Sr.

Reaction Reagent Condition Mechanism Example Note

No.

1 Alkanes → CO2 + H2O O2 Combustion / Oxidation Incomplete combustion gives CO

Initiation
Alkanes → Haloalkanes
2 Cl2 UV light Substitution / Halogenation CH4 → CH3Cl Propagation
RH - Rx
Termination

Alkanes → Alkenes Thermal - 900˚c

3 Heat Cracking C8H18 → C6H14 + C2H4
C-C → C=C Catalytic - Al2O3 , 600˚c

Alkene → Alkane Nickel Catalyst

4 Hydrogen Addition / Hydrogenation C2H4 + H2 → C2H6 Used to convert fats to margarine
C=C → C-C 140˚c

6MPa
Alkene → Alcohol Steam
5 330˚c C2H4 + H2 → C2H5OH
C=C → R-OH H2O (g)
H3PO4 catalyst

Alkene → Haloalkane Hydrogen halide Major product is the one that has the halogen
6 rtp. Addition C2H4 + HCl → C2H5Cl
C=C → Rx Hx bonded to the least no. of hydrogens

Alkene → Dihaloalkane Halogen If Br2 water decolourises,

7 Electrophillic addition C2H4 + Cl2 → C2H4Cl2
C=C → Rx x then alkene is present

8 Polymerisation of Alkenes Addition polymerisation n. C=C → [ C - C ] n Used to make polyethene

Alkene → Alkane-diol
9 [O] and H2O Cold dilute acidified KMnO4 Oxidation
C=C → R-OH

Hot concentrated acidified

10 Alkene → CO2 + H2O [O] Oxidation CH2=CH2 + [O] → 2CO2 + H2O C attached to H
KMnO4

Hot concentrated acidified

11 Alkene → R-COOH + CO2 + H2O [O] Oxidation CH3CH=CH2 + [O] → CH3COOH + CO2 + H2O C attached to H and R
KMnO5

Alkene → Carboxylic acid + Ketone Hot concentrated acidified

12 [O] Oxidation C2H5CH=C(CH3)CH3 + [O] → C2H5COOH + CH3-C(O)-CH3 C attached to R (alkyl group)
C=C → R-COOH + R-C=(O)-R KMnO6

NaOH (aq) or Same reaction occurs with water but slower

13 Rx → R-OH Reflux Nucleophillic substitution Rx + NaOH → ROH + Nax
OHˉ because -ve OHˉ ion is more effective
14 Rx → R-CN CNˉ In ethanol Nucleophillic substitution Rx + CNˉ → RCN + xˉ

15 R-CN → R-CH2-NH2 [H] Reduction R-CN + [H] → R-CH2-NH2

16 R-CN → R-COOH H2O In presence of H⁺ Alcoholic Hydrolysis R-CN + 2H2O → R-COOH + NH3

17 R-CN → R-COOˉ H2O and NaOH Alkaline Hydrolysis R-CN + H2O + NaOH → R-COONa + NH3 Salt of alkali formed

18 Rx → R-NH2 NH3 In ethanol Nucleophillic substitution Rx + NH3 → R-NH2 + Hx

Haloalkane → Alkene H from adjacent C-atom from x is removed

19 KOH Alcoholic Elimination CH3-CH2-Br + KOH → CH2=CH2 + KBr + H2O
Rx + KOH → C=C + KBr + H2O (CH3)

20 R-OH → CO2 + H2O O2 Combustion / Oxidation R-OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat

21 R-OH → Rx Hx Reflux Substitution R-OH + Hx → Rx + H2O

22 R-OH → Rx SOx2 Reflux Substitution R-OH + SOx2 → Rx + Hx + SO2

23 R-OH → Rx Px3 Reflux Substitution R-OH + Px3 → Rx + H3PO4

24 R-OH → Rx Px5 Reflux Substitution R-OH + Px5 → Rx + Hx + Px3

Sodium metal
25 R-OH → R-ONa R-OH + Na → R-O-Na + H2 R-O-Na = Sodium alkoxide
Na

Carboxylic acid acid catalyst (H⁺)

26 R-OH → R-COO-R' Esterification R-OH + R'-COOH → R'-COO-R + H2O
R'-COOH Reflux

27 R-COO-R' → R-COOH H2O In presence of H⁺ Acidic hydrolysis of ester R-COO-R' + H2O → R-COOH + R'-OH
28 R-COO-R' → R-COONa NaOH (aq) and H2O Alkaline Hydrolysis R-COO-R' + H2O → R-COONa + R'-OH Salt of acid formed

1˚ Alcohol → Aldehyde Cr2O7²ˉ

29 [O] Oxidation R-CH2-OH + [O] → R-CHO + H2O Orange solution → Green soluGon
R-OH → R-CHO Distill

Aldehyde → Carboxylic acid Cr2O7²ˉ

30 [O] Oxidation R-CHO + [O] → R-COOH Cr2O7²ˉ (VI) → Cr(III)⁺
R-CHO → R-COOH Reflux

2˚ Alcohol → Ketone
31 [O] Cr2O7²ˉ Oxidation R-OH + [O] → R-C(O)-R' + H2O 3˚ Alcohol - no oxidation takes place
R-OH → R-C(O)-R'

Aldehyde → 1˚ Alcohol
32 [H] NaBH4 and heat Reduction R-CHO + [H] → R-CH2-OH H added to O and C
R-CHO → R-OH

Ketone → 2˚ Alcohol
33 [H] NaBH4 and heat Reduction R-C(O)-R' + [H] → R-CH(OH)-R' H added to O and C
R-C(O)-R'

Ketone → Cyanohydrin
34 HCN Nucleophillic addition R-C(O)-R' + HCN → R-COH(CN)-R' HCN is fromed by KCN + H2SO4
R-C(O)-R' → R-COH(CN)-R'

CN added to C
Aldehyde → Cyanohydrin
35 HCN Nucleophillic addition R-CHO + HCN → R-CH(OH)-CN H added to O
R-CHO → R-CH(CN)-OH
Used to increase C-chain length

Cyanohydrin → Carboxyllic acid

36 H2O In presence of H⁺ Acidic hydrolysis R-CH(OH)-CN + 2H2O → R-CH(OH)-COOH + NH3
R-CH(OH)-CN → R-CH(OH)-COOH

Cyanohydrin → Amine
37 Na in ethanol Reduction R-CH(OH)-CN + 4[H] → R-CH(OH)-CH2NH2
R-CH(OH)-CN → R-CH(OH)-CH2NH2