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Effect of temperature and pressure on stress of

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Article in Advances in Mechanical Engineering · June 2016

DOI: 10.1177/1687814016653547

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Research Article

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

2016, Vol. 8(6) 1–11
Ó The Author(s) 2016
Effect of temperature and pressure on DOI: 10.1177/1687814016653547
aime.sagepub.com
stress of impeller in axial-centrifugal
combined compressor

Xinqian Zheng and Chuang Ding

Abstract
Axial-centrifugal combined compressors are commonly used, and the stresses of their impeller are important and influ-
enced by temperature and pressure. The effects of temperature and pressure on the stresses of the impeller with differ-
ent inlet conditions are investigated. Conjugate heat transfer analysis and three-dimensional structural finite element
analysis are used to get the stresses of the impeller. The effects of temperature and pressure are obtained by comparing
the equivalent (Von-Mises) stresses between cases taking and not taking them into account. From the result, the tem-
perature effect is surprisingly large for low inlet temperature, reaching 57% of the total equivalent stress, and should be
carefully considered. The effect strongly relates with the inlet conditions and the disk thermal boundary conditions.
Thus, the later can’t be treated as adiabatic as usual. For certain inlet conditions, the stress of the impeller can be
improved by adjusting the disk thermal boundary conditions. In addition, the temperature mainly affects the stress on
the disk and the root of the blade. The pressure effect is small for low inlet temperature and can be sufficiently large for
high inlet temperature. Furthermore, the pressure mainly influences the stress on the blade part and can reduce the
stresses at the inducer of a negative-lean impeller.

Keywords
Axial-centrifugal combined compressor, impeller, temperature, pressure, stress

Date received: 27 August 2015; accepted: 3 May 2016

Academic Editor: Thirumalisai S Dhanasekaran

Introduction For those reasons, it is important to predict the

Axial-centrifugal combined compressors are com-
monly used in small aeroengines,1 of which the stres-
ses of the impeller are very important for the
reliability. As rotating components, the disk of the
impeller suffers from large centrifugal load and ther-
mal load2 and can be torn apart by the tensile stress
at the circumferential direction when the rotating
speed is high3 or under large temperature gradient.
The blade will suffer high-cycle fatigue because of the
unstable aerodynamic load,4 and easier to break up
when the stress is high.5 Besides, the weight of the
machine tends to decrease for better economy and
performance.
stress of the impeller accurately. Many efforts have
been put into the stress analysis of impellers. In the
early days, analytical methods were used to investigate
the approximate stresses of the impeller under only cen-
trifugal load6 and are now only used during conception
design.7 Taking advantage of development of the
State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:
Xinqian Zheng, State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy,
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
Email: zhengxq@tsinghua.edu.cn

Creative Commons CC-BY: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License
(http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without
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open-access-at-sage).
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2 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

Figure 1. Axial-centrifugal combined compressor.

computer-aided finite element analysis (FEA) method,

the stresses of the impeller under only centrifugal load
can be predicted accurately.8
However, with increasing the pressure ratio of the
compressor, the effects of temperature and pressure on
the stresses of impellers are more and more evident.
Mukherjee and Baker9 used heat transfer coefficient
derived from experiments to analyze the stresses of a tur-
bocharger impeller at pressure ratio of 4:1 and found
that thermal load had a significant contribution to total
stresses. Zheng et al.10 used a solid–fluid coupled method
to analyze the stresses of a turbocharger impeller under
several pressure ratios and found that aerodynamic load
had little effects on total stress and the effects of thermal
load must be considered at high pressure ratio.
For axial-centrifugal combined compressor, it is usu-
ally a combination of one centrifugal compressor and a
multistage axial compressor, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 2. Impellor of an axial-centrifugal combined
With different configuration of axial compressors compressor.
ahead, the inlet conditions (e.g. pressure and tempera-
ture) of the centrifugal impeller also vary considerably.
The stress level of the impeller is supposed to be Methodology
affected by this varied inlet conditions, even when the
operating point (e.g. total pressure ratio and mass flow
Study object
rate) of the centrifugal compressor is kept the same. In this article, an impeller with 15 main blades and 15
However, this effect is not quite clear yet. splitters is studied, as shown in Figure 2. The outlet dia-
To investigate the effects of inlet conditions on the meter of the impeller is 120 mm.
stresses of impeller, conjugate heat transfer analysis is The impeller is used for all the cases. Different axial
adopted to get the temperature and pressure of the impel- compressors with an 85% isotropic efficiency are
ler and a fluid–solid coupling method is used subse- assumed to be ahead the impeller for different cases.
quently to get the equivalent (Von-Mises) stress. The The pressure ratio and the inlet Mach number of the
influence of temperature and pressure is obtained by impeller for the different cases are set same so that the
comparing the equivalent (Von-Mises) stress between stress can be compared at the same working point of its
cases taking and not taking the certain load into account. corrected map, as shown by dot in Figure 3.

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Zheng and Ding 3

Table 1. Properties of GH4169.

T l C a r E
K W m21 K21 J kg21 K21 1026 K21 kg m23 GPa

293 13.4 – 11.8 8240 193.5

573 17.8 481.4 13.5 8240 185.5
673 18.3 493.9 14.1 8240 177.0
773 19.6 514.8 14.4 8240 167.5

Figure 3. Compared point on the corrected map of the

impeller.

The material of this impeller is GH4169 and its prop-

erties at different temperatures are shown in Table 1,
where l is the thermal conductivity, C is the specific
heat capacity, a is the thermal expansion coefficient, r
is the density, and E is the modulus of elasticity.
Conjugate convective heat transfer analysis
Conjugate convective heat transfer analysis was con-
ducted by CFX to get the body temperature and surface
pressure of the impeller.11 Because of the periodicity of
the impeller, only one impeller passage including a main
blade and a splitter is calculated. The meshes of the
impeller are shown in Figure 4, including 344,080 nodes
for the fluid domain and 328,816 nodes for the solid
domain, according to the grid dependence made before
by Zheng and Lan.12
For the simulation of the fluid domain, the control
equations are three-dimensional steady compressible
Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations in conser-
vative formulation. The equations are as follows
r  (rV) = 0
r  (rVV) = rf  rp + r  T
r  (rhV) = rf  V + r  (T  V)  r  q
where V is the velocity vector of the fluid, f is the body
force vector per unit mass, p is the pressure, T is the vis-
cous stress tensor, h is the volumetric enthalpy, and q is
Figure 4. Meshes for conjugate convective heat transfer
analysis.
the heat flux vector. The turbulence model is the shear
stress transport (SST) turbulence model to get an accu-
rate simulation at the wall region and the y plus of the
mesh is adjusted to be less than 1. The advection terms
are discretized by high-resolution scheme. A global resi-
dual tolerance of 1e26 is set to guarantee the conver-
gence of the calculations.
The inlet total temperatures and total pressures of
the impeller are deduced from the pressure ratio and
isotropic efficiency of the axial compressors. The outlet
static pressures are set to keep the pressure ratio of the
impeller constant for different axial compressors. And
the rotating speeds are corrected by equation (4)
n
nc = pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð4Þ
Tt =T0
ð1Þ
where T0 is 288.15 K, Tt is the inlet total Temperature
ð2Þ of impeller, n is the rotating speed when the inlet total
temperature is T0, and nc is the rotating speed when the
ð3Þ
inlet total temperature is Tt. Thus, the impeller works
at the same corrected rotating speed for different cases.
The velocity direction is set normal to the inlet
boundary. Non-slip and impermeability conditions are

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4 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Figure 5. Thermal conditions of the solid part of the impeller.
imposed on the solid walls. Except for the interfaces,
other surfaces of the fluid domain are set adiabatic. In
the circumferential direction, a periodical boundary
condition is imposed.
For heat transfer, the interfaces between the solid
domain and the fluid domains are taken as the inner
boundary. The fluid part and solid part are coupled by
conservative heat flux at the fluid–solid interfaces. The
heat transfer coefficient is determined by the iterative
calculation between fluid and solid domain. Heat trans-
fer through the solid is governed by the conservation of
energy equation, which is equation (5)
∂ Total stress
(rh) = r  (lDT )
∂t
where T is the temperature.
The thermal boundary conditions of the solid part
are set by surface temperatures deduced from experi-
ments and are same for different cases, as shown in
Figure 5. Other surfaces are set to be adiabatic.
Taking advantage of conjugate heat transfer analy-
sis, the temperature of the fluid field and solid domain
can be solved accurately.13 The temperature of the solid
domain and pressure at the interfaces are then
imported to subsequent structural analysis as boundary
conditions.
Structural analysis
FEA is used in the structural analysis by ANSYS to get
the stress of the centrifugal compressor impeller.14 As
cases are linear elastic and isotropic three-dimensional
solid with thermal load, the control equations are as
follows
e = D1 s + aDT
DT = T  Tref
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Table 2. Inlet conditions of impeller.
Pressure ratio of axial Inlet total Inlet total
compressor ahead temperature pressure
1 288.15 101,325
3 413.15 303,975
5 486.06 506,625
7 540.24 709,275
9 584.25 911,925
where e is the total strain vector, s is the stress vector,
Tref is the referenced temperature, D is the material elas-
tic stiffness matrix, which is related to Young’s modulus
and Poisson’s ratio and is a constant vector for isotro-
pic materials, and a is the matrix of thermal expansion
coefficient which varies with temperature.
The body temperature of the impeller and the pres-
sure at the interfaces are loaded from the results of the
conjugate heat transfer analysis. A corrected rotating
speed is imposed to the impeller. The forward and
backward surfaces of the disk are constraint in the cir-
cumferential and axial directions to simulate the inter-
action with structures ahead and behind it,15 as shown
in Figure 5. Cyclic periodical boundary conditions are
imposed in the circumferential direction.
Result and analysis
ð5Þ
The inlet conditions of the impeller were calculated by
assuming a pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency of
the upstream axial compressors. In this work, the axial
compressors with pressure ratio 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 and an
85% isotropic efficiency are assumed, and the flow dis-
tortion induced by the upstream rotor was neglected.
The inlet total pressure and total temperature of the
impeller can be deduced by equations (8) and (9)
pt = p0 p ð8Þ
T0 (p(k1=k)  1)
Tt = ð9Þ
h
where p0 is 101,325 Pa, pt is the inlet total pressure of
impeller, p is the pressure ratio of the axial compressor
ahead, and h is the isentropic efficiency. Table 2 gives
the inlet conditions of impeller for different cases.
Figure 6 shows the equivalent (Von-Mises) stress distri-
butions of the impeller for different inlet conditions.
The impeller suffers large stress at the root of the
main blade and splitter for low inlet temperatures and
ð6Þ at the center of the disk for high inlet temperatures,
which are threatened to be torn apart. Working with
ð7Þ the high frequency unstable aerodynamic load, the
Zheng and Ding
Figure 6. Total stress distribution of impeller of different cases.
blades are easy to break up because of fatigue. For the
reason, the stresses at five featured points are moni-
tored for further analysis. They are the maximum stress
point at the root of the main blade (M_Root), the max-
imum stress point at the root of the splitter (S_Root),
the maximum stress point on the surface of the main
blade (M_Surface), the maximum stress point on the
surface of the splitter (S_Surface), and the maximum
stress point at the center of the disk (D_Center), as
shown by dots in Figure 6.
The total equivalent stresses of the monitored points
in Figure 6 are shown in Figure 7, varying with the inlet
temperatures of the impeller for different cases. It can
be seen that for low inlet temperature, the total equiva-
lent stress at the root of the blades is the largest, while
for high inlet temperature the total equivalent stress at
the center of the disk becomes the largest of the impel-
ler. At certain temperature range, as the increase in the
inlet temperature, the total equivalent stress at the
blade root blades decreases, especially for the main
blade, while the equivalent stress at the center of the
disk increases. As a result, there are inlet conditions
which make the equivalent stress at the root of the
blades equal to the equivalent stress at the center of the
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5
disk, thus making the maximum equivalent stress of the
impeller the smallest for the thermal condition of the
impeller.
Effect of temperature on impeller stress
To figure out the effects of the temperature on the
impeller stress, the thermal stress is defined to be the
difference of the total equivalent stresses (Von Mises)
of the impeller with real body temperature and that
with a uniform temperature (22°C). According to the
definition, a positive thermal stress means that the ther-
mal load increases the total equivalent stress of the
impeller while a negative one means the thermal load
decreases the total equivalent stress.
The ratios of the thermal stresses to the total stresses
at the monitored points for different inlet conditions
are presented in Figure 8. As it shows, the thermal
stress can be 57% of the total equivalent stress when
the inlet temperature is 288.15 K, which means that the
temperature has to be considered when analyzing the
stress of the impeller. It is also obvious that for low inlet
temperature, the thermal stresses are large and positive
for points at the root of the blades (M&S_Root) but
6 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Figure 7. Total equivalent stresses at the monitored points in Figure 6.
Figure 8. Thermal stresses of the monitored points.
negative for points at the center of the disk (D_Center).
With the increase in the inlet temperature, the thermal
stresses at both places decrease. The thermal stresses on
surface of the blades are relatively small.
For explanation, two annulus rings with non-
uniform temperature distribution in the radical and
axial direction are separately illustrated in Figure 9 to
describe the mechanism of how the temperature distri-
bution influences the stress of the impeller.
With non-uniform temperature distribution in the
radial or axial direction, the thermal expansion in the
circumferential direction will be different for areas in
the meridian plane. For the high temperature area,
the expansion will be larger, while for the low tem-
perature area, smaller. However, as the areas are con-
nected with each other, the deformation must be
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equal at the junction. Thus, the high temperature area
will be compressed to make its expansion smaller
while the low temperature area will be tensed to make
its expansion larger. As a result, tensile stress in the
circumferential direction is generated at low tempera-
ture area while compression stress generated at high
temperature area.
The disk of the impeller can be considered as a spe-
cial annular ring with non-uniform temperature distri-
bution in the radical and axial directions. Thus, tensile
stress in the circumferential direction is generated at
low temperature areas while compression stress at high
temperature areas in the meridian plane. For stress
caused by the centrifugal load tends to be tensile, the
tensile stress generated by non-uniform temperature
will enlarge the total stress and cause a positive thermal
Zheng and Ding 7

Figure 9. Annulus rings with non-uniform radical and axial temperature distribution.

Figure 10. Temperature distribution of the impeller.

stress while the compression one will reduce it and
causes a negative thermal stress.
Figure 10 shows the calculated temperature distribu-
tion of the impeller. The calculated temperature distri-
bution of the impeller is decided by the surface
temperatures set at the inner disk, which is constant
and the temperature of the fluid, which is decided by
the inlet condition of the impeller for a constant work-
ing state. For low inlet temperature, the surface tem-
peratures at the inner disk are much higher than the

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8 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Figure 11. Thermal stress distribution of the impeller.
fluid, which leads to the temperature at the outer disk
is much lower than that at the inner disk. As a result,
the stress at the outer disk, where the M&S_Root
points located, is enlarged and the thermal stress is pos-
itive while the stress at the inner disk, where the
D_Center points located, get reduced and the thermal
stress becomes negative.
With the increase of the inlet temperature, the tem-
perature of the fluid increases, which makes the tem-
perature at the outer disk higher. While the surface
temperatures at the inner disk are constant, the tem-
perature distribution of the impeller becomes more uni-
form. Thus, the thermal stress decreases as shown in
Figure 11.
As the thermal stress of the impeller relates with its
temperature distribution which is decided by the fluid
temperature and the thermal boundary conditions of
the impeller, the thermal boundary conditions of the
disk are very important and cannot be treated as adia-
batic. For its influence on the stress of the impeller, the
thermal boundary condition of the disk can be used to
improve the stress of the impeller by controlling the
temperature distribution of the impeller. In addition,
the temperature mainly affects the stress on the disk
and the root of the blade. As the stress of the impeller
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has much to do with the temperature of the disk, it also
reminds that the cooling and the inlet condition of the
impeller should coordinate with each other to get the
lowest stress of the impeller.
Effect of pressure on impeller stress
As with the thermal stress, to figure out the effect of
the pressure on the stress of the impeller, the aerody-
namic stress is defined as the difference of the equiva-
lent stress (Von Mises) with the aerodynamic load to
that conducted in the vacuum. Similarly, a positive
aerodynamic stress increases the total equivalent stress
of the impeller while a negative one decreases the total
equivalent stress.
Figure 12 shows the ratios of the aerodynamic stres-
ses to the total stress for monitored points at Figure 6
for different inlet conditions. It can be seen that the
aerodynamic stress at the center of the disk is nearly
zero for all the inlet conditions. For low inlet tempera-
ture, the aerodynamic stresses are small. However, the
aerodynamic stresses increase almost linearly with the
inlet temperature for points except that at the center of
the disk and can reach 18% of the total equivalent
stress, thus cannot be ignored in the stress analysis of
Zheng and Ding
Figure 12. Aerodynamic stresses for monitored points.
the impeller. The aerodynamic stress is positive at the
root of the blades (M&S_root) and negative on the sur-
face of the blades (M&S_Surface), which means the
pressure enlarges the stress at the root of the blade
while reduces it on the surface.
To better understand the effect of the pressure,
Figure 13 gives the distribution of the aerodynamic
stress with different inlet conditions. It is noted that the
distributions of the aerodynamic stress are similar and
the aerodynamic stresses are positive at the rearward of
the blades and negative at the front part of the blades
and at the back of the disk. That means the pressure
reduces the stress at the front part of the blades and at
the back of the disk while enlarges it at the rearward of
the blades.
That is because the turning of the fluid in different
streamsurfaces causes different counterforce to the
impeller according to the conversation of the momen-
tum. In blade-to-blade streamsurface, as the fluid turns
along the blade, the counterforce tends to push the
blade from the pressure side to the suction side. In mer-
idional steamsurface, as the fluid turns upward at the
rearward of the passage, the counterforce of the fluid
tends to push the outer part of the impeller backward.
As the front part of the researched impeller blades
lean to the suction side, the centrifugal force tends to
pull the blades from the suction side to the pressure
side. The centrifugal force effect is opposite with that
of the counterforce in blade-to-blade streamsurface.
Thus the stress is reduced. However, if the blades do
not lean to the suctions side enough, the effect of the
pressure will be different.
In the cases for the rearward of the blades and the
back of the disk, the counterforce in meridional stream-
surface plays an important role. As shown in Figure
14, as the outer part of the impeller is pushed
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9
backward, a tensile stress will be generated at the front
side of the impeller and a compression stress at the
back side of the impeller. As there is a predominant
tensile stress caused by the centrifugal load, the stress
at the front side is enlarged while the stress at the back
side is reduced.
Conclusion and remarks
In this article, the effects of temperature and pressure
on the stress of the impeller working at the same state
in different inlet conditions of temperature and pressure
were studied. Conjugate heat transfer analysis was used
to obtain the temperature and pressure of the impeller
and the fluid which were then applied as boundary con-
ditions in the three-dimensional structural FEA to
obtain the stress of the impeller. Finally, the effects of
temperature and pressure on the stress of the impeller
were obtained by comparing the equivalent (Von-
Mises) stress between considering and not considering
the thermal load or the aerodynamic load. Two main
conclusions are as follows:
1. The temperature effect can reach 57% of the
total equivalent stress when inlet temperature is
288.15 K, which suggests that the temperature
effect should be carefully considered in the stress
analysis of the impeller. The effect of the tem-
perature strongly relates with the inlet condi-
tions of the impeller and the thermal boundary
conditions of the disk, which cannot be treated
as adiabatic. The stress of the impeller can be
improved by controlling the thermal boundary
conditions of the disk. In addition, the tempera-
ture mainly affects the stress on the disk and the
root of the blade.
10
Figure 13. Aerodynamic stress of some monitored point.
Figure 14. Radical normal stress of the impeller under only
aerodynamic load.
2. The pressure mainly influences the stress on the
blade but hardly on the inner disk. For low inlet
temperature, the pressure effect on the stress is
small but increases almost linearly with the inlet
temperature. The aerodynamic stress can reach
18% of the total equivalent stress when inlet
temperature is up to 584.25 K, and must be con-
sidered in the stress analysis of the impeller.
Furthermore, the fluid pressure can reduce the
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Advances in Mechanical Engineering
stress at the front of a negative-lean blade and
the stress at the back of the disk.
Declaration of conflicting interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial sup-
port for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article: This research was supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51176087).
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