Part 2-2: Non-Homogenous equation:

Undetermined Coefficient Method

 general form
𝑎𝑦 ′′ + 𝑏𝑦 ′ + 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥

Homogenous Non-Homogenous
𝑓 𝑥 =0 𝑓 𝑥 ≠0
1. Undetermined coefficient method
2. Variation parameters method
 By using this method, the solution is given by
Solution = complimentary solution +particular solution
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
 Complimentary solution ( 𝑦𝑐 ) = obtain similar to homogenous
equation.
 Particular solution (𝑦𝑝 ) = obtain by looking at 𝑓(𝑥) and solve by using
table. There are only 5 classes of functions.
1. Polynomial
2. Exponential
3. Sine or cosine
4. Linear combination (type 1 +/- type 2 +/- type 3)
5. Multiplication (type 1 × type 2 × type 3)
 𝑥 𝑟 [𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + ⋯ ]
Type Classes 𝒚𝒑
1 Polynomial 𝑥 𝑟 𝐵0 + 𝐵1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝐵𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
2 Exponential 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑟 𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑥
3 Sine or cosine 𝑥 𝑟 𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥

r is the least non-negative

integer (𝑟 = 0,1,2, 𝑒𝑡𝑐)
𝑓 𝑥 =8  𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒5 determine such that there
 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑟 𝐵0  𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑟 𝑘𝑒 5𝑥 is no terms in 𝑦𝑝
corresponds to the 𝑦𝑐
 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1  𝑓 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑟 [𝐵0 + 𝐵1 𝑥]  𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑟 [𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥]
 Type of Roots Solution
Distinct and Real roots 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
𝑚1 = 𝑟1
𝑚2 = 𝑟2
Real and Equal roots 𝑦 = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥)𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚
Find the general solution for Complex Roots 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥)
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 2𝑒 4𝑥 𝑚 = 𝛼 + 𝛽𝑖
1. Solution for 𝒚𝒄
𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 2 = 0
𝑚+2 𝑚−1 =0
𝑚1 = −2
𝑚2 = 1
Eq 1
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥
 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 2𝑒 4𝑥

2. Solution for 𝒚𝒑
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑟 𝑘𝑒 4𝑥
If 𝑟 = 0; 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑘𝑒 4𝑥 Eq 2

By comparing Eq 1 and Eq 2, shown that Eq 2 not alike Eq 1. Then accept Eq 2 as 𝑦𝑝

then differentiate 𝑦𝑝 twice
𝑦𝑝 ′ = 4𝑘𝑒 4𝑥 Eq 3
𝑦𝑝 ′′ = 16𝑘𝑒 4𝑥 Eq 4

Substitute Eq 2, 3 & 4 into equation (question)

16𝑘𝑒 4𝑥 + 4𝑘𝑒 4𝑥 − 2𝑘𝑒 4𝑥 = 2𝑒 4𝑥
18𝑘 = 2
2 1
𝑘= =
18 9
 Solution
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

1
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 4𝑥
9
Find the general solution for
𝑦" = 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
Solution for 𝑦𝑐
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥
Solution for 𝑦𝑝 (refer table)
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑟 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
Choose 𝑟 = 0
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Is 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐 ??
Yes. Thus choose 𝑟 = 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥
Is 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐 ??
Yes. Thus choose 𝑟 = 2
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2
Is 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐 ?? NO!. Then, solve