveys. As a result of this common level of inaccuracy, the location of the project area is
drafted relative to the roads, structures, and other features as they are drawn, and should be regarded as
approximate. The following discussion of historic and cartographic research, is not meant to represent a
comprehensive search, but provides information concerning the likelihood of encountering Map Documented
Structures (MDS) and other intact historic cultural resources within the boundaries of the project area.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 14

 Project Area

Figure 5: 1854 O. Tillson Atlas of Ulster County, Village of Saugerties. Scale: 1”=325’. (Source: Library of Congress)

The 1854 Atlas of Ulster County, shows the Sheffield Paper Company within the boundaries of the project area.
This map indicates that at this time, the mill was operating under the name of the Saugerties Paper Mill. The
Barclay channel, or raceway, can be seen to the west to the paper mill filling a reservoir or pond, which then
filled the raceway providing water to the paper mill. To the north of the paper mill, the Ulster Iron Works are
shown. These iron works also used the water power that flowed through the small channel into t Esopus Creek.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 15

 Project Area

Figure 6: 1858 French, J. H. Map of Ulster Co., New York: from actual surveys, Village of Saugerties. Scale: 1”=435’.
(Source: Library of Congress)

The 1858 map shows significantly less detail than the previous map. This map does not identify the outline of
individual buildings within the paper mill, but indicating a large block building. This map shows the reservoir
draining east through both the paper mill and the Iron Works. Outside of the paper mill property, no structures
are shown adjacent to the project area boundaries. Very few residential properties are shown to the south of
the project area long Bridge Street.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 16

 Project Area

Figure 7: 1875 F.W. Beers. Atlas of the County of Ulster County, Village of Saugerties. (Source: Historic Map Works)
Scale: 1”=240’.

The 1875 Beers map shows considerably more details of the buildings within and adjacent to the project area
boundaries. This map shows that the paper mill is located within the project area, and is identified as the J. B.
Sheffield and Son Paper mill. The raceway crossing this small peninsula is shown in very precise channels and
connecting to the both the paper mill and the Tuckerman Mulligan Iron Company, north of the project area.
Within the paper mill the large mill building is shown with two large additions, shown on later maps as the
machine shop and the finishing room.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 17

SANBORN FIRE INSURANCE MAPS
The Sanborn Maps were originally created to assess fire insurance liability in urbanized areas in the United
States. The Maps include detailed information about buildings, locations of water and sewer lines and
frequently, the names or owners of commercial businesses. The Sanborn Maps are used primarily to track the
evolution of the built environment within the project area.

Figure 8: 1894 Sanborn Image of the Sheffield Paper Company Saugerties, NY. (Source: Hartwell, Chester)

This image, which is dated 1894, shows all the buildings within the Sheffield Paper Mill. The outline of the
current project area is drawn in black. This map shows that within the project area, from south to north, there
are wood frame coal and lumber storage buildings and a wood frame case building. Moving further north, the
boiler house, bleach house, engine rooms, finishing rooms, mill building and machine building are all
constructed of brick. The roofs of the structures are shown as a mix of slate, gravel and tin. On the northern
boundary of the parcel are two wood frame buildings, a machine and repair shop. Additional structures,
primarily brick, are located to the south of the project area and are part of the Sheffield Mill operations. The
buildings to the south include machine shops, finishing rooms, boiler buildings, mills and the office. To the
southwest of the project area is the Blank Book factory. Store houses, ice houses and barns, all of wood
construction, are shown west of the project area.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 18

 Project Area

Figure 9: 1887 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing the project area. Scale: 1”=120’. (Source: Sanborn
Library, EDR)

The Sanborn Fire insurance map for 1887 shows a complex of structures within the boundaries of the project
area. This map, like the previous image, outlines the form and function of the buildings within the project area.
This map indicates that at this time the mill is known as the Sheffield Paper Company, owned by J. B Sheffield
and Son. To the west of the project area, the raceway constructed by Barclay is shown along the western
boundary of the parcel. This waterway, cuts through the paper mill providing its power before draining into the
Esopus Creek.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 19

 Project Area

Figure 10: 1892 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing the project area. Scale: 1”=110’. (Source: Sanborn
Library, EDR)

Very little change takes place within the boundaries of the project area in the five years since the previous map
was produced. The property continues to be designated as the Sheffield Manufacturing Company. To the
north of the project area, the former iron works are now shown as the Barclay Fibre Company.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 20

 Project Area

Figure 11: 1904 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing the project area. Scale: 1”=110’. (Source: Sanborn
Library, EDR)

In the early nineteenth century the property is owned by the Diamond Mills Company, and this map indicates
its former owner as the Sheffield Estate, which owns the buildings. This map indicates that the office buildings
and book bindery buildings have been updated with emergency roof access and other safety measures.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 21

 Project Area

Figure 12: 1912 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing the project area. Scale: 1”=125’. (Source: Sanborn
Library, EDR)

In the early nineteenth century, the Diamond Mills Company continued to own the property. The
northernmost building is shown as the American Novelty Paper company. The raceway still continues to flow
through the paper mill. On this map, the configuration of the buildings has changed, with additions made to
the building adjacent to the southern boundary of the project area. The paper machine room has been expanded
to both the east and west. These maps indicate that sprinkler systems were installed to prevent significant fire
damage, and a night watchman was employed to make rounds and keep the premises secure.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 22

 Project Area

Figure 13: 1927 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing the project area. Scale: 1”=130’. (Source: Sanborn
Library, EDR)

The 1927 map indicates that the large coal and storage sheds, located along the eastern bank of the Esopus, are
no longer present within the property, which continues to be owned by Diamond Mills Paper Company. Unlike
the previous maps, this map does not identify the specific function of each building, but rather calls them
“factory buildings.”

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 23

 Project Area

Figure 14: 1949 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing the project area. Scale: 1”=115’. (Source: Sanborn
Library, EDR)

By the mid-twentieth century the mills in the project area are owned by the Saugerties Paper Mills Inc. This
map indicates that the coal bin adjacent to the Esopus has been reconstructed. This coal bin is aligned with
the present day ruins in this location.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 24

AERIAL REVIEW
To track the evolution of the structures within the project area a series of aerial images have been examined
and are included in this report

Project Area

Figure 15: 1956 USGS Aerial Image. Saugerties NY. (Source: Earth Explorer) Scale: 1”=185’.
The 1956 aerial shows the buildings of the Sheffield Paper mill. The image shows sharply pitched roofs with
dormers, and numerous wings of the main mill biding. The raceway is still open and crosses the peninsula
from west to east.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 25

 Project Area

Figure 16: 1978 USGS Aerial Image. Saugerties NY. (Source: Earth Explorer) Scale: 1”=215’.
By 1978, all that remains of the Sheffield Mill are ruins. The property ceased operations in 1969 and by 1971
demolition of the then-vacant buildings had begun.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 26

Photo 5: View to the northwest, of the ruins of the main mill structure. The interior is filled with rooms,
hallways and alcoves that previously housed equipment.

Photo 6: View to the east toward the Esopus at the northern extent of the building ruins.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 27

F: ASSESSMENT OF SENSITIVITY FOR CULTURAL RESOURCES
An assessment of whether significant cultural resources are likely to be present within the project area must
consider what is known of the prehistory of the area, including likely locations of archaeological sites and
proximity to known sites. In addition, the history of the immediate area, including whether any historic
structures or features are known to exist within the project area boundaries, must be considered. Disturbance
to the landscape and the soils on the property are also considered in this assessment.

PRECONTACT & HISTORIC SENSITIVITY

A total of 13 archaeological sites were identified on or in the immediate vicinity of the project area, indicating
that the project area is located in a concentration of precontact loci. In addition, the project area is located
along the banks of the Esopus Creek, in an area of known precontact habitation.

The project area has experienced substantial disturbance associated with the early industrial development of
Saugerties. These activities have profoundly altered the landscape within the project area, and have eliminated
the potential for precontact sites within the boundaries of the parcel.

Careful examination of the historic and topographical maps available, indicate that the majority of the project
area has been an industrial mill complex since the early nineteenth century. This complex, which burned down
twice in the nineteenth century and was rebuilt each time, was operational until the late twentieth century. The
buildings were demolished in 1971/2, and only fragmented ruins of the former structures remain. In addition,
an Environmental Assessment was completed within the boundaries of the project area that documented the
presence of heavy metals in the soils. The contaminants are likely associated with the early nineteenth century
industries that operated along the Esopus Creek.

G: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the information compiled for this report, the Tidewater Center project area has very little potential
to yield precontact cultural materials. The project has been occupied by the Sheffield Paper Mill from as early
as 1830 until the late twentieth century.

The former Sheffield Paper Mill represents a significant historic site within the Village of Saugerties. In addition
the site retains intact portions of the Barclay Channel, an early representation of the methods of harnessing
water power for industrial pursuits. The Barclay Channel contributed to the development of the numerous
mills along the banks of the Esopus Creek. Therefore, it is the opinion of Hudson Valley Cultural Resource
Consultants that the Sheffield Paper Mill, and the Barclay channel be considered for listing on the National
Register under Criteria A: as they are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the
history and economic development of Saugerties.

The current plans being explored for the project include encapsulating the existing soils in the southern section
of the parcel. The current plans include preserving the existing industrial ruins by surrounding them with
protective fencing. Special care should be taken to protect the brick framed culvert over the former course of
the Barclay Channel through the Sheffield Paper Mill. Based on the fact that the proposed undertaking will not
impact the underlying soils, or any of the existing ruins no further investigation of the Tidewater Center is
recommended.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 28

These recommendations are subject to the review and concurrence of the New York State Office of Parks,
Recreation, and Historic Preservation.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 29

Photo 7: View to the east of the former mill building. The culvert in the center of the photo is the location of
the former raceway channel that flowed through the mill property.

Photo 8: View to the north of the race way, located to the west of the mill buildings along the western
boundary of the parcel.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 30

 Photo 9: Numerous subterranean features still exist within the project area. These below grade features are
likely associated with mechanical operations and water power.

Photo 10: View to the northeast across the project area, from the southeastern portion of the project area.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 31

Photo 11: A photograph taken by a drone in 2014 provides an overview of the ruins within the project area.
View to the west (Source: Michael Smith)

Photo 12: View to the south of the coal bin located along the banks of the Esopus Creek. This bin was built
in the mid-twentieth century to replace the earlier wood frame structures in this location.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 32

 Photo 13: View of the interior of the main mill building. View to the south. These rooms would have been
located in the basement levels of the building, and housed the paper mill machinery.

Photo 14: View to the east of the interior of the main mill building.

Tidewater Center, Saugerties NY | 33

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