2.

5 Explain the Concepts from the Psychological, Sociological and Philosophical

Approach.

2.5.1 Psychological Approach

Gender differences incline to play a vital role in the decision making of solving ethical
issues. It is usually important that the gender differences concepts being comprehended from
the psychological approach. Human beings not only know how to create behavior but also learn
to classify, evaluate and judge the behavior of other person and themselves. According to Tang
(1988) psychology is the study of the humans’ mind and how they respond to circumstances.
From the psychological approach, an individual’s brain and heart which contribute to rational
(logic) and emotion (mood) are always affecting their ethical decision making.

It is argued that men and women bring different behaviors and values to the workplace.
Men and women develop different interests, practices and decisions because of these
different values and behaviors based on gender. Therefore, men and women respond
differently to the same set of occupational rewards and costs. Men will seek competitive
success and are more likely to break rules because they view achieve- mint as
competition. Women are more concerned with doing tasks well and promoting
harmonious work relationships. Therefore, women are more likely to adhere to rules and
be less tolerant of those individuals who break the rules. The gender socialization
approach argues that men and women bring different values and traits to the workplace.
These different values and traits based on gender cause men and women to develop
different work- related interests, decisions, and practices. Therefore, men and women
respond differently to the same set of occupational rewards and costs.

2.5.2 Sociological Approach

The more an assembly in the general public shares and follows a common moral code,
the more they will participate with each other to avoid any battles unreasonably.

Bernardi et al. (2009) finds that individuals who are more likely to respond in a socially
desirable fashion (i.e., less honesty in reporting) are more likely to disapprove of bribery.
Similarly, Bernardi and Adamaitis (2006) find that participants who are more (less) prone to
social desirability report a lower (higher) level of cheating. Finally, Randall and Fernandes
(1991) find that social desirability is positively related to self reported ethical behavior. Taken
together, this research indicates that individuals who respond in a more socially desirable
manner are more likely to over-report ethical behavior.
Several prior studies find that females are more susceptible to the social desirability
bias than males (Bernardi, 2006; Bernardi and Guptill, 2008; Schoderbek and Deshpande,
1996). Further, women are more likely to be influenced by societal norms to create a favorable
impression (Chung and Monroe,2003), which, in turn, leads to a greater propensity for females
to respond in a socially desirable manner.
A second socialization-based perspective proposes that society imposes different role
expectations on men and women, and these expectations cause sex differences in unethical
behaviors. People behave consistently with the stereotype attached to their social roles (Eagly,
1987). Because women are stereotyped as more communal and less selfish than men (Eagly &
Wood, 1991), role expectations may explain why women would want to behave less unethically
than men (McCabe et al., 2006; Westbrook et al., 2011).

2.5.3 Philosophical Approach

Men will seek competitive success and are more likely to break rules because
they view achievement as competition. Women are more concerned with doing tasks well
and promoting Harmonious work relationships. Therefore, women are more likely to adhere
to rules and be less tolerant of those individuals who break the rules.

Gilligan (1982) argued that boys and girls are socialized into different behavioral
patterns, resulting in a stronger emphasis on relationships and care among women. Similarly,
Ruegger and King (1992) maintained that parents condone aggressive behavior among boys,
but not girls, which should result in more unethical behavior among male adults (see also Betz
et al., 1989). Criminologists similarly view sex differences in unethical behaviors as caused by
boys being subject to less parental supervision than girls (Simmons & Blyth, 1987); this is
believed to result in lower self-control and more rulebreaking propensity among male adults,
compared to females (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990; LaGrange & Silverman, 1999). Recent
research in the context of negotiation draws on this perspective to propose that men act in ways
consistent with their gender identity, including behaving more unethically during negotiation.
Men are particularly likely to exhibit such behavior when they feel a need to reaffirm their
gender identity, as suggested by work based on precarious manhood where men become more
competitive when they feel that they have something to prove (Kray & Haselhuhn, 2012).