TH220B TH330B PDF

31200273
December 15, 2006
Systems Operation
Testing and
Adjusting
TH220B, TH330B, TH360B, TH560B and
TH580B Telehandlers Steering System
S/N TBF00100 & After
S/N TBG00100 & After
S/N TBH00100 & After
S/N TBP00100 & After
S/N TBJ00100 & After
Important Safety Information
Most accidents that involve product operation, maintenance and repair are caused by failure to observe
basic safety rules or precautions. An accident can often be avoided by recognizing potentially hazardous
situations before an accident occurs. A person must be alert to potential hazards. This person should also
have the necessary training, skills and tools to perform these functions properly.
Improper operation, lubrication, maintenance or repair of this product can be dangerous and
could result in injury or death.
Do not operate or perform any lubrication, maintenance or repair on this product, until you have
read and understood the operation, lubrication, maintenance and repair information.
Safety precautions and warnings are provided in this manual and on the product. If these hazard warnings
are not heeded, bodily injury or death could occur to you or to other persons.
The hazards are identified by the "Safety Alert Symbol" and followed by a "Signal Word" such as
"DANGER", "WARNING" or "CAUTION". The Safety Alert "WARNING" label is shown below.
The meaning of this safety alert symbol is as follows:

Attention! Become Alert! Your Safety is Involved.
The message that appears under the warning explains the hazard and can be either written or pictorially
presented.
Operations that may cause product damage are identified by "NOTICE" labels on the product and in
this publication.
Caterpillar cannot anticipate every possible circumstance that might involve a potential hazard.
The warnings in this publication and on the product are, therefore, not all inclusive. If a tool,
procedure, work method or operating technique that is not specifically recommended by Caterpillar
is used, you must satisfy yourself that it is safe for you and for others. You should also ensure that
the product will not be damaged or be made unsafe by the operation, lubrication, maintenance or
repair procedures that you choose.
The information, specifications, and illustrations in this publication are on the basis of information that was
available at the time that the publication was written. The specifications, torques, pressures,
measurements, adjustments, illustrations, and other items can change at any time. These changes can
affect the service that is given to the product. Obtain the complete and most current information before you
start any job. Caterpillar® dealers have the most current information available.
When replacement parts are required for this

product Caterpillar recommends using
Caterpillar replacement parts or parts with
equivalent specifications including, but not
limited to, physical dimensions, type, strength
and material.
Failure to heed this warning can lead to

premature failures, product damage, personal
injury or death.
31200273 1
Table of Contents
Table of
Table of Contents Right Turn in Two-Wheel Steer Mode22
Systems Operation Section Left Turn in Circle Steer Mode........... 24
Graphic Color Codes ............................... 3 Left Turn in Crab Steer Mode ............ 26
General Information................................. 4 Hydraulic Schematic (Steering System). 28
Steering Arrangement ......................... 4 Piston Pump (Implement and Steering) . 29
Introduction.............................................. 6 Piston Pump ...................................... 29
Location of Electrical Components .......... 7 Compensator Valve ........................... 30
Selector Switch for the Steering Mode 7 Low Pressure Standby....................... 31
Position Sensors ................................. 7 Upstroke ............................................ 32
Electronic Control Module ................... 8 Constant Flow.................................... 33
Solenoid for Crab Steer....................... 8 Destroke ............................................ 34
Solenoid for Circle Steer ..................... 8 High Pressure Stall ............................ 36
Relay (Crab Steer) .............................. 8 Solenoid Valve (Steering Mode
Relay (Circle Steer) ............................. 9 Selector)................................................. 37
Location of Hydraulic Components.......... 9 Solenoid Valve................................... 37
Steering Wheel.................................... 9 Metering Pump (Steering) ...................... 37
Metering Pump .................................. 10 Hold ................................................... 39
Piston Pump ...................................... 10 Right Turn .......................................... 40
Line for the Signal Limiter Valve for the Position Sensor (Steering) ..................... 42
Steering ............................................. 10 Configuration Parameters ...................... 43
Priority Valve ..................................... 10 Testing and Adjusting Section
Control Valve (Steering) .................... 11 Hydraulic Oil Contamination -Test ......... 45
Steering Cylinders ............................. 11 Hydraulic Oil Contamination .............. 45
Hydraulic Tank .................................. 11 Flushing the Sampling Valve ............. 45
Hydraulic Tank Breather.................... 11 Obtaining the Sample ........................ 45
Hydraulic Oil Level Indicator.............. 12 Pump Flow - Test ................................... 46
Hydraulic Oil Drain Plugs .................. 12 Pump Flow......................................... 46
Electrical Input Components.................. 12 Test On The Machine ........................ 46
Steering Mode Switch ....................... 12 Test On The Bench............................ 47
Position Sensor ................................. 13 Steering System Pressures -Test and
Electronic Control Module ..................... 13 Adjust ..................................................... 47
Electrical Output Components............... 14 Steering System Pressure Tests and
Relays ............................................... 14 Adjustments ....................................... 47
Instrument Cluster ............................. 14 Steering Pressure Test ...................... 48
Data Link ............................................... 14 Steering Pressure Adjustment ........... 48
CAT Data Link ................................... 14 Margin Pressure Test ........................ 49
CAN Data Link................................... 15 Margin Pressure Adjustment ............. 50
Electrical Schematic .............................. 15 Test for the Relief Valve (Load Sensing
Inlet Manifold ......................................... 15 Oil) ..................................................... 50
Steering Priority Valve....................... 16 Adjustment of the Relief Valve (Load
Screens (75 and 100 Micron) ............ 16 Sensing Oil) ....................................... 51
Flow Control Valve (Dump valve for the Test for Pressure Compensator......... 51
load sensing oil) ................................ 16 Pressure Compensator Adjustment... 52
Relief Valve (Load sensing oil).......... 16 Low Pressure Standby Test............... 52
Check Valve ...................................... 16 Low Pressure Standby Adjustment.... 53
Steering Not Activated....................... 17 Steering System - Purge ........................ 54
Steering Activated ............................. 18 Purging the Steering System ............. 54
Steering System .................................... 19 Solenoid Valve (Steering Mode Selector) -
Steering Control System ................... 19 Test ........................................................ 54
Steering in Neutral............................. 20
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Table of Contents
The Solenoid's for the Steering

Modes ................................................54
Position Sensor (Steering) -Adjust .........55
Position Sensor ..................................55
Wheel Alignment - Check and Adjust.....57
Checking the Wheel Alignment With
Wheels In Place .................................58
Adjusting the Wheel Alignment ..........58
Adjusting the Steering Angle..............59
General Information Table......................60
31200273 3
Systems Operation Section
Systems Operation (A) Red.......................................................... High pressure oil

(B) Red Stripes and White Stripes ... First pressure reduction
Section (C) Red Crosshatch ..................... Second pressure reduction
(D) Pink .............................................. Third pressure reduction
Graphic Color Codes (E) Orange...........................Pilot, signal or torque converter oil
(F) Orange Stripes and White Stripes ..................Reduced pilot,
signal or torque converter oil
(G) Blue.................................................................. Trapped oil
(H) Green ............................................ Tank, sump or return oil
(I) Brown ............................................................. Lubricating oil

(J) Orange Crosshatch ........................... Second reduction in
pilot, signal or torque converter oil
(K) Yellow............................ Moving or activated components
(L) Purple ............................................... Pneumatic pressure
(M) Light Gray..................................................... Surface color
Note: The information that is covered in this manual
may not require all of the colors in Illustration 1.
Illustration 1 g01023555
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General Information action allows the wheels to turn in the desired

direction.
Note: The steering mode and the direction of the
Steering Arrangement rotation of the steering wheel will determine the
direction of movement of the wheels.
The machine may be operated in the following three
steering modes:
• Two-wheel steer
• Circle steer
• Crab steer
Two-wheel Steer
When the machine is operated in two-wheel steer, the
front wheels are the only active steering wheels. The
rear wheels must be in a straight ahead position for
proper operation of two-wheel steer. This mode is the
only acceptable mode for roading the machine.
Circle Steer
All wheels are steered in this mode. The rear wheels
are steered in the opposite direction to the front
wheels. This mode provides a shorter turning radius for
turns in tight areas.
Crab Steer
All wheels are steered in this mode. The rear wheels
are steered in the same direction as the front wheels.
This mode enables the machine to move in a sideways
manner for maneuverability in confined areas.
There are two different arrangements for the
steering modes.
• Manually aligned rear wheels
• Self-aligning steering
Some machines are equipped with a self-aligning
feature for the front wheels and the rear wheels. This
feature helps to align the wheels in a straight ahead
position. The alignment of the wheels is necessary in
order to properly operate the machine in two-wheel
Illustration 2 g00737628 steer. In addition, the wheels must be aligned when you
(1) Front axle switch modes from crab steer to circle steer and from
(2) Front steering cylinder
circle steer to crab steer. On machines that do not have
(3) Tie rod
the self-aligning feature, the wheels must be manually
(4) Steering case
(5) Pivot pin
aligned by using the various steering modes.
(6) Rear steering cylinder Reference: See the Operation and Maintenance
(7) Rear axle Manual, "Steering Mode Control" for additional
Front axle (1) and rear axle (7) have similar steering information on the operation of the switches.
arrangements. Front steering cylinder (2) and rear
steering cylinder (6) are an integral part of each axle
housing. Each cylinder is equipped with two tie rods
(3). Each tie rod is mounted to steering case (4) at
each wheel. When the steering wheel is being turned,
hydraulic oil forces steering cylinders to move tie rods
(3). The tie rods act on steering cases (4). The steering
cases rotate on pivot pins (5) at each wheel. This
31200273 5
Manually Aligned Rear Wheels When the bottom of the switch is depressed, the
contacts for circle steer close. A signal is sent to the
machine ECM. The machine ECM sends power to the
solenoid for circle steer which is mounted on the control
valve for the steering mode. The energized solenoid
shifts the spool in order to allow oil flow to the rear steer
cylinder for circle steer. Indicator light (9) for circle steer
will illuminate when this mode is selected.
Machines With Self-Aligning Steering
The machine may be equipped with self-aligning
steering. The self-aligning feature ensures that the front
wheels and the rear wheels are aligned before the
steering mode is changed.
Illustration 3 g01006730 When steering mode switch (8) is pressed by the
(8) Mode select switch operator, the machine will not change to the desired
steering mode unless the front wheels and the rear
wheels are in the straight ahead position.
If steering mode switch (8) is pressed by the operator
Mode select switch (8) - This switch is a three- and the wheels of the machine are not aligned, the
position switch that controls the steering mode. The current steering mode will remain selected. The
mode select switch allows the machine to travel in two- indicator for the current steering mode on the display
wheel steer, in crab steer, or in circle steer. panel will remain ON, and the desired mode indicator
Note: Always move the front wheels and the rear will flash. When the front wheels and the rear wheels
wheels to the straight ahead position before you are moved to the straight ahead position by the
change the steering mode. operator, the steering mode will then change to the
desired mode.
(9) Indicator for circle steer
(10) Indicator for crab steer
(11) Indicator for two-wheel steer
When the top of mode select switch (8) is depressed,
the contacts for crab steer close. A signal is sent to the
machine electronic control module (ECM). The
machine ECM sends power to the solenoid for crab
steer which is mounted on the control valve for the
steering mode. The energized solenoid shifts the spool
in order to allow oil flow to the rear steering cylinder for
crab steer. Indicator light (10) for crab steer will
illuminate when this mode is selected.
When the switch is in the center position, the contacts
are open and the solenoids on the control valve for the
steering mode will not be energized. This will allow the
machine to operate in two-wheel steer. Indicator (11)
will illuminate when this mode is selected.
6 31200273
Introduction
This module discusses the features and operation of

the steering system. The following Telehandlers are
covered in this module:
• TH220B
• TH330B
• TH360B
• TH560B
• TH580B
The steering system on these machines has the
following modes of operation:
• Two-wheel steer
• Circle steer
• Crab steer
Some machines are equipped with a self-aligning
feature for the front wheels and the rear wheels.
31200273 7
Location of Electrical Selector Switch for the Steering

Components Mode
The steering system consists of the following
electronic components:
• Selector switch for the steering mode
• Position sensor
• Electronic control module (ECM)
• Solenoid for crab steer
• Solenoid for circle steer
• Relay for crab steer
• Relay for circle steer
Steering selector switch (1) is located to the left of the
instrument panel inside the cab. The selector switch for
the steering mode is an input to the Electronic Control
Module that controls the steering mode.
Position Sensors
Front Position Sensor
(1) Selector switch for the steering mode
(2) Position sensors
(3) Electronic control module
(4) Solenoid for crab steer
(5) Solenoid for circle steer
(6) Relay for crab steer
(7) Relay for circle steer
Rear Position Sensor
Machines with self-aligning steering are equipped with
two steering position sensors (2). One position sensor
is attached to the front steering cylinder. The sensor
sends a signal to the ECM when the front wheels are
in the centered position. The other position sensor is
8 31200273
attached to the rear steering cylinder. The sensor sends Reference: See Systems Operation/Testing and
a signal to the ECM when the rear wheels are in the Adjusting, "Control Valve (Steering Mode)" for more
centered position. information.
Reference: See Systems Operation/Testing and
Adjusting, "Position Sensor (Steering)" for more Solenoid for Circle Steer
information.
Electronic Control Module
On/Off solenoid (5) for circle steer is located at the front
of the cab. Remove the cover from the front of the cab
in order to gain access to the solenoid for circle steer.
The solenoid for circle steer is attached to the control
valve for the steering mode. The solenoid for circle
steer shifts the control valve for the steering mode.
Adjusting, "Control Valve (Steering Mode)" for more
Illustration 10 g00986607 information.
Electronic Control Module (ECM) (3) is mounted to the
inner fender under the engine hood. The ECM controls Relay (Crab Steer)
most of the functions of the machine.
Adjusting, "Electronic Control Module" for more
information.
Solenoid for Crab Steer
Relay (6) for the crab steer is located in the fuse panel.
The fuse panel is located behind an access cover in the
left side of the cab arrangement. The relay for crab
steer enables the solenoid for crab steer to be
energized.
Illustration 11 g00903915 Reference: See Systems Operation/Testing and
On/Off solenoid (4) for crab steer is located at the front Adjusting, "Electrical Output Components" for more
information.
of the cab. Remove the cover from the front of the cab
in order to gain access to the solenoid for circle steer.
The solenoid for crab steer is attached to the control
valve for the steering mode. The solenoid for crab steer
shifts the control valve for the steering mode.
31200273 9
Relay (Circle Steer)
Relay (7) for the circle steer is located in the fuse
panel. The fuse panel is located behind an access
cover in the left side of the cab arrangement. The relay
for circle steer enables the solenoid for circle steer to be
energized.
Adjusting, "Electrical Output Components" for more
information.
Location of Hydraulic Illustration 15 g00878481
Components (1) Steering wheel

(2) Metering pump
The steering system consists of the following hydraulic (3) Piston pump
components: (5) Priority valve on the main control valve (implement)

(6) Control valve for the steering mode
• Steering wheel (7) Steering cylinders
• Metering pump (8) Hydraulic tank

(9) Hydraulic tank breather
• Piston pump (10) Hydraulic oil level indicator
• Line for the Signal Limiter Valve for the Steering

Steering Wheel
• Priority valve
• Control valve for the steering mode
• Steering cylinders
• Hydraulic tank
• Hydraulic tank breather
• Hydraulic oil level indicator
• Hydraulic oil drain plugs
Steering wheel (1) is located in the center of the main
operator console. The steering wheel provides input to
the metering pump in order to control the direction of the
machine.
10 31200273
Metering Pump Line for the Signal Limiter Valve for

the Steering
Metering pump (2) is located at the front of the cab at
the end of the steering rod. Remove the cover from the
front of the cab in order to gain access to the metering The line for the signal limiter valve (4) is located at the
pump. The metering pump directs oil flow to the front of the cab on the left side of the metering pump.
steering cylinders. Remove the cover from the front of the cab in order to
gain access to the line for the signal limiter valve.
Adjusting, "Metering Pump (Steering)" for more
information. Priority Valve
Piston Pump
Priority valve (5) is located on the inlet manifold on the
main control valve. Remove the cover from left side of
Illustration 18 g00866455 the machine in order to gain access to the priority
Piston pump (3) is located underneath the valve. The priority valve gives priority to the steering
transmission in the engine enclosure. The piston pump system over the implement system regarding hydraulic
provides hydraulic oil flow to the steering and implement oil flow. The priority valve directs hydraulic oil flow to the
systems. steering system when the steering system requires oil
Reference: See Systems Operation/Testing and flow.
Adjusting, "Piston Pump (Implement and Steering)" for Reference: See Systems Operation/Testing and
more information. Adjusting, "Inlet Manifold" for more information.
31200273 11
Control Valve (Steering) Hydraulic Tank
Illustration 21 g00903903 Hydraulic tank (8) is located on the left side of the
Control valve (6) for the steering mode is located at the machine behind the cab. The hydraulic tank provides a
front of the cab, next to the metering pump. Remove reservoir for the hydraulic oil.
the cover from the front of the cab in order to gain
access to the control valve for the steering mode. The Hydraulic Tank Breather
control valve for the steering mode directs oil flow for the
various modes of steering operation.
Adjusting, "Control Valve (Steering)" for more
information.
Steering Cylinders
Breather (9) for the hydraulic tank is located on top of
the hydraulic tank under the windshield washer
reservoir. The hydraulic tank breather vents the tank to
the atmosphere.
Steering cylinders (7) are attached to the front axle

housing and the rear axle housing. The steering
cylinders are used in order to turn the tires.
12 31200273
Hydraulic Oil Level Indicator Electrical Input Components
Hydraulic oil level indicator (10) is located on the left

side of the machine behind a protection cover. The
hydraulic oil level indicator allows the level of the
hydraulic oil tank to be observed.
Hydraulic Oil Drain Plugs

Steering Mode Switch
There are two drain plugs for the hydraulic oil system.
The drain plugs allow the hydraulic oil to be drained.
Hydraulic tank drain plug (11) is located on the bottom
of the hydraulic tank.
The steering mode switch is a three-position switch.
The three steering modes crab steer mode, front steer
mode, and circle steer mode.
A faulty switch can be detected due to the signal
pattern of the switch. The CID fault code is number 750
and the FMI code is number 02.
Transmission drain plug (12) is located on the bottom of
the transmission housing. The transmission drain plug
allows the transmission oil to be drained.
31200273 13
Position Sensor right side of the machine inside the engine

compartment. The ECM sends the information to the
Caterpillar Electronic Technician on the CAT data link.
Note: The ECM is not serviceable. The ECM must be
replaced if the ECM is damaged. Replace the ECM if a
failure is diagnosed.
Inputs
The inputs describe the status of the machine
systems. Two types of inputs exist. The inputs can be
either a switch type or a sensor type. Switches provide
an open, a ground, or a + battery signal to the inputs of
the controller. Sensors (frequency, PWM or voltage)
provide a changing signal to the sensor inputs of the
controller. The inputs to the machine ECM are listed in
table 1.
Outputs
The ECM responds to decisions by sending electrical
signals to the outputs. The outputs can create an
action or the outputs can provide information to the
The position sensors are a requirement of the auto operator or the service technician. The outputs of the
align function. There are two steering position sensors. machine ECM are listed in table 1.
One is located on the front axle and the other sensor is Input/Output
located on the rear axle. The sensors are magnetic
position sensors that send a signal to the ECM when The CAT data link is used in order to provide a
the sensors are in the centered position. connection for the service tool for troubleshooting,
testing, and calibrations. The data link is bidirectional.
The data link allows the ECM to receive information.
Electronic Control Module The data link allows the ECM to send information.
Table 1
Contact Description J2(1)

No.( Function Type
5 Relay (Circle Steer) On/Off
6 Relay (Crab Steer) On/Off
Switch (Rear Axle
24 Switch to Ground
Align)
Switch (Steer Mode
25 Switch to Ground
Select - Front)
Switch (Steer Mode
26 Switch to Ground
Select - Circle)
Switch (Steer Mode
27 Switch to Ground
Select - Crab)
Switch (Front Axle
28 Switch to Ground
Align)
(1) The ECM responds to an active input only when all the
necessary conditions are satisfied.
Electronic Control Module (ECM)
(2) The connector contacts that are not listed are not used.
The electronic control module (ECM) makes decisions
that are based on input information and memory
information. After the ECM receives the input
information, the ECM sends a corresponding response
to the outputs. The inputs and outputs of the ECM are
connected to the machine harness by two 70 contact
connectors (J1 and J2). The ECM is located on the
14 31200273
Electrical Output Components Data Link
Relays
CAT Data Link

The data link is an input and an output of the ECM. The
data link is designed to communicate with other
electronic control modules through the machine
harness. The data link is not a visible component. The
data link consists of internal ECM circuits and the
connecting harness wiring. The data link is
bidirectional. The data link allows the ECM to receive
Illustration 33 g00900769 information and the data link allows the ECM to send
information.
Relay (Circle Steer) and Relay (Crab Steer) Caterpillar Electronic Technician (ET) also
communicates with other ECM modules through the
These relays will energize the solenoids that will direct
data link. The ET will list the other ECM modules and
the pressure to the appropriate control valve for the
the available diagnostic information.
desired steering mode. The relay connects to the ECM
through contact J2-5, contact J2-6, and contact J2-8. Note: All electronic control modules (ECM) that use the
data link have a module identifier (MID). The MID is
Instrument Cluster listed for each module:
Machine ECM ................................................................... 039
The indicators for the steering system are located
Shift Lever.......................................................................................................117
within the Instrument Cluster (IC). The machine ECM
communicates to the IC over the CAN data link. See
the appropriate Service Manual for additional
information.
31200273 15
CAN Data Link

The CAN Data Link is used in order to aid the machine
ECM with the control of the transmission. The CAN data
link is used for communication with the display module.
Electrical Schematic
This is a simplified schematic of the steering system for
the machine ECM. This schematic does not show all
possible harness connectors. See the appropriate
Electrical Schematic, for an accurate schematic of the
machine.
Inlet Manifold
Adjusting, "Location of Hydraulic Components" for the
location of the inlet manifold on the implement control
valve.
The inlet manifold includes the following
components:
• Valve Assembly (Steering priority)
• Screens (75 and 100 micron)
• Relief Valve (load sensing oil)
• Flow Control Valve (Dump valve for the load
sensing oil)
Illustration 36 g00904260 • Check valves
The inlet manifold is part of the main control valve
(implement).
16 31200273
Steering Priority Valve

The flow of oil from the hydraulic piston pump is
prioritized by the steering priority valve. The priority
valve satisfies the demands from the steering system
before the demands from the implement system.
Screens (75 and 100 Micron)

The inlet section of the main control valve (implement)
contains three screens. The screens are dedicated to
the following circuits:
• The system for the pilot supply (75 micron)
• Load sensing oil system for the priority valve (100
micron)
• Drain for the load sensing oil for the implement
system (100 micron)
Flow Control Valve (Dump valve for

the load sensing oil)
The Flow Control Valve is installed in order to provide a
drain back to the hydraulic tank for the load sensing
signal once the load has been reduced on the machine
requirements. The signal drain valve is pressure
compensated.
Relief Valve (Load sensing oil)

The Relief valve (Load sensing oil) is the main
implement pressure relief valve for the hydraulic
system. The signal limiter valve limits the maximum
pressure in the load signal system. The relief valve has
a pressure setting of 22800 kPa (3300 psi).
Check Valve
When the spool in the steering priority valve moves up,
pressure from the top side of the spool is exhausted
through the check valve. Systems Operation Section
31200273 17
Steering Not Activated
This schematic shows the steering priority valve in operation.
(1) Check valve (8) Screen (15) Line to implement system
(2) Line to implement system (9) Orifice (16) Tank
(3) Valve As (Steering Priority) (10) Line to metering pump (17) Check valve (Return oil back pressure)
(4) Return oil from implement system (11) Pump supply (18) Flow Control Valve GP (Dump valve for the load sensing oil)
(5) Spring (12) Load sensing oil from implements
(6) Orifice (13) Load sensing oil from implement system
(7) Line to metering pump (14) Relief valve (Load sensing oil)
When the steering wheel is stationary, there is no supply passage to the metering pump. Some of the oil
demand from the metering pump for oil. The spool in the through orifice (9) acts with spring (5) in order to work
steering metering unit is spring centered and the oil is against the pressure above priority valve (3). When
blocked at the spool. This causes an increase in steering is activated there is instant response from the
pressure in supply line (10) to the metering pump. The metering pump.
increased pressure acts upon the top of the priority Some oil in Passage (7) opens check valve (19) and the
valve spool. The spool proportionally moves down oil enters the load sensing line (20). The oil in the load
against the force of spring (5). The mid-position of the sensing oil pressure line (20) flows to the pump
spool allows oil flow to the steering system and to the compensator and the oil causes the pump to upstroke
implement control system. Further movement of the slightly. The upstroke of the pump will increase the low
spool in the steering priority valve closes off the majority pressure standby. The higher low pressure standby
of the supply of oil to the steering system. Most of the pressure maintains the pilot supply pressure for the
oil flow through the priority valve is then supplied to the valves of the pilot hydraulic system.
implement system through line (15).
Orifice (6) and orifice (9) allow a small leakage from
supply line (10) back to the hydraulic tank. This
leakage prevents Priority Valve (3) from closing off the
18 31200273
Steering Activated
This schematic shows the steering priority valve in operation.
(1) Check valve (8) Screen (15) Line to implement system
(2) Line to implement system (9) Orifice (16) Tank
(3) Valve As (Steering Priority) (10) Line to metering pump (17) Check valve (Return oil back pressure)
(4) Return oil from implement system (11) Pump supply (18) Flow Control Valve GP (Dump valve for the load sensing oil)
(5) Spring (12) Load sensing oil from implements
(6) Orifice (13) Load sensing oil from implement system
(7) Line to metering pump (14) Relief valve (Load sensing oil)
When the steering wheel is turned, there is a pressure meet the demand for steering flow. This causes the
drop in passage (7). Due to the leakage oil past orifice hydraulic flow to the metering pump to increase.
(9) and the force of spring (5), the priority valve (3) The oil from the piston pump is directed to the
moves up rapidly in order to direct supply oil in passage metering unit through line (7). When the steering wheel
(11) to the metering pump (7). is turned faster, the pressure increases in load signal
The flow of oil in line (7) is also blocked at the line (7). The pressure determines the amount of
metering pump. This causes a buildup of pressure in proportional movement of the priority valve spool.
line (7). The pressure in the form of a load sensing If the steering system and another implement are used
signal is transmitted through line (7) to a chamber at the at the same time, the priority valve can supply oil to
bottom of steering priority valve (3). Also, oil flows both the metering unit and the main control valve
through Check Valve (9) into signal line (19) in order to
signal the pump. The pump increases flow in order to
31200273 19
(implement) once the requirements of the steering flow

are met.
Steering System
Steering Control System
The hydraulic pump for the steering system is a
variable displacement axial piston type. The pump
output is matched to system requirements by a priority
valve in the inlet manifold on the main control valve.
The priority valve in the inlet manifold is connected by
a line to the metering pump.
The control valve for the steering mode is a three-
position solenoid operated valve which controls the
steering modes.
location of the hydraulic components in the steering
system.
Adjusting, "Location of Electrical Components" for the
location of the electrical components in the steering
system.
Adjusting, "Piston Pump (Implement and Steering)" for
operating information.
Adjusting, "Steering Valve (Steering Mode Selector)" for
operating information.
Reference: See Operation and Maintenance Manual,
"Steering Mode" for the operating information of the
modes.
The four schematics show the Steering System in
the following modes of operation:
• Steering in neutral
• Right Turn in Two-Wheel Steer Mode
• Left Turn in Circle Steer Mode
• Left Turn in Crab Steer Mode
20 31200273
Steering in Neutral
(1) Front steering cylinder (10) Oil flow to pilot valve (19) Front axle
(2) Rear steering cylinder (11) Oil flow from implement valve (20) Rear axle
(3) Inlet manifold (12) Signal from implement valve (21) Signal limiter valve (steering)
(4) Priority valve (13) Oil flow from control valve (22) Orifice
(5) Main control valve (implement) (14) Signal drain valve (23) Signal line
(6) Signal limiter valve (implement) (15) Return to tank (24) Check Valve
(7) Steering selector valve (16) Load signal to pump (25) Orifice
(8) Gerotor pump (17) Supply from pump
(9) Metering pump (18) Return to tank
31200273 21
When the steering wheel is stationary the main supply of

oil from priority valve (4) is blocked at the spool in the
metering pump and there is no flow to the steering
cylinders. When the steering is not in operation, a
small amount of supply oil flows through orifice (22)
and orifice (25). The orifices allow a constant flow of
hydraulic oil to flow through signal line (23) to the
metering pump and to the tank when the steering
wheel is stationary. This leakage prevents the priority
valve from closing off the supply passage to the
metering pump. When steering is activated there is an
instant response from the metering pump.
Some oil in Passage (8) opens check valve (24) and the
oil enters signal line (2). The oil in signal line (2) flows to
the pump compensator and the oil causes the pump to
upstroke slightly. The upstroke of the pump will
increase the low pressure standby. The higher low
pressure standby pressure maintains the pilot supply
pressure for the valves of the pilot hydraulic system.
22 31200273
Right Turn in Two-Wheel Steer Mode
31200273 23
When the mode select switch is in the center position,

the solenoids on steering selector valve (7) for the
steering mode are de-energized. The valve spool is
then centered by spring force, and the ports that
connect rear steering cylinder (2) are blocked. Oil that
is locked into the cylinder by the valve spool holds the
rear wheels in the straight ahead position and the rear
axle operates as a rigid axle.
When the steering wheel is turned, the priority valve (4)
moves in order to allow oil to flow into metering pump
(9). Also, oil flows through Check Valve (24) into signal
line (2) in order to signal the pump. The pump
increases flow in order to meet the demand for steering
flow. This causes the hydraulic flow to the metering
pump to increase. The oil from the piston pump is
directed to the metering pump.
When a right turn is made in two-wheel steer mode, oil
flows through gerotor pump (8), through steering
selector valve (7) for the steering mode, and to the right
side of front steering cylinder (1). Oil that enters the
cylinder causes the tie rods to move to the left. This
causes the wheels to move to the right. Oil in the left
side of the steering cylinder flows to the tank through
the metering pump.
If the steering cylinder reaches the end of the stroke
and the operator continues to turn the steering wheel,
pressure in the steering system will increase. The
increase in pressure causes signal limiter valve (21) in
metering pump (9) to open. The excess signal oil is
directed to the tank in order to relieve the pressure.
When the steering wheel is turned to the left the flow of
oil is reversed. Oil flows directly to the left side of the
steering cylinder and return oil is routed through the
control valve for the steering mode and back to the
tank.
Note: If the engine stops and the machine is in motion,
the machine can still be steered. When the steering
wheel is turned in this situation, the metering section of
hand metering pump (9) acts as a pump.
24 31200273
Left Turn in Circle Steer Mode
31200273 25
When the bottom of the mode select switch is

depressed, and the circle steer mode is selected,
solenoid (A) on steering selector valve (7) for the
steering mode is energized. The valve spool is offset to
the circle steer position.
When a left turn is made in circle steer mode, oil flows
directly from gerotor pump (8) to the left side of front
steering cylinder (1). Oil that is displaced from the right
side of the front steering cylinder flows through steering
selector valve (7) for the steering mode to the left side
of rear steering cylinder (2).
Oil that is displaced from the right side of the rear
steering cylinder flows through steering selector valve
(7) for the steering mode, and metering pump (9) to the
tank. The front cylinder rods move to the right. This
causes the front wheels to pivot to the left. The rear
cylinder rods move to the right. This causes the rear
wheels to pivot to the right.
26 31200273
Left Turn in Crab Steer Mode
31200273 27
Note: In crab steer, the front wheels and the rear

wheels turn in the same direction. Crab steer allows the
machine to move in a sideways manner for
maneuverability in confined areas.
When the top of the mode select switch is depressed,
and the crab steer mode is selected, solenoid (B) on
steering selector valve (7) for the steering mode is
energized. The valve spool is offset to the crab steer
position.
When the steering wheel is turned counterclockwise in
crab steer mode, oil flows directly from gerotor pump
(8) to the left side of front steering cylinder (1). Oil that is
displaced from the right side of the front steering
cylinder flows through the control valve for the steering
mode to the right side of rear steering cylinder (2).
Return oil from the left side of the rear cylinder flows to
the tank through steering selector valve (7) for the
steering mode and metering pump (9). The front steer
cylinder rods move to the right, and the rear cylinder
rods move to the left. This causes the front wheels and
the rear wheels to pivot to the left. All the wheels are
now turned in the same direction and all wheels are
steered.
28 31200273
Hydraulic Schematic (Steering

System)
Steering system in neutral
(1) Steering line relief valves (11) Priority valve
(2) Front axle (12) Oil flow to pilot valve
(3) HAND metering unit (13) Oil flow from implement valve
(4) Front steering cylinder (14) Steering selector valve
(5) Rear steering cylinder (15) Signal from implement valve
(6) Rear axle (16) Signal limiter valve (implement)
(7) Gerotor pump (17) Signal drain valve
(8) Inlet Manifold (18) Oil flow to main control valve
(9) Main hydraulic control valve (24) Check Valve
(10) Signal limiter valve (steering) (25) Orifice
31200273 29
Piston Pump (Implement and

Steering)
Piston Pump
Steering and Implement Pump (Engine Off)
(1) Piston pump (8) Load Sensing Oil Pressure (15) Orifices
(2) Compensator Valve (9) Pump Outlet (16) Passage to Actuator Piston
(3) Piston and Barrel Assembly (10) Margin Spring (17) Line to the Control Valve Group
(4) Shaft (11) Margin Spool (18) Orifice
(5) Bias Spring (12) Pump Inlet (19) Passage
(6) Swashplate (13) Adjusting Screw
(7) Actuator Piston (14) Pressure Cutoff Spool
Piston pump (1) has the following characteristics: Shaft (4) - The rotation of the pump is
• variable displacement counterclockwise when the pump is viewed from the
drive end. The piston and barrel assembly is splined to
• load sensing the drive shaft.
• compensation for pressure Bias spring (5) - If there is no pressure on the right
• compensation for flow side of the actuator piston, the bias spring will hold the
swashplate at the maximum angle.
This piston type pump has variable flow and pressure.
The flow and pressure are dependent on the system Swashplate (6) - The displacement of the pump is
demands that are sensed by pressure and flow controlled by the angle of the swashplate. The angle of
compensator valve (2). the swashplate causes the pistons to move in and out of
the rotating barrel.
Note: Load sensing oil pressure is sometimes referred
to as signal oil. The two terms have the same meaning Actuator piston (7) - When oil pressure increases
throughout this story. behind the actuator piston, the piston will overcome the
force of the bias spring. This causes the angle of the
The piston pump has the following components: swashplate to be reduced.
Piston and barrel assembly (3) - The cylinder barrel Pressure and flow compensator valve (2) - The
contains nine pistons. The cylinder barrel assembly
rotates whenever the engine is running. The pistons
move oil into the barrel and out of the barrel.
30 31200273
pressure and flow compensator valve controls the 27500 ± 500 kPa (3988 ± 73 psi) if the load sensing oil
delivery of oil and the return of oil to the actuator relief valve fails.
piston. Pressure and flow compensator valve (2) has orifice
When the engine is OFF, pressure and flow (15) in the load sensing oil passage to actuator piston
compensator valve (2) does not receive load sensing oil (16). Orifice (15) is used in order to regulate the
pressure (8) or supply pressure from pump outlet (9). response rate of the actuator piston by creating a
Margin spring (10) pushes flow compensator spool consistent leak path.
(11) completely downward. Any pressure that is on the The load sensing oil relief valve in the TH330B is set at
right side of actuator piston (7) is vented to the case 22800 kPa (3300 psi) and the margin pressure is set at
drain across flow compensator spool (11). 2200 kPa (320 psi). The maximum system pressure is
When there is no pressure behind actuator piston (7), 25000 ± 500 kPa (3625 ± 75 psi).
bias spring (5) is able to hold swashplate (6) at the Pressure compensator spool (14) is used as a backup
maximum angle. to limit the maximum system pressure to
When the engine is started, shaft (4) starts to rotate. Oil 27500 ± 500 kPa (3988 ± 73 psi) on the TH220B and
flows into the piston bore from pump inlet (12). Oil is 26000 ± 500 kPa (3770 ± 73 psi) on the TH330B if the
forced out of pump outlet (9) and into the system as the load sensing oil relief valve fails.
piston and barrel assembly (3) rotates. Note: If the load sensing oil relief valve is operating
correctly the load sensing oil relief valve controls the
Compensator Valve maximum system pressure. Maximum system
pressure should be the pressure of the load sensing oil
Pressure and flow compensator valve (2) is bolted to relief valve plus the margin pressure. If the load
the top of the piston pump. Pressure and flow sensing oil relief valve is not adjusted correctly the
compensator valve (2) compensates for pressure pressure compensator acts as a backup.
variations and flow variations in the implement
hydraulic system in order to meet the system
demands.
Flow compensator spool (11) regulates the pump
output flow in response to the following oil
pressures:
• Load sensing oil pressure (8)
• Supply pressure from pump outlet (9)
The load sensing oil is received through the load
sensing oil control network for the pump.
The flow that is supplied by the hydraulic pump is the
amount that is required in order to keep the supply
pressure 2200 ± 100 kPa (320 ± 15 psi) above the
load sensing oil pressure (8). The difference between
load sensing oil pressure (8) from the main hydraulic
control valve and the supply pressure from pump outlet
(9) is called the margin pressure. Flow compensator
spool (11) controls the margin pressure.
Margin pressure is equal to the spring force value of
margin spring (10).
The margin pressure is adjusted by turning adjusting
screw (13) on flow compensator spool (11).
Note: The maximum system pressure is controlled by
the load sensing oil relief valve and the margin
pressure. The load sensing oil relief valve in the
TH220B is set at 24300 kPa (3524 psi) and the margin
pressure is set at 2200 kPa (320 psi). The maximum
system pressure is 26500 ± 500 kPa (3843 ± 75 psi).
Pressure compensator spool (14) is used as a backup

to limit the maximum system pressure to
31200273 31
Low Pressure Standby
Steering and Implement Pump (Low pressure Standby)
When piston pump (1) produces flow, the system Even when no implements are being used, the steering
pressure begins to increase because the oil flow from system maintains a load sensing oil to the pump.
pump outlet (9) is blocked at the closed center The pressure at pump outlet (9) must overcome the
implement control valves. force of margin spring (10) and the dynamic bleed
The supply pressure from pump outlet (9) is felt at the signal. Pressure at pump outlet (9) is called "low
bottom end of flow compensator spool (11). The supply pressure standby". Low pressure standby is
pressure from pump outlet (9) is greater than the approximately 4500 kPa (650 psi).
combined pressure of load sensing oil pressure (8) and The low pressure standby is higher than the margin
margin spring (10). The flow compensator spool moves pressure. The higher pressure is needed to maintain the
upward against the margin spring. This permits system pilot pressure.
oil to flow to actuator piston (7).
When piston pump (1) is at low pressure standby, the
When the pressure on actuator piston (7) increases, the supply pressure from pump outlet (9) raises flow
force of bias spring (5) is overcome and swashplate compensator spool (11) higher. This will further
(6) is moved to a slight angle. compress margin spring (10). An increased amount of
Piston pump (1) produces enough flow in order to supply oil from pump outlet (9) will flow to actuator
compensate for normal system leakage when piston (7). This will slightly destroke the hydraulic
swashplate (6) is at a slight angle. Also, the piston pump.
pump has sufficient pressure in order to provide The low pressure standby can be adjusted by
instantaneous response when an implement is changing the setting of the margin spring.
activated.
32 31200273
Upstroke
Steering and Implement Pump (Upstroke)
When an implement hydraulic circuit requires flow, the • The hydraulic pump will upstroke when the flow
pressure from pump outlet (9) is reduced. The force of demand increases from changing the position of
margin spring (10) and load sensing oil pressure (8) is the main control spool in a hydraulic control valve.
greater than supply pressure from pump outlet (9). The • If another implement hydraulic circuit is engaged,
overall force is on the top end of flow compensator there is a need for increased pump flow.
spool (11).
• If the flow demand on the implement hydraulic
The spool moves down. The spool blocks the flow of oil
system remains constant or the flow demand
to actuator piston (7). Oil that is in the chamber for
increases, the hydraulic pump will upstroke when
actuator piston (7) is vented to the case drain across
the engine speed decreases.
flow compensator spool (11). This allows bias spring (5)
to move swashplate (6) to a greater angle. Note: The load sensing oil pressure does not need to
increase in order to upstroke the hydraulic pump.
The pump now produces more flow. This condition is
known as "upstroking". For example, if one implement hydraulic circuit is
activated at an operating pressure of 13800 kPa (2000
The following conditions can result in upstroking
psi), the system pressure is 16000 kPa (2320 psi). The
the pump:
pressure of 16000 kPa (2320 psi) is a combination of the
• If an implement hydraulic circuit is initially activated margin pressure and the pressure of the load sensing
from low pressure standby, the load sensing load oil.
sensing oil increases the pump output flow. This
increased pump output flow is routed to the position If another implement hydraulic circuit is activated at an
of a main control spool of a hydraulic control valve initial operating pressure of 6900 kPa (1000 psi), the
that demands the oil. maximum pressure of the load sensing oil will still be
31200273 33
13800 kPa (2000 psi). The supply oil pressure will

decrease momentarily.
The combined force of the load sensing oil pressure (8)
and margin spring (10) is now higher than the supply
pressure from pump outlet (9) at the bottom end of the
spool. Flow compensator spool (11) is pushed to the
bottom. This allows oil that is behind actuator piston (7)
to be vented to the case drain. The angle of swashplate
(6) now increases and the hydraulic pump provides
more flow in order to meet the flow demands of both
circuits.
Constant Flow
Steering and Implement Pump (Constant Flow)
As the pump increases flow or decreases flow in order • Supply pressure from pump outlet (9)
to match the change in the flow requirements, the Once the pressures become equal on each end of the
forces above the flow compensator spool and below spool, flow compensator spool (11) will meter oil to
the flow compensator spool will equalize. actuator piston (7). Bias spring (5) will be compressed
The following pressures will act on the top end of and the system will stabilize.
flow compensator spool (11):
Swashplate (6) is held at a relative constant angle in
• Margin spring (10) order to maintain the required flow.
The following pressure will act on the bottom end of
flow compensator spool (11):
34 31200273
Destroke
Steering and Implement Pump (Destroke)
When less flow is required, piston pump (1) destrokes. • If the main control spool for a hydraulic control
The piston pump destrokes when the supply pressure valve is moved to a position that requires less flow,
from pump outlet (9) becomes greater than the the hydraulic pump will destroke.
combined pressure of load sensing oil pressure (8) and
• If multiple hydraulic control valves are being used,
margin spring (10).
the hydraulic pump will destroke when there is
Flow compensator spool (11) is raised. This allows
• a reduction in flow demand from any one of the
more oil flow to actuator piston (7). Pressure on
hydraulic control valves.
actuator piston (7) is now increased.
• •If the engine speed increases, the piston pump
The increased pressure overcomes the force of bias
destrokes.
spring (5) which moves swashplate (6) to a reduced
angle. When the supply pressure at pump outlet (9) When the piston pump destrokes, supply oil pressure
matches the combined pressure of load sensing oil from pump outlet (9) decreases on the bottom side of
pressure (8) and margin spring (10), the flow flow compensator spool (11).
compensator spool returns to a metering position. The force on the top of flow compensator spool (11)
Piston pump (1) will return to a constant flow. is the sum of the following pressures:
The following conditions result in destroking the • Margin spring (10)
pump:
• When a main control spool for a hydraulic control
valve is moved to the HOLD position the hydraulic The following force acts on the bottom of flow
pump will destroke. compensator spool (11):
• Supply pressure at pump outlet (9)
31200273 35
Once the forces become equal on each end of the

spool, flow compensator spool (11) will meter oil to
actuator piston (7) and the system will stabilize. The
system will provide a constant flow until the flow
requirements change.
Note: Load sensing oil pressure (8) does not need to
decrease in order to destroke the hydraulic pump.
For example, if two implement hydraulic circuits are
activated at operating pressures of 13800 kPa (2000
psi) and 6900 kPa (1000 psi), the system pressure is
16000 kPa (2320 psi).
If the implement hydraulic circuit which is activated at
6900 kPa (1000 psi) is returned to the HOLD position, the
maximum load sensing oil pressure (8) will still be 13800
kPa (2000 psi). However, the supply pressure at pump
outlet (9) is momentarily increased due to the reduced
oil flow that is required in the implement hydraulic
circuits.
Supply pressure at pump outlet (9) raises flow
compensator spool (11). This allows more oil flow
behind actuator piston (7). The angle of swashplate (6)
now decreases and the hydraulic pump provides less
flow.
36 31200273
High Pressure Stall
Steering and Implement Pump (Maximum System Pressure)
Note: Relief Valve (Load sensing oil) is sometimes If the load sensing oil relief valve (20) is not adjusted
referred to as the signal limiter valve. The two terms correctly, pressure compensator spool (14) serves as a
have the same meaning throughout this story. backup relief in order to protect the hydraulic system.
Note: This condition will only occur when the load At high pressure stall, the piston pump is at minimum
sensing oil relief valve is set below the valve of the flow and the supply oil at pump outlet (9) is at
pressure compensator. maximum pressure. These conditions are maintained for
If piston pump (1) is at a high pressure stall or a single implement in a stall condition.
maximum system pressure, the combined pressure of If multiple implement hydraulic circuits are activated and
load sensing oil pressure (8) and margin spring (10) is one circuit is at a stall, the piston pump (1) will
equal to the supply pressure at pump outlet (9). upstroke in order to meet the increased flow demands.
Load sensing oil relief valve (20) limits the maximum This flow meets the needs of the other circuits that are
system pressure at any pump displacement. Load operating at a lower work port pressure.
sensing oil relief valve (20) is set at 22800 kPa (3300
psi).
A margin pressure of 2200 ± 100 kPa (320 ± 15 psi)
above the load sensing oil is still maintained while i02141790
piston pump (1) is at a high pressure stall.
If the piston pump is at a high pressure stall, the
maximum system pressure will be 26500 ± 500 kPa
(3843 ± 75 psi) for the TH220B and 25000 ± 500 kPa
(3625 ± 75 psi) for the TH330B.
31200273 37
Solenoid Valve (Steering Mode

Selector)
Solenoid Valve
The solenoid valve controls oil flow to the rear steering
cylinder. The solenoids are controlled by the switch for
the steering mode that is located on the dash panel.
location of the control valve.
"Steering Mode" for the operating information of the
steering modes.
Adjusting, "Steering System" for further information on
the control valve for the steering modes.
The solenoid valve has the following
characteristics:
• Three-position
• Spring centered valve
• Solenoid operated valve
Metering Pump (Steering)
(A) Control section
(B) Metering section
(1) Spool
(2) Sleeve
(3) Outlet to the tank
(4) Makeup valve
(5) Inlet (pump supply from priority valve)
(6) Check valve
(7) Rotor
(8) Stator
(9) Centering springs
(10) Drive pin
(11) Left turn port
(12) Right turn port
(13) Body
(14) Drive shaft
(15) Signal port
38 31200273
The steering metering pump consists of the

following two sections:
• Control section (A)
• Metering section (B)
Section (A) contains a closed center rotary control
valve. Metering section (B) is a gerotor pump.
Spool and sleeve of the steering metering pump
(1) Spool
(2) Sleeve
(16) Holes for the drive pin
(17) Slots for the drive pin
(18) Holes
(19) Grooves
(20) Slots for the centering springs
The metering pump controls the following actions:
• Direction of a turn
• Speed of a turn
As the steering wheel is turned faster, there is an
increase in the flow of oil to the steering cylinders. The
increased flow of oil to the steering cylinders causes
the steering cylinder rods to move faster. This causes
the machine to make a faster turn.
The main components of the metering pump are
connected in the following way:
The steering column is connected to spool (1) by a
splined drive shaft. Sleeve (2), spool (1), and drive
shaft (14) are connected by drive pin (10). Drive pin (10)
is installed through holes (16) in the sleeve and slots
(17) in the spool.
The three schematics show the steering system in
the following positions:
• Hold
• Right Turn
• Left Turn
31200273 39
Hold
(1) Spool (22) Relief Valve (26) Oil flow to load signal network
(2) Sleeve (23) Signal limiter valve (27) Signal to priority valve
(4) Makeup valve (24) Oil flow to left side of front steering cylinder. (28) Return to tank
(6) Check valve (25) Pump supply from priority valve (29) Oil flow to steering control valve
(21) Check valve
When the steering wheel is stationary, centering

springs (9) position spool (1) so that the drive pin is in
the center of the slots. When the spool and sleeve (2)
are in this position, pump supply oil (25) from the priority
valve is blocked by the spool. This stops the oil flow
between control section (A) and metering section (B).
When the steering wheel is stationary, a small quantity
of oil is constantly supplied to the metering pump
through signal line (27). This creates a slight signal
pressure in the metering pump. This signal oil flows
through port (15) into the control section of the pump.
Oil flows through sleeve (2) and through spool (1). The
spool directs the oil to port (3) and oil flows back to the
tank. This constant flow allows the oil in the system to
warm up. As a result, when the steering wheel is
turned, a quicker steering response is achieved.
Refer to Illustrations 50, 51 and 52.
40 31200273
Right Turn
(21) Check valve
components to the tank: left turn port (11), spool (1),

When the steering wheel is turned to the right, the sleeve (2), and outlet port (3).
spool turns. This compresses the centering springs
until the drive pin contacts the ends of the slots in the Refer to Illustration 50, 51 and 53.
spool, and the sleeve starts to turn. When the spool
and the sleeve are in this position, passages are
opened through grooves (19) in the spool and holes
(18) in the sleeve. This connects control section (A) to
metering section (B).
Oil is allowed to flow past check valve (6) in inlet port (5)
to rotor (7) and stator (8) in gerotor pump (21).
When the steering is turned further, drive pin (10) turns
drive shaft (14) and the rotor turns inside the stator.
This pumps a metered flow of oil back through the spool
and sleeve in the control section of the pump. Oil flows
through right turn port (12) and the control valve
(steering mode) to the steering cylinder. Return oil from
the left side of the front steering cylinder flows into the
steering metering pump through the following
31200273 41
Left Turn
(21) Check valve
When a left turn is made, oil flows past check valve (6) Relief valves (22) are installed in the metering unit in
in inlet port (5) of the metering valve to gerotor pump order to reduce the effect of shocks that are
(21). The oil is then directed through left turn port (11) to transmitted from the road wheels.
the left side of the front steering cylinder. Return oil from Note: If a pressure spike occurs in the system due to an
the control valve (steering mode) flows into the outside factor, check valve (6) protects the system from
steering metering pump through the following damage.
components to the tank: right turn port (12), spool (1),
sleeve (2), and outlet port (3). Refer to Illustrations 50, 51 and 54.
If there is a hydraulic pump failure, the metering pump

can be manually operated. The metering pump can be
manually operated if the engine stops and the engine
can not be started again. Makeup valve (4) and check
valve (6) allow steering with an inoperable engine. The
makeup valve opens in order to allow return oil to flow
between the metering pump and steering cylinder.
Check valve (6) prevents the oil from returning to the
implement and steering pump.
42 31200273
Position Sensor (Steering) pressure to the appropriate control valve for the
desired steering mode. The ECM then sends an input
through a CAN data link to the dash panel. A light on
the dash panel will illuminate when steering mode is
selected.
When two-wheel steer is selected the steering position
sensor is energized. If the rear wheels are in the
straight ahead position, lamp (3) on steering position
sensor (2) will be illuminated. The contacts inside the
sensor are open and power to the electrical relay for the
selector valve is disconnected. Both of the solenoids
for the valve are now de-energized regardless of the
position of the steering mode select switch.
If the rear wheels are not in the straight ahead
position, the lamp on the steering position sensor will
Front Position Sensor
not be illuminated. The contacts in the steering position
sensor will be closed and power is still connected to
the electrical relay for the selector valve. The
appropriate solenoid on the selector valve remains
energized.
When the steering wheel is turned, the rear wheels will
move in the selected mode until the wheels are in the
straight ahead position. The contacts in the steering
position sensor are open and the selector valve is de-
energized. The spool in the selector valve is then
centered by spring force, and the rear wheels remain in
the straight ahead position.
When the master steering select switch is moved to the
(1) Rear axle center position, power is disconnected from the
(2) Steering position sensor electrical circuit for the steering. This position is
intended for operation of the machine in two-wheel steer
mode.
Refer to Systems Operation/Testing and Adjusting,
"Position Sensor (Steering) - Adjust" for information on
adjusting the sensor.
Refer to the Operation and Maintenance Manual,
"Steering Alignment" for additional information on
adjusting the steering position sensor.
Refer to the Systems Operation/Testing and Adjusting,
"Location of Electrical Components" for the location of
the steering position sensors.
(2) Steering position sensor
(3) Lamp
Machines with self-aligning steering are equipped with
two steering position sensors (2). One position sensor
is attached to the front steering cylinder. One sensor is
mounted on the rear axle. The steering position sensor
is activated when the wheels are in the centered
position. The switches are magnetic position sensors
that will supply a ground to the ECM when the sensors
are in the centered position.
The ECM reads the input from the steering position
sensor. The ECM will energize the appropriate relay in
order to control the solenoid and direct hydraulic
31200273 43
Configuration Parameters
This is a summary screen
Some parameters need to be configured for the
machine to operate properly. The configuration screen
for the ECM can be accessed by using the Cat
Electronic Technician (ET). The configuration screen
for each ECM is accessed from the above ECM
summary screen by selecting "Configuration" from the
"Service" drop-down menu.
Reference: Refer to the appropriate service manual
for further instructions on configuring the ECM for your
machine.
44 31200273
31200273 45
Testing and Adjusting Section
1. Shift the transmission to NEUTRAL and engage

Testing and Adjusting the parking brake.
2. Start the engine.
Section 3. Extend the boom and retract the boom several
times in order to warm the hydraulic oil.
Hydraulic Oil Contamination - 4. Operate each implement several times in order to
circulate the warm oil. Rotate the steering wheel
Test from stop to stop several times.
5. Allow the engine to run on low idle.
Hydraulic Oil Contamination
6. Open the engine enclosure.
Introduction
The steering system and the transmission system use
hydraulic oil from the hydraulic tank. Caterpillar
recommends the use of the SOS oil analysis program
in order to monitor the condition of your equipment.
If the oil becomes contaminated, premature
component failure could result. Contaminated oil can
also contribute to overheating. Use the following
procedure to sample the oil in the system.
"SOS Fluid Analysis" for further information about this
SOS oil analysis program.
Flushing the Sampling Valve The Hydraulic Oil Sampling Valve is Located in the Engine Compartment.
7. Locate the sampling valve that is positioned at the
top of the hydraulic oil filter. Remove the rubber
cap from the sampling valve.
8. Attach the 8T-9208 Probe Assembly to the
Hot oil and components can cause personal injury. 6K-0713 Hose.
Do not allow hot oil or components to contact 9. Direct the hose into a container for fluid waste.
skin. Remove approximately 30 mL (1 fl oz) of fluid
NOTICE from the sampling valve.
Care must be taken to ensure that fluids are contained
during performance of inspection, maintenance, testing, Obtaining the Sample
adjusting and repair of the product. Be prepared to collect
the fluid with suitable containers before opening any
compartment or disassembling any component
containing fluids.
Hot oil and components can cause personal injury.
Dispose of all fluids according to local regulations and
mandates. Do not allow hot oil or components to contact
skin.
In order to obtain a representative oil sample, it is first
necessary to flush the sampling valve. NOTICE
Required Tools Care must be taken to ensure that fluids are contained
during performance of inspection, maintenance, testing,
Use the following equipment in order to Flush the adjusting and repair of the product. Be prepared to collect
Sampling Valve: the fluid with suitable containers before opening any
Table 2 compartment or disassembling any component
containing fluids.
Required Tools
Part
Tool Part Description Qty mandates.
Number
Once the sampling valve has been flushed, carry out
8T-9208 Probe Assembly 1
A
the following procedure in order to obtain an oil sample:
6K-0713 Hose 1
46 31200273
Required Tools Table 5
Use the following equipment in order to obtain the

Pump flow at 690 kPa (100 psi)
Sample:
Table 3
- Pump flow at 6900 kPa (1000 psi)
Required Tools
Part = Flow loss
Tool Part Description Qty
Number
Fluid Sampling Cap and Example of determining flow loss
177-9343 1
B Probe Gp Table 6
169-7373 Bottle 1
217.6 L/min (57.5 US gpm)
1. Attach the probe from the 177-9343 Fluid
Sampling Cap and Probe Gp to a 169-7373 - 196.8 L/min (52.0 US gpm)
Bottle.
2. Draw a 50 mL (1.7 fl oz) oil sample from the = 20.8 L/min (5.5 US gpm)
sampling valve.
Maximum Contamination Levels Flow loss is used as a measure of pump performance.
The level of contaminants that is found in the hydraulic Flow loss is expressed as a percentage of pump flow.
system must meet the ISO 18/15 cleanliness level. Method of determining percent of flow loss
The following table contains the maximum Table 7
acceptable contamination levels:
Table 4 Flow loss (L/min or US gpm)
x 100 = Percent of
Hydraulic Oil Contamination flow loss
Maximum Number of
Particle Size (Microns) Particles in a 50 mL (1.7 fl Example of determining percent of flow loss
oz) Sample
Table 8
10 to 20 48000
21 to 50 2580 20.8 L (5.5 US gal)
51 to 100 150 x 100 = 9.5%
100 or more 20 217.6 L/min (57.5 US gpm)
If the percent of flow loss is more than 10%, the pump

Pump Flow - Test performance is inadequate.
Note: The values in the examples are not set values for
Pump Flow any specific pump or for any specific pump condition.
Introduction
This test is designed to check a pump for operation
within the design parameters.
For any pump test, the pump flow at 690 kPa (100 psi)
will be larger than the pump flow at 6900 kPa (1000
psi) if the pump is operating at the same rpm. The
pump flow is measured in L/min (US gpm). Test On The Machine
The difference between the pump flow of the two
operating pressures is the flow loss.
Reference: See the appropriate service manual for
specifications of the pump on your machine.
Hot oil and components can cause personal injury.
Method for determining flow loss
Do not allow hot oil or components to contact
skin.
31200273 47
NOTICE
containing fluids.
mandates.
Required Tools
Use the following equipment in order to test the
pump flow: Illustration 60 g00903590
View on the left side of the machine
Table 9
(1) Test fitting for the load signal
Required Tools
Part
Number
A 5P-3600 Hydraulic Flow Meter 1
Install tool (A). Run the engine at high idle. Measure the
pump flow at 690 kPa (100 psi), and at 6900 kPa (1000
psi). Use these values in the formula that is shown in
(Table 8).
Test On The Bench

If the test bench can be run at 6900 kPa (1000 psi) and
at 2000 rpm, determine the percent of flow loss by using Illustration 61 g00903592
the following formula (Table 10). View on the right side of the machine
(2) Test fitting for the pump supply
If the test bench can not be run at 6900 kPa (1000 psi)
When you check the pressures for the piston pump,
and at 2000 rpm, run the pump shaft at 1000 rpm.
several factors must be considered. Outlet pressure for
Measure the pump flow at 690 kPa (100 psi) and at
the piston pump should remain approximately 2200 ±
6900 kPa (1000 psi). Use these values in the top
100 kPa (320 ± 20 psi) higher than the maximum
portion of the following formula (Table 9). For the
implement signal pressure. This difference in pressure
bottom part of the formula, run the pump shaft at 2000
is called the margin pressure.
rpm. Measure the pump flow at 690 kPa (100 psi).
Note: Load sensing oil pressure is sometimes referred
Table 10
to as signal oil. The two terms have the same meaning
throughout this story.
A low pressure setting on the pressure compensator
x 100 = Percent of valve will also cause a low high pressure stall. The
flow loss pressure compensator only functions as a backup to
Pump flow at 690 kPa (100 psi) and the relief valve (load sensing oil) and to the flow
at 2000 rpm compensator. The pressure compensator should not be
set to a lower pressure than the sum of the relief valve
(load sensing oil) and the flow compensator. The
Steering System Pressures - setting for the relief valve (load sensing oil) must be
Test and Adjust checked after you adjust the high pressure stall.
Steering System Pressure Tests and location of the hydraulic components on the machine.
Adjustments Reference: See the steering Machine Systems
Introduction Specifications for your machine.
The test fittings are located on the control valve at the

rear of the machine.
48 31200273
Steering Pressure Test 4. Divide Tooling (B) into two separate gauge
assemblies. Install a pressure gauge on test fitting
Introduction (1) and install a pressure gauge on test fitting (2).
Refer to Illustrations 60 and 61.
The steering system pressure and the margin pressure
can be checked at the same time. 5. Connect Tooling (B) to test fitting (1). Refer to
Illustration 60.
Required Tools 6. Start the engine and operate the engine at low
Use the following test equipment in order to idle. Raise the boom until the work tool is off of
perform the following procedure: the ground. Rotate the steering wheel for the full
• Appropriate pressure gauges distance of travel. Continue to rotate the steering
wheel in order to check the steering pressure. The
Table 11 provides a list of required tools if pressure pressure reading will not be constant. Record the
gauges will be used to perform the following test high side of the measured value. If the pressure
procedure. is not within the specification, adjust the steering
Table 11 relief valve. Refer to Testing and Adjusting,
"Steering Pressure Adjustment".
Required Tools
Table 12
Part
Tool Part Description Qty Steering Pressure
Number
Pressure Gauge (0 to 40000 Model Pressure
8T-0860 2
kPa (5800 psi))
16250 ± 1000 kPa (2350.0
TH220B, TH330B, TH360B
6V-3989 Test fitting 2 ± 145.0 psi)
B
177-7861 Hose 2 TH560B with axles 231-
17750 ± 1000 kPa (2575.0
6V-4143 Coupler 4 0707or231-0708 231-
± 145.0 psi)
0709or231-0710
Test Procedure 17750 ± 1000 kPa (2600.0
TH580
± 145.0 psi)
7. Straighten the steering wheel and lower the work

tool to the ground.
Personal injury can result from removing hoses or
8. If the pressure is within the specification, stop the
fittings in a system under pressure.
engine, and proceed to the Testing and Adjusting,
Failure to relieve pressure can cause personal Margin Pressure Test.
injury.
Do not remove or disconnect hoses or fittings until Steering Pressure Adjustment
all pressure in the hydraulic system has been
relieved. Introduction
NOTICE The steering pressure can be adjusted at the metering
Care must be taken to ensure that fluids are contained pump (steering).
during performance of inspection, maintenance, testing, Reference: See Systems Operation/Testing and
adjusting and repair of the product. Be prepared to collect Adjusting, "Location of Hydraulic Components" for the
the fluid with suitable containers before opening any location of the metering pump.
containing fluids.
mandates.
1. Ensure that the hydraulic oil is warm. Refer to
the appropriate service manual for further
information.
2. Retract the boom and lower the boom. Ensure
that the machine is on level ground.
3. Stop the engine. Turn the steering wheel in both
directions. This procedure helps purge pressure
from the hydraulic system.
31200273 49
Adjustment Procedure Margin Pressure Test

Introduction
The test indicates the difference's between the pump
output pressure and the pressure for the load signal.
This difference in pressure is called margin pressure.
Required Tools
Use the following test equipment in order to
perform the following procedure:
• Appropriate pressure gauges
Table 11 provides a list of required tools if pressure
gauges will be used to perform the following test
procedure.
Test Procedure

relief valve (load sensing oil or signal oil) (Steering)
(3) Plug Failure to relieve pressure can cause personal
(4) Adjustment screw injury.
1. Remove plug (3). Do not remove or disconnect hoses or fittings until
2. Use an appropriate sized hex key wrench to turn all pressure in the hydraulic system has been
adjusting screw (4). Turn the screw clockwise in relieved.
order to increase the pressure setting. Turn the NOTICE
screw counterclockwise in order to lower the
pressure setting.
Note: Do not turn the adjustment screw more than a adjusting and repair of the product. Be prepared to collect
half turn at a time. A half turn equals approximately the fluid with suitable containers before opening any
2480 kPa (360 psi). compartment or disassembling any component
3. Recheck the pressure setting. Refer to Testing containing fluids.
and Adjusting, "Steering Pressure Test". Dispose of all fluids according to local regulations and
4. Install plug (3). Torque the plug to 62.5 ± 2.5 Nm mandates.
(46.0 ± 2.0 lb ft). 1. Ensure that the hydraulic oil is still warm. Refer to
to the appropriate service manual for further
information.
that the machine is level.
3. Divide Tooling (B) into two separate gauge
assemblies. Install a pressure gauge on test fitting
(1) and install a pressure gauge on test fitting (2).
Refer to Illustrations 60 and 61.
4. Start the engine and operate the engine at low idle.
Rotate the steering wheel for the full distance of
travel. Subtract the pressure at test fitting (1) from
the pressure at test fitting (2). The difference in
pressure should be 2200 ± 100 kPa (320 ± 20 psi).
This is the margin pressure. If the pressure is
not within the specification, refer to Testing and
Adjusting, "Margin Pressure Adjustment".
50 31200273
Margin Pressure Adjustment Test Procedure

Margin pressure should be within the specifications
when the steering pressure is within the specification. If
the margin pressure is not within the specification, then
adjust the low pressure standby on the pump. Personal injury can result from removing hoses or
Refer to Testing and adjusting, "Low Pressure Standby
Adjustment" for the proper procedure. Failure to relieve pressure can cause personal
injury.
Test for the Relief Valve (Load Do not remove or disconnect hoses or fittings until
Sensing Oil) relieved.
Introduction NOTICE
The pressure and flow compensator valve and the Care must be taken to ensure that fluids are contained
relief valve (load sensing oil) will determine the pump during performance of inspection, maintenance, testing,
output pressure against the load. If the relief valve (load adjusting and repair of the product. Be prepared to collect
sensing oil) is set below specifications, the high pressure the fluid with suitable containers before opening any
stall will be low. compartment or disassembling any component
containing fluids.
Note: The Relief Valve (Load sensing oil) is
sometimes referred to as the signal limiter valve. The Dispose of all fluids according to local regulations and
two terms have the same meaning throughout this mandates.
story. Note: Low pressure standby should be within
Reference: See Systems Operation/Testing and specifications before this test is performed.
Adjusting, "Location of Hydraulic Components" for the Note: The test for the relief valve (load sensing oil) and
location of the hydraulic components on the machine. the high pressure stall test can be done at the same
Required Tools time.
information.
Table 13 provides a list of required tools if pressure that the machine is level.
gauges will be used to perform the following test 3. Stop the engine. Turn the steering wheel in both
procedure. directions. This procedure helps purge pressure
Table 13 from the hydraulic system.
4. Connect Tooling (B) to test fitting (1). Refer to
Required Tools Illustration 60.
Part 5. Start the engine and operate the engine at
Number low idle. Operate the control for the boom
retract until the piston pump reaches a stall
Pressure Gauge (0 to 40000
8T-0860 1 condition. The pressure at test fitting (1) should
kPa (5800 psi))
be 22800 ± 500 kPa (3300 ± 70 psi). This is
6V-3989 Test fitting 1 the pressure for the load signal. If the relief
B valve (load sensing oil or signal oil) is not within
177-7861 Hose 1
the specification, adjust the valve before you
6V-4143 Coupler 2 proceed with any other tests. Refer to Testing
and Adjusting, "Relief Valve (Load Sensing Oil or
Signal Oil) Adjustment".
6. If the pressure is within the specification, stop the
engine and remove Tooling (B).
31200273 51
Adjustment of the Relief Valve (Load Test for Pressure Compensator

Sensing Oil) Introduction
Introduction The pressure compensator functions as a backup for
Use the following procedure to adjust the setting for the controlling the high pressure stall. Ensure that all other
relief valve (load sensing oil or signal oil). The relief pressures are within the specifications. A procedure for
valve controls the hydraulic system testing and adjusting the pressure compensator is
pressure. available. Refer to Testing and Adjusting, "Adjustment
for the Pressure Compensator Relief Setting".
There is not a simple adjustment for the high pressure
stall on this hydraulic system. This is due to the fact
that the flow compensator and the relief valve (load
sensing oil) control high pressure standby. On this
hydraulic system, the pressure compensator serves as
a backup.
Test Procedure

Failure to relieve pressure can cause personal
injury.
Do not remove or disconnect hoses or fittings until
Illustration 63 g01001360 relieved.
Relief valve (load sensing oil or signal oil)
NOTICE
containing fluids.
mandates.
1. Perform Step 1 through Step 4 in Testing and
Adjusting, "Margin Pressure Test".
2. Operate the control for the boom retract until the
Illustration 64 g01001794 pump reaches a stall condition. If the margin
(5) Locknut pressure is correct the pressure at test fitting (1)
(6) Adjustment screw should be 22800 ± 500 kPa (3300 ± 70 psi).
1. Loosen locknut (5). Turn adjusting screw (6) a. If the pressure for the relief valve (load sensing
clockwise in order to increase the pressure setting oil) is incorrect at test fitting (1) and the margin
or turn counterclockwise in order to decrease the pressure is correct, the relief valve (load
pressure setting. sensing oil or signal oil) needs to be adjusted.
Note: Do not turn the adjustment screw more than a Refer to Testing and Adjusting, "Relief Valve
(Load Sensing Oil) Adjustment".
half turn at a time.
b. If the margin pressure was correct and the pressure
2. Hold adjusting screw (6) in place while you tighten for the relief valve (load sensing oil) was correct,
locknut (5). check the pressure at test fitting (2). The pressure
3. Recheck the pressure setting. Refer to Testing should be
and Adjusting, "Test for the Relief Valve (Load 26500 ± 500 kPa (3843 ± 70 psi) 25000 ± 500 kPa
Sensing Oil)". (3630 ± 70 psi) for the TH330B. This is the high
pressure stall reading. If the pressure at test fitting
Note: If the signal does not change the pressure at the (2) was identical to the signal pressure at test
compensator on the pump needs to be adjusted.
52 31200273
fitting (1) then the pressure compensator needs to 4. Turn adjusting screw (8) counterclockwise in order
be adjusted. Refer to Testing and Adjusting, to reduce the setting of the pressure compensator.
"Pressure Compensator Adjustment". Refer to Turn the screw until the margin pressure begins
Illustrations 60 and 61 for the location of the test fittings. to drop.
c. If the high pressure stall reading is low, the pressure 5. When the margin pressure begins to drop, turn
compensator needs to be adjusted. Refer to Testing adjusting screw (8) clockwise by a 1/4 turn. This
and Adjusting, "Pressure Compensator
ensures that the pressure compensator is set
Adjustment".
above the adjustment for the relief valve (load
sensing oil).
Pressure Compensator Adjustment
6. Tighten locknut (9) while you hold screw (8) in
Adjustment Procedure place.
7. Install seal (10) and cap nut (7).
8. Stop the engine and remove Tooling (B) from the
machine.
Low Pressure Standby Test

Introduction
When the machine is not being steered and all
implement controls are in HOLD, the piston pump
should operate in low pressure standby. The pump
output pressure is at a minimum in low pressure
standby.
View on the left side of the machine Adjusting, "Location of Hydraulic Components" for the
(1) Test fitting for the load signal location of the hydraulic components on the machine.
Required Tools
Table 14 provides a list of required tools if pressure
gauges will be used to perform the following test
procedure.
Table 14
Required Tools
Part
Number
A 6V-7830 Pressure Gauge 1
Note: Ensure the use of 6V-7830 Pressure Gauge.

During engine start-up, a 17250 kPa (2500 psi)
pressure spike is possible.
(7) Cap nut
(8) Adjustment screw
(9) Locknut
(10) Seal
Note: Make this adjustment only after trying to make
the adjustment of the load sensing valve first.
1. Do not remove Tooling (B). Operate the engine at
low idle.
2. Remove cap nut (7) and seal (10).
3. Loosen locknut (9).
31200273 53
Test Procedure Low Pressure Standby Adjustment

Introduction
Low pressure standby is controlled by the setting of the
Personal injury can result from removing hoses or flow compensator spool.
fittings in a system under pressure. Adjustment Procedure
Failure to relieve pressure can cause personal
injury.
Do not remove or disconnect hoses or fittings until
relieved.
NOTICE
containing fluids.
mandates.
information.
that the frame is level. Illustration 67
(11) Locknut
3. Stop the engine. Turn the steering wheel in both
(12) Seal
directions. This procedure helps purge pressure (13) Adjustment screw
from the hydraulic system. (14) Cap nut
4. Connect Tooling (A) to test fitting (2). Refer to
Illustration 61. 1. Turn off the engine.
Note: Ensure the use of 6V-7830 Pressure Gauge. 2. Remove cap nut (14) and seal (12). Loosen
During engine start-up, a 17250 kPa (2500 psi) locknut (11). Turn adjusting screw (13) clockwise in
pressure spike is possible. order to increase the low pressure standby setting.
Turn the adjustment screw counterclockwise in
5. 5.Start the engine and operate the engine at low
order to decrease the low pressure standby setting.
idle. Do not turn the steering wheel and do not
operate the implement controls. The output Note: Do not turn the adjustment screw more than a
pressure for the piston pump at test fitting (2) half turn at a time. A half turn equals approximately
should be approximately 4500 ± 1000 kPa 8000 kPa (116 psi).
(650 ± 150 psi). This is the standby pressure for 3. Hold adjusting screw (13) in place while you
the piston pump. If the pressure is not within the tighten locknut (11).
specification, adjust the standby pressure. Refer 4. Install seal (12) and cap nut (14).
to Testing and adjusting, "Low Pressure Standby
5. Recheck the pressure setting. Refer to Testing
Adjustment" for the proper procedure.
and Adjusting, "Low Pressure Standby Test".
6. 6. If the pressure is within the specification, stop
the engine and remove Tooling (A).
54 31200273
Steering System - Purge Reference: See the Operation and Maintenance

Manual, "Operator Controls" for the location of the
service tool connector.
Purging the Steering System 2. Turn on the ignition.
Introduction 3. Use Caterpillar Electronic Technician (ET) to
disable the auto function for the wheel alignment.
If the steering system has been disassembled or the
axles have been removed from the machine the Reference: See the appropriate service manual for
steering system should be purged before the machine more information.
is returned to service. 4. Turn off the ignition. Allow a fifteen second period
of time in order for the system to power down.
Required Tools
5. Start the engine. Ensure that all the wheels are
Use the following equipment in order to perform the aligned with the frame in order to center the
following procedure: wheels into the straight ahead position.
• Caterpillar Electronic Technician service tool (ET) 6. Select circle steer mode on the switch for the
The Caterpillar Electronic Technician service tool (ET) steering mode. Turn the wheels fully to the right.
is used to access the configuration screen. A message 7. Select two-wheel steer mode on the switch for the
on the ET screen will give instructions that guide the steering mode. Turn the wheels fully to the left.
user through the procedure. Refer to the Manual that is
8. Select crab steer mode on the switch for the
provided with the ET software for more information
steering mode. Turn the wheels fully to the right.
about ET.
9. Repeat steps 6 through 8 five more times.
Table 15
10. Select circle steer mode on the switch for the
Required Tools steering mode. Align all the wheels with the frame.
Part Number Description Quantity 11. Stop the engine.
Caterpillar Electronic 12. Turn on the ignition.
JEBD3003 1
Technician (ET) 13. Use Caterpillar Electronic Technician (ET) in order
Communications Adapter to enable the auto function for wheel alignment.
171-4401 1
II Reference: See the appropriate service manual for
207-6845 Adapter Cable As 1 more information.
160-0141 Adapter Cable As 1 14. Turn off the ignition. Allow a fifteen second period
of time in order for the system to power down.
15. Start the engine. Check that all the steering
modes are operating correctly.
16. 16.Disconnect the communications adapter and
the computer from the diagnostic service tool
connector.
Solenoid Valve (Steering Mode

Selector) - Test
The Solenoid's for the Steering
Modes
Introduction
The solenoids on the steering selector valve operate on
12 volts that is supplied from the fuse for the steering
system.
Location of the diagnostic service tool connector Adjusting, "Location of Electrical Components" for the
Purging Procedure location of the electrical components on the machine.
1. Connect the communications adapter and the

computer to the diagnostic service tool connector.
31200273 55
Required Tools Procedure for Checking the Solenoid

Use the following test equipment in order to Resistance
perform the following procedure: 1. Disconnect the electrical connector at the solenoid
• Voltage Tester that is not functioning properly.
• Digital multimeter 2. Use Tooling (B) to check the resistance of the

solenoid. Place a lead of the multimeter on each
Table 16 provides a list of tools that are required to terminal on the solenoid. The resistance should
perform the following procedures. be approximately 4.8 ohms at 20 °C (68 °F).
Table 16
Required Tools Position Sensor (Steering) -

Tool
Part
Part Description Qty
Adjust
Number
A 5P-7277 Voltage Tester 1 Position Sensor
B 6V-7070 Digital Multimeter 1
Introduction
The Procedure for testing the Circuit The position sensor (steering) is installed on
Two people are needed to perform this test. machines that are equipped with self-aligning rear
steering. The sensor is attached to the rear steering
Note: Ensure that the battery is fully charged for this cylinder. Use the following procedure to adjust the
check. sensor.
1. Turn the start switch ON, but do not start the Reference: See Systems Operation, "General
engine. Information".
2. Use the steering switch on the instrument panel Reference: See Testing and Adjusting, "Wheel
to activate the solenoid circuits. Refer to Systems Alignment - Check and Adjust" for the proper
Operation, "General Information" for operating procedure.
information on the switch. If a click is heard or if a
vibration is felt, the solenoid is being energized. Reference: See Operation and Maintenance Manual,
Ensure that both solenoids are checked. If the "Steering Mode Control".
solenoid did not energize, proceed with the test. Adjustment Procedure
3. Disconnect the electrical connector at the solenoid
that is not functioning properly.
4. Use the steering switches on the dash panel in
order to activate the disconnected solenoid circuit.
Personal injury or death can result from machine
5. Use Tooling (A) to check for voltage on the movement.
electrical connector from the steering circuit. Place
a lead from the voltage tester on the terminal Place blocks in front of and behind the wheels to make
with the black wire. This is the ground side of the sure the machine does not move while the parking brakes
circuit. Place the probe of the voltage tester on the are disengaged.
remaining terminal in the connector. This is the
battery side of the circuit. The light on the voltage
tester should be at full brilliance.
6. If the light on the voltage tester does not illuminate,
check the fuse for the steering circuit. If the fuse
is not damaged, check the circuit for an open. If
the light on the voltage tester is dim, check the
circuit for a bad connection. Refer to the Electrical
Schematic for your machine.
56 31200273
Illustration 70 g00744669 Illustration 72 g00793646

1. In following the above warning, place blocks in (3) Rear axle
front of the wheels and behind the wheels. (4) Position sensor
2. Attach string (1) to steering stop (2) at the front of

the front axle. Attach the string to the steering stop
at the rear of the rear axle, as shown.
(4) Position sensor
(5) Clamp
6. Slacken two clamps (5) that secure position sensor
(4).
3. Ensure that the wheels are aligned straight
ahead. The string should be touching the outer
circumference of each wheel in two places. If
necessary, move the wheels to a straight ahead
position. If the wheels do not touch the string in
two places, adjust the wheel alignment.
4. Turn the engine start switch key to the ON
position, but do not start the engine.
5. Move the master steering select switch to position Illustration 74 g00793939
2. Refer to Operation and Maintenance Manual
for additional information on the operation of the
switches.
31200273 57
7. Move the sensor to the right until the lamp on

the sensor is extinguished. Make a mark on the
steering cylinder corresponding to the right hand
edge of the sensor. Move the sensor to the left
until the lamp on the sensor is extinguished. Make
a mark on the steering cylinder corresponding to
the right hand edge of the sensor. Move the sensor
so that the right hand edge of the sensor is
positioned midway between the two marks. This is
the optimum position for the sensor. Secure the
sensor in place with the existing clamps (5).
8. Turn the engine start switch to the OFF position.
9. Remove the blocks from the wheels.
Wheel Alignment - Check and

Adjust
Introduction
Correct steering alignment minimizes tire wear. There
should be no toe on either axle.
Reference: See the Systems Operation, "General
Information".
Reference: See the Operation and Maintenance
Manual, "Steering Mode".
Reference: See the Operation and Maintenance
Manual, "Steering Mode Control".
Reference: See the Specifications Manual, "Drive and
Steering Axles".
58 31200273
Checking the Wheel Alignment With

Wheels In Place
Steering geometry adjustment
(1) Cord lines (3) Guide rod (5) Bolt
(2) Locknut (4) Knuckle (6) Locknut
1. Park the machine on level ground and align the Adjusting the Wheel Alignment
wheels straight ahead. Move the transmission
control to the NEUTRAL position and engage the 1. Loosen locknuts (2). Place an open end wrench
parking brake. on the flats of each guide rod (3). Rotate each
guide rod clockwise by an equal amount until the
Note: Ensure that the rear wheels are straight ahead.
wheels are parallel. Alternatively, rotate each
If the steering is not synchronized, the rear wheels
guide rod counterclockwise by an equal amount
may be at an angle when the front wheels are straight.
until the wheels are parallel. The amount of
Refer to the Operation and Maintenance Manual,
chrome rod that is visible on each side of the
"Steering Mode Control".
steering cylinder must remain equal. Refer to
2. Lower the boom and retract the boom. Stop the distance (A) in Illustration 75. Tighten the locknuts
engine and attach a "DO NOT OPERATE" warning after the adjustments for the tie rods are complete.
tag or similar warning tag to the controls. Tighten locknuts (2) to the proper torque. See the
3. Place a cord line (1) on each side of the machine. Specifications Manual, "Drive and Steering Axles"
The lines should be parallel with the centerline of for your machine in order to determine proper
the machine. Each cord should be approximately torque values.
100 mm (4 inch) from the tires and at a height 2. Remove the cord lines.
that corresponds to the centerline of the wheels.
Measure the distance between the outer face of
the tire and the adjacent cord in order to check that
the wheels are parallel. Record the measurement
at the front of each wheel and at the back of each
wheel.
4. If the wheels are not parallel it will be necessary to
adjust the wheel alignment.
31200273 59
Adjusting the Steering Angle 5. Loosen locknuts (6) on all four stop bolts (5). Turn
all four bolts (5) clockwise until the bolts bottom
out.
6. Hold a long straight bar (8) against the housing
for the steering cylinder.
(4) Knuckle
(5) Bolt
(6) Locknut
After the wheels have been correctly aligned the Illustration 78 g00950064
maximum steering angle must be adjusted. Each wheel Typical Example
is equipped with a knuckle (4). The knuckle is equipped 7. Rotate the left side final drive until the angle that is
with two bolts (5) that act as steering stops. Each bolt is formed by the two bars measures the correct
secured in place with a locknut (6). angle. See table 17.
Park the machine on level ground. Move the Table 17
transmission control to the NEUTRAL position. Lower
Steering Angles
the boom and retract the boom. Engage the parking
brake. Model Front Rear
1. Raise the front of the machine in order to lift the TH220B & TH330B 48° 50°
front wheels off the ground. Place the jack in a TH360B 46° 48°
location that will sustain the weight of the machine
such as the axle pads. The axle pad should be TH560B 46° 48°
parallel to the ground. The head of the jack should
8. Apply 154-9731 Thread Lock Compound to the
be against a flat surface. Use a jack which will
four stop bolts (5). Apply the compound to the
support the weight of the machine.
threads in the knuckle and apply the compound in
2. Remove both of the front wheels. the locknuts (6). See Illustration 76.
9. Turn stop bolt (5) on the left side knuckle
counterclockwise until the head of the screw
contacts the steering stop. Secure the screw in
place with locknut (6). Tighten locknuts (6) to a
torque of 150 N-m (111 lb ft). See Illustration 75.
Note: Use a piece of paper as a go/no-go gauge in
order to check that the stop bolts touch the casting. If
the paper slides between the bolt and the casting, reset
the bolt in order to contact the casting.
10. Repeat step 9 for the stop screw on the right side
knuckle that is diagonally opposite.
Note: The steering stop on the right side knuckle and
Illustration 77 g00950065 the steering stop that is directly opposite must make
Typical Example contact with the castings at the same time when the
3. 3. Place bar (7) against the outer flange of the final steering is at the maximum angle.
drive on the left side. Secure the bar in place with 11. Rotate the final drive on the right side until the
two existing wheel nuts. Repeat the procedure for angle that is formed by the two bars measures the
the final drive on the right side. correct angle. See table 17.
4. Clean the four stop bolts (5) and locknuts (6). 12. Turn stop bolt (5) on the right side knuckle
counterclockwise until the head of the bolt
60 31200273
contacts the steering stop. Secure the screw in

place with locknut (6). Tighten locknuts (6) to a
torque of 150 Nm (111 lb ft). See Illustration 75.
Note: Use a piece of paper as a go/no-go gauge in
order to check that the stop bolts touch the casting. If
the paper slides between the bolt and the casting, reset
the bolt in order to contact the casting.
13. 13.Repeat step 12 for the stop screw on the left side
knuckle that is diagonally opposite.
Note: The steering stop on the left side knuckle and the
steering stop that is directly opposite must make contact
with the castings at the same time when the steering is
at the maximum angle.
14. Remove measuring bars (7) and (8).
15. Replace both wheels and lower the machine to
the ground.
16. Repeat the procedure for the rear axle.
General Information Table

Table 18
Specifications
Low Idle (Engine) 950 ± 25 rpm
High Idle (Engine) 2350 ± 25 rpm
Torque Stall 1985 ± 25 rpm
High Pressure Stall - TH220B 26500 ± 500 kPa (3843 ± 70 psi)

High Pressure Stall - TH330B 25000 ± 500 kPa (3630 ± 70 psi)
Signal Relief Pressure 22800 ± 500 kPa (3300 ± 70 psi)
Low Pressure Standby 4500 kPa (650 psi)
Margin Pressure 2200 ± 100 kPa(320±20 psi)
Steering Pressure 220B, 330B, and 360B 16250 ± 750 kPa (2400 ± 100 psi)
Steering Pressure 560B and 580B 17750 ± 750 kPa (2575 ± 100 psi)
Table 19
Pressure of the Fan Pump and Speed of the Fan Motor 220B
and 330B Machines (Fan Reversing)
Engine Speed Pressure Fan Speed
Low Idle 4000 ± 200 kPa (580 ± 30 psi) 1230 ± 50 RPM
High Idle 15000 ± 200 kPa (2175 ± 30 psi) 2400 ± 50 RPM
Fan Motor in Reverse or Counterclockwise Direction
Low Idle 4000 ± 200 kPa (580 ± 30 psi) 1230 ± 50 RPM
High Idle 14500 ± 200 kPa (2100 ± 30 psi) 2840 ± 50 RPM
Note: Refer to the appropriate Operation & Safety

Manual for the proper operation of the reverse switch.
31200273 61
Index Index
A L
Adjustment of the Relief Valve (Load Sensing Oil) Location of Electrical Components
Low Pressure Standby Adjustment............................... 53 Electronic Control Module............................................... 8
Low Pressure Standby Test.......................................... 52 Position Sensors............................................................. 7
Pressure Compensator Adjustment.............................. 52 Relay (Circle Steer) ........................................................ 9
Test for Pressure Compensator.................................... 51 Relay (Crab Steer) .......................................................... 8
Adjustment of the Relief Valve (Load Sensing Oil) ............ 51 Selector Switch for the Steering Mode ........................... 7
Solenoid for Circle Steer ................................................. 8
C
Solenoid for Crab Steer .................................................. 8
Configuration Parameters .................................................. 43 Location of Electrical Components....................................... 7
E Location of Hydraulic Components
Control Valve (Steering) ............................................... 11
Electrical Input Components
Hydraulic Oil Drain Plugs.............................................. 12
Position Sensor............................................................. 13
Hydraulic Oil Level Indicator ......................................... 12
Steering Mode Switch................................................... 12
Hydraulic Tank.............................................................. 11
Electrical Input Components .............................................. 12
Hydraulic Tank Breather ............................................... 11
Electrical Output Components
Line for the Signal Limiter Valve for the Steering ......... 10
CAN Data Link.............................................................. 15
Metering Pump ............................................................. 10
CAT Data Link .............................................................. 14
Piston Pump ................................................................. 10
Data Link....................................................................... 14
Priority Valve................................................................. 10
Instrument Cluster ........................................................ 14
Steering Cylinders ........................................................ 11
Relays........................................................................... 14
Steering Wheel ............................................................... 9
Electrical Output Components ........................................... 14
Location of Hydraulic Components ...................................... 9
Electrical Schematic........................................................... 15
Electronic Control Module .................................................. 13 M
G Metering Pump (Steering)
Hold .............................................................................. 39
General Information ............................................................. 4
Left Turn ....................................................................... 41
Circle Steer..................................................................... 4
Right Turn ..................................................................... 40
Crab Steer ...................................................................... 4
Metering Pump (Steering) .................................................. 37
Machines With Self-Aligning Steering............................. 5
Manually Aligned Rear Wheels....................................... 5 P
Steering Arrangement..................................................... 4 Piston Pump (Implement and Steering)
Two-wheel Steer............................................................. 4 Compensator Valve ...................................................... 30
General Information Table ................................................. 60 Constant Flow ............................................................... 33
Graphic Color Codes............................................................ 3 Destroke ....................................................................... 34
H High Pressure Stall ....................................................... 36
Low Pressure Standby.................................................. 31
Hydraulic Oil Contamination -Test
Piston Pump ................................................................. 29
Flushing the Sampling Valve ........................................ 45
Upstroke ....................................................................... 32
Hydraulic Oil Contamination ......................................... 45
Piston Pump (Implement and Steering) ............................. 29
Obtaining the Sample ................................................... 45
Position Sensor (Steering) ................................................. 42
Hydraulic Oil Contamination -Test ..................................... 45
Position Sensor (Steering) -Adjust
Hydraulic Schematic (Steering System)............................. 28
Position Sensor............................................................. 55
I Position Sensor (Steering) -Adjust ..................................... 55
Important Safety Information.................................................ii Pump Flow - Test
Inlet Manifold Pump Flow .................................................................... 46
Check Valve.................................................................. 16 Test On The Machine ................................................... 46
Flow Control Valve Pump Flow - Test ............................................................... 46
(Dump valve for the load sensing oil) ........................... 16
S
Relief Valve (Load sensing oil) ..................................... 16
Screens (75 and 100 Micron) ....................................... 16 Solenoid Valve (Steering Mode Selector)
Steering Activated......................................................... 18 Solenoid Valve.............................................................. 37
Steering Not Activated.................................................. 17 Solenoid Valve (Steering Mode Selector) - Test
Steering Priority Valve .................................................. 15 The Solenoid’s for the Steering Modes......................... 54
Inlet Manifold...................................................................... 15 Solenoid Valve (Steering Mode Selector) - Test ................ 54
Introduction .......................................................................... 6 Solenoid Valve (Steering Mode Selector) .......................... 37
62 31200273
Index
Steering System
Left Turn in Circle Steer Mode...................................... 24
Left Turn in Crab Steer Mode ....................................... 26
Right Turn in Two-Wheel Steer Mode .......................... 22
Steering Control System............................................... 19
Steering in Neutral ........................................................ 20
Steering System - Purge
Purging the Steering System ........................................ 54
Steering System - Purge .................................................... 54
Steering System Pressures -Test and Adjust .................... 47
Margin Pressure Adjustment ........................................ 50
Margin Pressure Test ................................................... 49
Steering Pressure Adjustment ...................................... 48
Steering Pressure Test ................................................. 48
Steering System Pressure Tests and Adjustments ...... 47
Test for the Relief Valve (Load Sensing Oil)................. 50
Steering System................................................................. 19
Systems Operation Section.................................................. 3
T
Table of Contents................................................................. 1
Testing and Adjusting Section............................................ 45
W
Wheel Alignment - Check and Adjust
Adjusting the Steering Angle ........................................ 59
Adjusting the Wheel Alignment..................................... 58
Checking the Wheel Alignment With Wheels In Place . 58
Wheel Alignment - Check and Adjust................................. 57
Manufactured by JLG under license from Caterpillar

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31200273

December 15, 2006

The meaning of this safety alert symbol is as follows:

When replacement parts are required for this

Failure to heed this warning can lead to

The Solenoid's for the Steering

Systems Operation (A) Red.......................................................... High pressure oil

(H) Green ............................................ Tank, sump or return oil

(I) Brown ............................................................. Lubricating oil

General Information action allows the wheels to turn in the desired

This module discusses the features and operation of

Location of Electrical Selector Switch for the Steering

Electronic Control Module

Solenoid for Crab Steer

Relay (Circle Steer)

Location of Hydraulic Illustration 15 g00878481

Components (1) Steering wheel

components: (5) Priority valve on the main control valve (implement)

• Metering pump (8) Hydraulic tank

• Line for the Signal Limiter Valve for the Steering

Metering Pump Line for the Signal Limiter Valve for

Control Valve (Steering) Hydraulic Tank

Steering cylinders (7) are attached to the front axle

Hydraulic Oil Level Indicator Electrical Input Components

Hydraulic oil level indicator (10) is located on the left

Hydraulic Oil Drain Plugs

Position Sensor right side of the machine inside the engine

Contact Description J2(1)

Electrical Output Components Data Link

CAT Data Link

CAN Data Link

Steering Priority Valve

Screens (75 and 100 Micron)

Flow Control Valve (Dump valve for

Relief Valve (Load sensing oil)

Steering Not Activated

(implement) once the requirements of the steering flow

When the steering wheel is stationary the main supply of

Right Turn in Two-Wheel Steer Mode

When the mode select switch is in the center position,

Left Turn in Circle Steer Mode

When the bottom of the mode select switch is

Left Turn in Crab Steer Mode

Note: In crab steer, the front wheels and the rear

Hydraulic Schematic (Steering

Piston Pump (Implement and

Pressure compensator spool (14) is used as a backup

Low Pressure Standby

13800 kPa (2000 psi). The supply oil pressure will

Once the forces become equal on each end of the

High Pressure Stall

Solenoid Valve (Steering Mode

Metering Pump (Steering)

The steering metering pump consists of the

When the steering wheel is stationary, centering

components to the tank: left turn port (11), spool (1),

If there is a hydraulic pump failure, the metering pump

1. Shift the transmission to NEUTRAL and engage

Required Tools Table 5

Use the following equipment in order to obtain the

If the percent of flow loss is more than 10%, the pump

Test On The Bench

The test fittings are located on the control valve at the