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Contents
Preface
1 Range of application
2 Normative references
3 Indication, designations and units
4 Computation of interference fit assembly
4.1 Fundamentals
4.2 Computation purely flexibly stressed interference fit assembly
4.2.1 Computing course 1 for given joining jerk p
4.2.2 Computing course 2 for given oversize A
4.3 Computation flexible-plastic stressed interference fit assembly
4.3.1 Computing course 1 for given joining jerk p
4.3.2 Computing course 2 for given oversize And
5 Detention factors of interference fit assembly
5.1 Detention factors for longitudinal interference fit assembly
5.2 Detention factors for transverse interference fit assembly
6 Organization of interference fit assembly
6.1 General organization rules
6.2 Organization rules for swinging interference fit assembly
7 Data in technical information
8 Adding interference fit assembly
8.1 Adding longitudinal interference fit assembly
8.2 Thermal adding of transverse interference fit assembly
9 Notes for the production of Interference fit assembly
9.1 Generally accepted references
9.2 Manufacturing interference fit assembly through 0.0 pressing in
9.3 Manufacturing interference fit assembly through 0.0 shrinking and/or
stretching
9.3.1 Warming up the outer part
9.3.2 Undercooling the interior
9.3.3 Hydraulic adding and release
10 Special references
10.1 Proof of the form strength
10.2 Demand by centrifugal force
10.3 Inspection certificate
10.4 Marking
11 Flow charts
Appendix A (informative) computation of examples
Appendix B (informative) procedure for iterative computation of the
dimensionless plasticity of diameter z
Appendix C (informative) form for inspection certificate
Appendix D (informative) explanations
Preface
This standard revised of specialists from the standardization committee
mechanical engineering (NAM), Specialist area propulsion technology in DIN
German Institute for standardization registered association around a fast entry
into force of this standard to ensure, became in relation to the withdrawn edition
1988-07 only the editorial errors eliminated and the standards contained in the
normative references updates. A reorganization of the standard DIN 7190 is in
work.
Earlier expenditures DIN 7182-3: 1942-06, 1977-08 DIN 7190:1943 - 08, 1977-
08, 1981-03, 1988-07
1 Range of Application
This standard specifies design fundamentals for interference fit assembly with
cylindrical effective areas, whose parts consist of metallic materials. This
standard applies predominantly to mechanical engineering. It can be used in a
general manner also in other fields of activity (e.g. fine mechanics). Purpose of
this standard is the increased reliability of interference fit assembly and the
decrease of manufacturing costs.
2 Normative References
This standard contains definitions from other publications by dated or undated
references. These normative references are quoted in the respective places in
the text, and the publications are below specified. With dated references later
changes belong or Revisions of these publications only to this standard, if they
are trained by change or revision. With undated references the last expenditure
of the publication taken in purchase applies (including changes).
DIN 743, load-carrying capacity computation of waves and axles
- part of 1: Introduction, bases
- Part of 2: Theoretical stress concentration factors and fatigue notch
effects
- Part of 3: Material - mechanical properties.
DIN 7154-1, ISO fits for basic hole - tolerance fields, dimensions in µm.
DIN 7154-2, ISO fits for basic hole - fit tolerances, plays and oversizes in µm.
DIN ISO 286-1, ISO system for limits of size and fits - bases for tolerances,
dimensions and fits; Identically to ISO 286-1: 1988.
DIN ISO 1101, Technical designs - form and situation layer - form, direction, local
and run tolerances, general, definitions, symbols, Zeichnungseintragungen.
DIN ISO 1302, Technical designs - indication of the surface finish (identically also
ISO 1302:1992).
DIN EN ISO 4287, Geometrical product specifications (government inspection
department) - surface finish: Palpation cut procedure - designations, definitions
and characteristics of the surface finish (ISO 4287:1997); German version EN
ISO 4287:1998.
DIN EN 10052, Terms of the thermal treatment of ferrous metals; German
version EN 10052:1993.
DIN EN of 10204, Metallic products - kinds of inspection certificates (change A1
contains: 1995); German version EN 10204:1991 + A1: 1995.
DIN EN of 10002-1, Metallic materials - traction test - part of 1: Testing method
(at ambient temperature); change contains AC1: 1990.
[1] Leidich, E.: Demand of press connections in the flexible range and
interpretation approximately Fatigue failure. Thesis TH Darmstadt (1983)
[2] Kollmann, F.G.: Wave hub connections. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo:
Springer 1984
[3] Kollmann, F.G., Önöz, E.: An improved interpretation procedure for flexible-
plastic stressed transverse interference fit assembly. Construction 35 (1983), H.
11, P. 439-444
[4] Kollmann, F.G.: The interpretation of flexible-plastic stressed interference fit
assembly. Research Engineering 28 (1978), H. 1, P. 1-11
[5] Galle, G.: Load-carrying capacity of transverse interference fit assembly. To
series of publications construction technology (publisher W. Beitz), Institut for
machine construction DO Berlin (1981)
[6] Biederstedt, W.: Tight fits in the flexible, flexible-plastic and plastic margin of
deformability. Technical ones round-look, H. 57 (blue TR-row), 1963, resound-
dare, Berne/Stuttgart
[7] Kreitner, L.: The effect of fretting corrosion and of friction endurance stress on
the service life of compound machine parts. Thesis TH Darmstadt (1976)
[8] Häusler, N.: To the mechanism of the bending moment transmission in
contraction connections. Thesis TH Darmstadt (1974)
[9] Kollmann, F.G.: Rotary interference fit assembly when purely flexible demand.
Construction 33 (1982), P. 233-239; Correction for this: Construction 35 (1983),
P. 107
[10] Gamer, And: Kollmann, F.G.: A Theory OF Rotating Elasto plastic Shrink
Fits. Engineer archives 56 (1986), P. 254-264
[11] Lundberg, G.: The firmness of press fits. The ball bearing 19 (1944), H. 1/2,
P. 1-11
[12] Wienands, B.: Investigations on the working reliability of bind-acted gear
wheels. Thesis RWTH Aachen (1974)
[13] Warm shrinking. Workshop sheet 378, group of F, Carl Hanser publishing
house, Munich
[14] Contraction connection by undercooling. Workshop sheet 308, group of F,
Carl Hanser publishing house, Munich
[15] Leidich, E.: Cylinder interference fit - computation of the pressing
distribution in the cylindrical Interference fit during outside load. FVA final report,
number 161 (1984)
[16] Gropp, H.: The transient characteristic of dynamically loaded press
connections and the development of a new generation of press connections. To
Habilitationsschrift DO Chemnitz, faculty for mechanical engineering and process
engineering (1997)
[17] Yard cutter, M.: Root-strength of teeth with shrinking federations, FVA - final
report, number 248 (1987) and number 280 (1988)
Dietz, P.: Demands and Übertragungsfähigkeit of the weakened wave hub Press
connections within the flexible and part-plastic range. FVA final report, number
421 (1994)
Kollmann, F.G.: New computation method for flexible-plastic stressed transverse
interference fit assembly. Construction 30 (1978), H. 7, P. 271-275; Construction
8, P. 299-306
Leidich, E.: Micro slip and endurance limit with interference fit assembly.
Propulsion technology 27 (1988), No. 3, P. 53-58
Mueller, W.: Contribution for the increase of the reliability of large pinions for
warmbreitbandstrassen. To thesis DO Clausthal (1982) NN wave hub
connections; System components in the change. VDI of reports 1384 (1998)
Thomas, K.: The tight fit with interrupted joint. To thesis DO Hanover (1969) of
the heath, W.: Investigations at groove pins and groove pin connections. To
thesis DO Hanover (1969)
VDI 2029 (edition October 1958) tight fit in fine mechanics
3 Indications, Designations and Units
A elongation at rupture %
a axial projection mm
AoA upper dimension of the joint diameter DF for outer part mm
AuA lower dimension of the joint diameter DF for outer part mm
AoI upper dimension of the joint diameter DF for interior mm
AuI lower dimension of the joint diameter DF for interior mm
DaA outside diameters of the outer part mm
Dia. inside diameter of the outer part mm
DF diameter of the joint (nominal dimension) mm
DaI outside diameter of the interior mm
DiI inside diameter of the interior mm
DPA plasticity diameter of the outer part mm
Dw diameter with wave paragraph mm
E modulus of elasticity N/mm2
EA modulus of elasticity of the outer part N/mm2
e basis of the Naperian logarithms (Euler number) -
El modulus of elasticity of the interior N/mm2
Fax transferable axial force N
Fe insertion strength N
K auxiliary variable for interpretation of flexible interference fit assembly -
lF length of the joint mm
le length insertion chamfers mm
n number of revolutions 1/s
p joining jerk in the stop N/mm2
pn joining jerk at number of revolutions n N/mm2
pPA border joining jerk for full-plastic outer part N/mm2
Ppi border joining jerk for full-plastic interior N/mm2
QA Durchmesserverhältnis of the outer part -
QI Durchmesserverhältnis of the interior -
qA piston area of the outer part mm2
qPA plastic piston area of the outer part stressed mm2
RA center rough value µm
ReLA lower yield strength of the outer part N/mm2
ReLI lower yield strength of the interior N/mm2
RzA averaged roughness depth of the joining area of the outer part µm
RzI averaged roughness depth of the joining area of the interior µm
4 Computation of interference fit assembly
4.1 Fundamentals
The computation methods of this standard apply to interference fit assembly with
same constant axial length of interior and outer part (see fig. 1).
With the joining jerk p in the stop, target security SR against chutes and the
detention factor υru (see for this section 5) the transferable torque amounts to
(1)
The diameter DF of the joining area is that nominal dimension of the parts of the
interference fit which can be added. From the actual dimensions D ia and DaI
results the Istübermass
(3)
For interior and outer part generally fits with the upper dimensions AoA, AOI and
the lower dimensions AuA, AuI are specified. Then applies with same nominal
dimension to wave and hub to the maximum oversize
(4)
(5)
(6)
Due to the smoothing of roughness points when adding the effective oversize U w
is only available in the added condition. If no experimental values are present,
applies to along and transverse interference fit assembly
(7)
If numerical values for the arithmetic average value of the profile ordinates R a (in
former times arithmetic center rough value Ra) are given according to DIN EN
ISO 4287, then for this the average values determined according to table 1 can
the largest elevator difference of the profile computer centre (averaged
roughness depth computer centre) to be used.
Table 1 - Comparison of the arithmetic center rough values Ra with the averaged
roughness depth computer centre; Zeichnungseintragung according to DIN ISO
1302
Notes for the computation of the addable fit of transverse interference fit
assembly are given in section 8.
Depending upon height of the demands of outside and interior due to adding
between purely flexible, flexible-plastic and full-plastic interference fit assembly
one differentiates. With purely flexible interference fit assembly no plastic
stretches are possible in the interior and outer part. Plastic stressed ranges arise
to flexible-plastic interference fit assembly in the interior and/or outer part flexibly
as well as. With full-plastic interference fit assembly unlimited plastic stretches
can occur in the interior and/or outer part, why full-plastic stressed interference fit
assembly are not permissible.
For the computations specified in this standard as border firmness of the material
the lower yield strength ReL is used. With solidifying materials ReL has to be
replaced by Rp0,2, if sufficient ductility of the material is present. For the
evaluation of the ductility the characteristic values elongation at rupture A and
reduction in area Z determined according to DIN EN 10002 can be consulted. As
approximate values to sufficient ductility are considered
A ≥ 10% (8)
Z ≥ 30% (9)
If these approximate values are fallen below, then must be counted on brittle
material behavior, with which only a purely flexible interpretation is permissible
(11)
(12)
(13)
(15)
(16)
(17)
The referred effective oversize necessary for the training of the joining jerk p ξw.
amounts to
(18)
From this the referred effective oversize ξw. from equation (12) and the
associated effective oversize Uw from equation (7) follow.
For the special case that with a full interior the elasticity constants with those of
the outer part agree (EA = EI = E; µA = µI = µ), the computation of the auxiliary
variable K escapes after equation (13), and equation (18) replaced through
(19)
From the given oversize U after equation (7) the effective oversize Uw are
computed and from this after equation (12) the referred effective oversize ξw.
So that that exhibits outer part a target security Sp against plastic stretch, must
apply
(20)
(21)
If a full interior the same elasticity constant exhibits as outer part (EA = EI = E; µA
= µI = µ), replace equation (20)
(22)
and of equation (21) with consideration of the equations (17) and (19)
(23)
So that a flexible demand of outside and interior is present, the two conditions
(20) must and (21) and/or (22) and (23) to be fulfilled.
The joining jerk p belonging to the referred effective oversize ξw computed out.
(24)
(25)
b) Interior and outer part must exhibit same elasticity constants (EA = EI = E; µA =
µI = µ).
To interference fit assembly, with which the conditions A) and/or b), are
indicated interpretation procedures [2] do not apply, [3].
With a full interior a flexible-plastic demand cannot develop contrary to the outer
part. A full interior is either purely flexibly or full-plastic stressed.
4.3.1 Computing Course 1 For Given Joining Jerk p
So that that is flexible-plastic stressed outer part and target security SPA against
full-plastic demand is kept, the joining jerk must lie in the range
(26)
The border joining jerk pPA when full plastic demand the outer part follows from
the equations
(27)
(28)
(29)
with the border joining jerk pPI the full-plastic demand of the interior
(30)
In the case of flexible-plastic demand a plastic zone on the inside in the outer
part, which is separated from the external flexible remainder zone by a cylinder
surface from the plasticity diameter DPA, forms (see fig. 3). The referred plasticity
diameter
(31)
(32)
(33)
The referred effective oversize necessary for the given joining jerk p ξ w (see
equation (12)) arises too
(34)
Finally still the portion of the plastic stressed piston area is to be examined qPA at
the entire cross section qA the outer part
(35)
From the given oversize U after equation (7) the effective oversize Uw are
computed and from this after equation (12) the referred effective oversize ξw. If
(36)
Case 1: It applies
(37)
with the border joining jerk pPI the full-plastic demand of the interior after equation
(30) and the border joining jerk pPA the full-plastic demand of the outer part after
Equation (28). Then the permissible referred plasticity diameter becomes ζzul the
outer part by resolving the transcendental equation (32) also
(38)
determined.
Case 2: It applies
(39)
Then the permissible referred plasticity diameter becomes ζzul the outer part by
resolving the transcendental equation (32) also
(40)
determined.
The further calculation is accomplished together for the cases 1 and 2. So that
that is stressed outer part flexible plastic and actual security against full-plastic
demand at least the same as target security for the interior in the case 1 and/or
for outer part in the case 2 is, the referred effective oversize must lie ξ w in the
range
(41)
The left term of the equation (41) represents the condition for flexible-plastic
demand of the outer part. If ξw < 2 ReLA/√3E is, a purely flexibly stressed outer
part is present, and it is to be used 4.2.2.
With the referred effective oversize ξ w adjusting referred plasticity diameters ζ of
the outer part behaves
(42)
(43)
Finally it is to be proven that the condition qPA/qA≤ 0.3 (see equation (35)) one
keeps.
Can be combined also a purely flexible (e.g. during a maximum fit) with a flexible-
plastic interpretation (e.g. during a minimum fit). The interpretation when flexible
demand takes place after 4.2 and with flexibly after 4.3 this standard.
The detention factor νl is the relationship of the measured release strength to the
calculated normal force in the joint. The detention factor νl is the relationship of
the measured slide strength to the calculated normal force in the joint. The
detention factors ν are from the coefficients of friction (responsible or sliding
friction) to differentiate, with which to the place the measured normal force steps
the calculated. The detention factors are different with working the release and/or
slide strength in along or circumferential direction. Those marking of the
detention factors take place according to table 2 via two indices.
Table 2 - Marking of detention factors
Disconnected Slipping
Due to the friction procedures in the joint the detention factors are subject to
statistic fluctuations. The detention factors indicated in the following tables
represent therefore approximate values. They are on the safe side. They can be
replaced through experimentally determined values.
The values indicated in table 3 apply to brisk demand. They are determined for
interior from the material X 210 CR W12 and apply to steel. The interference fit
assembly are to be deposited after adding before the first load about 24 hours.
5.2 Detention Factors for Transverse Interference fit assembly
Table 4 indicates lying detention factors for transverse interference fit assembly
on the safe side. They can be used both for chutes to extent and in longitudinal
direction.
To the organization of interference fit assembly apply general rules, which are to
be applied to all interference fit assembly. For interference fit assembly, which
transfer swinging bending and/or twisting moments must, beyond that special
organization rules apply.
- Around large torques and/or axial forces to transfer to be able, if possible a full
interior with one is not to be paired to thin-walled outer part (QA ≤ 0.5). This
applies however not to bandages, but only to wave hub connections.
- With sufficiently deformationable materials (see 4.1 in particular and under that
Conditions (8) and (9)) can the joining jerk p and thus the transferable extent
and/or. Axial forces by flexible-plastic interpretation to be increased (see 4.3).
The greatest possible profit at joining jerk p in relation to the purely flexible
interpretation results within the range 0.3 ≤ QA ≤ 0.4.
Table 3 -Detention factors of longitudinal interference fit assembly when brisk
demand[6]
0.16
Oil federations with degreased press
surfaces
For stressed interference fit assembly are swinging in [1] and/or [15] critical loads
determined, with which a straight still innocuous slip way at the hub edge arises.
It becomes clear that contrary to the bending border moment the torsion border
moment does not rise above lF/DF = 0.5 practically any longer.
In contrast to it measures are in the hub (parting) for the reduction of the joining
jerk only to judge with difficulty, because by inappropriate organization of hub
geometry the joining jerk at the hub edge can fall below the addressed limit
value. Nevertheless leaves itself with exact computation of the wave hub
connection, e.g. by finite element calculations, on the one hand a reduction of the
joining jerk and/or enlargement of security and on the other hand more
sufficiently Joining jerk for the avoidance of fretting corrosion formation ensure.
Unfortunately hub connections cannot be indicated as in equation (44) simple
interpretation guidelines for such waving. The compromise between the measure
for the increased safety by reduction of the joining jerk and the security of a
sufficiently large joining jerk for the avoidance of the fretting corrosion formation
can be found in these cases only by a finite element calculation.
a≥0 (45)
- Case interior and outer part from materials with unequal flexible constants to be
manufactured, then the interior is to exhibit the larger modulus of elasticity (E I >
EA). The slide moment of the interference fit is to be at the most equal to that
twisting moment, with which plastic deformations of the free interior (outside of
the outer part) arise. For this a referred joint length is usually sufficient
- Full interior is more favorable than hollow. The latters are to be avoided with
large changing or circulating bending moments if possible.
The manufacturing drawing must contain the data necessary for the production of
interference fit assembly.
If differently does not agree, the Pass system basic hole (see DIN 7154 part of 1
and part of 2) is to be used.
- for waves over 500 mm in diameter: Tolerance field of the tolerance class IT 7.
To the surface roughness of the joining areas the following appoximate values
apply:
Ra = 1,6 m,
Ra = 0.8 m,
- Ra = 1.6 m.
The cylinder form tolerance amounts to approx. 1/3 of the dimensional tolerance
for the diameter of the hub and/or for the diameter of the wave.
In the manufacturing drawing roughness values are to be indicated, usually the
center rough value RA and form tolerances (see DIN ISO 1101) for the joining
areas.
Outer Interior
Indication of the tolerated mass and border dimensions on the design (if
necessary)
Ǿ 160 u6 +0,215
+0,190
Ǿ 160 H7 +0,040
+0,0
Examples of the entry of the adding temperature and cleanliness of the joining
areas.
Outer part
Part ...... warms up evenly. Warming up temperature 280 °C with approximately
20 °C ambient temperature. Joining areas free of lubricating and foreign matter
Part ...... under cools evenly. Under cooling temperature - 110 °C with
approximately 20 °C ambient temperature. Joining areas free of lubricating and
foreign matter.
For bandages, e.g. Wheel tires, the add-fair organization is represented gear
rims, in fig. 9. The height of the drilling paragraph A must ensure an axial
adjustment.
Outer part
The detention factor νll can be inferred made of table 3. The maximum joining
jerk pmax is to be computed for the maximum oversize Ug. If the joining areas
before adding are not lubricated, then result larger detention factors and thus
larger transferable along and/or tangential forces. However the danger of the
food exists with ungeschmierten joining areas, in particular in the case of the
flexible-plastic interpretation. Therefore are easy the joining areas before adding
to oil.
The values for the chamfer length le are indicated in table 5 (all mass in mm).
Table 5 - Chamfer length le
DF le DF le
over to over to
50 80 4 400 630 8
(49)
(50)
to count. Equation (50) covers the risk of premature clinging of the partners
before terminated adding procedure, which can be added, during individual
manufacture. When using devices for the adding procedure the adding play can
be fallen below after equation (50). To the oversize when adding applies
(51)
(52)
The highest arising adding temperature may not impair the necessary work piece
characteristics of the heat treated parts which can be added. The thermal
longitudinal strains for interior and outer part are indicated in table 6. For under
cooling extension federations either CO2-Trockeneis (νI = - 78.4 °C) or liquid
nitrogen (νI = - 195.8 °C) can be used. Whether complex under cooling is
necessary, must be decided on the basis the maximally permissible temperature
of the outer part. To the maximum adding temperatures dependent on the
material of the outer part and the thermal treatment the data in table 7 apply.
Thermal treatment of ferrous metals: Terms see DIN EN 10052. The permissible
adding temperature νAzul the outer part is to be prescribed in the assembly
drawing. For the largest addable oversize gil
(53)
The dimensions and tolerances specified in the design as well as all other special
data are to be guaranteed during the production by controls. From single controls
provided inspection reports make the mating possible of to each other fit-
favorably lying jointing parts, to Avoidance of mistakes to be characterized must.
On dirt and noncorrosive joining areas is to be respected. The safety-relevant
regulations are to be kept.
Before pressing in the joining areas are to be provided with a thin oil film over the
entire surface away. The use of additives such as molybdenum disulphide is
permissible only if this is indicated in the working documents. Tilt the jointing
parts when pressing in is to be avoided. The slip stick effect is avoidable by in
and/or pressing out speeds of approximately 50 mm/s and sufficient in each case
pressing force reserves (for instance 2,5fache release strength). Interference fit
assembly are only after a deposit time by approximately 24 hours to be stressed.
Parts, as seals are etc., which do not stand the warming up temperature,
temporarily to dismantle. The cooling of the added parts is to go as evenly and
slowly as possible (warm-damming documents and if possible, cover the
federation).
Undercooling the interior is used usually with series already finished (- parts). To
extremely short routes of transportation is to be paid attention, if that is
additionally warmed up outer part. Cooling agent is to be made available in
sufficient quantity. The losses which can be taken into account thereby can be
lower set, if the cooling agent container of straight sufficient capacity is, which
full-dips workpiece, and if in the same container the small parts are undercooled
last.
A Rostlöser can be added to the argument caution for the sake of. Connecting
with kegeligen Joints are to be secured axially. With parts endangered by the
expansion controls of the joint pressing of (pointer of dragging) positive pressure
measuring instruments are necessary.
10 Special References.
With interference fit assembly, which transfer swinging torsion and/or bending
moments, the interior on endurance limit is stressed. Therefore a form strength
proof must be led according to DIN 743.
By the centrifugal force demand interior and outer part in radial direction expand.
That experiences outer part larger stretch than the interior. This leads to a
reduction of the joining jerk p in relation to stop of the federation. In addition, with
the joining jerk p the transferable sinks Torque and the transferable axial force
(see equations (1) and (2)). In extreme cases can it by complete loss of the
joining jerk p to taking the outside off from the interior come.
So that the condition C), must the referred effective oversize is fulfilled ξw the
following in equations meet [9]:
(54)
(55)
If the interference fit with the number of revolutions n rotates, then the peripheral
speed amounts to u of the outer contour of the outer part.
u = p n DaA (56)
The joining jerk pn at number of revolutions n is calculated by the joining jerk p in
the stop after
(57)
The joining jerk p in the stop is computed after equation (17). The peripheral
speed uab, with which the outside takes off from the interior, follows out
(58)
If a waste due to centrifugal force is to be kept of at the most 10% of the joining
jerk p in the stop, the peripheral speed of the outer contour of the outer part of
the condition must be sufficient
(59)
For clean-flexibly stressed interference fit assembly, which not the conditions A)
and/or b) are sufficient, are indicated computing courses in [9]. For flexible-plastic
stressed interference fit assembly to [10] one refers.
10.4 Marking
Interference fit assembly must be free by tears and internal separations, which
impair the usefulness. During the manufacturing of a interference fit it must be
guaranteed that the technical requirements are kept according to the data on the
manufacturing drawings. With that Computation met definitions, e.g. Oversizes,
detention factors dependent on combination of material, Lubrication and adding
as well as an even adding temperature of outer part (hub, gear rim, Bandage)
and interior (wave) must be kept with manufacturing reliably. The mechanisms
necessary for the manufacturing, e.g. Warming up possibility, means for under
cooling, examination of the adding temperature, measuring and testing sets must
be as can be prove present [13], [14]. The manufacturer must guarantee that
only adept specialists for the execution and experts as carrier carriers for the
examination and production control of interference fit assembly become certified.