TFMD Schlieren and Shadowgraph

Schlieren, Shadowgraph and
Direct Photography
Dr. Mazlan Abdul Wahid

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
www.fkm.utm.my/~mazlan
FKM UTM Thermal Fluid Measurement and Diagnostic MMJ 2413 DR MAZLAN 2006 FKM UTM Thermal Fluid Measurement and Diagnostic MMJ 2413 DR MAZLAN 2006
• Looking through a fluid

Deflection of Light Rays
• Shadowgraph - measure
• Schlieren - measure
• Mach-Zendner Interferometer - measure phase-shift
1
Schlieren vs. Shadowgraph
Schlieren Technique
• From German word “schlire” denotes optical inhomogeneities
Shadowgraph Schlieren glass, which causes an irregular light deflection (Merzkirch,
1987).
• Robert Hooke (1635-1703) observed atmospheric refraction
• Displays a mere shadow ∂ 2n • Displays a focused image ∂n (Rienitz, 1997)
∂x
• Shows light ray displacement ∂x 2 • Shows ray refraction angle, ε
• Attributed to Focault (1859) and Toepler (1864)
• Illuminance level responds to • Illuminance level responds to
• Focault developed the knife-edge test for telescope mirrors
• No knife edge used • Knife edge used for cutoff
• Elaborated by Toepler, now often referred to as the “Toepler
method”
• Ph.D. thesis by Schardin (1933), “The Toepler Schlieren
Technique – Principles for its Application and Quantitative
Evaluation”
• Idea: Introduce knife edge at focal point

– light bent down is removed darker-spots
– light bent up is kept brighter-spots
• Direction of density gradient known
Schlieren
Technique
2
Publication related to schlieren application in Models of Light
thermofluid are Physical (wave) model
Wave Peaks
• Experiments in Fluids
V = c o ≈ 3x108 m/s
• Shock Wave
• Fluid Dynamics
• Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics Geometric model
and
• Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves.
Light Rays
Light From a Point Source Speed of Light in a Medium

Index of Refraction:
co
n= c = speed of light in the medium
c
Typical values: For gases:
Medium n = co/c
Air 1.0003 n = 1 + kρ
Water 1.33
ρ = gas density
Crown glass 1.52 k = 0.23 cm3/g for air
Plexiglas 1.51
Diamond 2.42
3
Light Refraction Example, Refraction in Water
θ1 Snell’s Law:
n1sin θ1 = n 2sin θ 2
n1 < n 2
Water Surface
Medium 1
Medium 2
θ2
Pole
Lenses The Basic Schlieren System
Focus
Point Source
4
The Real Schlieren System Schlieren Image
Extended Source
Schlieren Image Mirrors
5
Z-type Schlieren System Light Source
Lamp
Condenser Lens
Light Source
A-A
1st Field Mirror 2nd Field Mirror
Knife Edge Section A-A

Test Section Screen/Instrument Panel
Setting Up The Schlieren System Setting Up The Schlieren System
Step 1: Find the focal length of the field mirrors Step 2: Set up the first field mirror
Light Source
1st Field Mirror

Focal Length
Test Section
6
Setting Up The Schlieren System Setting Up The Schlieren System
Step 3: Set up the second field mirror Step 4: Set up the knife edge
Light Source
1st Field Mirror 2nd Field Mirror

Focus the
Adjust the cutoff Obtain a uniform
source image
Test Section Screen/Instrument Panel darkening of the image
on the knife
Uniform Darkening Schlieren in Combustion

• Durox and Ducruix (1999) performed an experiment to study the schlieren
limit in premixed flames of CH4 and air.
• Study on the position of a schlieren image of an axisymmetric premixed
flame, in three cases: a flat flame, a flame concave towards the fresh gases
and, on the contrary, towards the burnt gases
Knife edge too close Knife edge too far from Uniform darkening
to second field mirror second field mirror
Experimental set-up on location of the Schliren limit in premixed flames
7
• Takizawa et al (2005) has measured burning velocity of four • Ilbas et al. (2006) has measured laminar flame velocities of
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), i.e., difluoromethane (HFC-32), 1,1,2- hydrogen–air and different composition of hydrogen–methane–air
trifluoroethane (HFC-143), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), and mixtures (from 100% hydrogen to 100% methane) at ambient
1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) using the spherical-vessel (SV) temperatures for variable equivalence ratios (ER = 0.8-3.2)
method
Experimental and optical set-up

Experimental and optical set-up on
Application of Rainbow Schlieren

Deflectometry (RSD) in Combustion
• Greenberg et al. (1995) developed quantitative Rainbow

Schlieren Deflectometry (RSD) technique utilizing computer-
based imaging approach
Ilbas et al. (2006) schlieren photographs for different fuel compositions,

∅= 1.0. (a) 100% CH4; (b) 30% H2 + 70% CH4; (c) 70% H2 + 30% CH4; (d) 100% H2.
8
• Al-Ammar et al. (1998) used rainbow schlieren deflectometry • Flow structure of a flickering gas-jet diffusion flame
technique to measure oxygen concentrations in a laminar, was investigated by Albers and Agrawal (1999) using
isothermal helium jet discharged vertically into ambient air. quantitative rainbow schlieren deflectometry (RSD).
Experimental and optical set-up on

Experimental and optical set-up on rainbow schlieren image of the helium jet
• Ibaretta et al. (2005) determined the premixed sooting flame • In 2006, Ibaretta et al. conducted an experiment to characterize
speed of an ethylene/air mixture using two quasi- premixed spherical ethylene/air flames under sooting condition
onedimensional flame configurations: a counterflow
configuration in normal gravity and a spherical flame in
microgravity
• A compact rainbow Schlieren deflectometry (RSD) system
was developed and utilized to characterize the flame radius
and temperature field
9
Advantages
• Simple and able to provide quantitative information

under sooting conditions.
• Can be used to obtain the entire temperature field of a
Ibaretta et al. (2006) sample time sequence of a microgravity drop (Φ = 3.5 and symmetric flow field from a single image.
=0.046 g/s). Top panels: direct imaging; bottom panels: RSD imaging. Time t = 0
corresponds to the release of the drop package. Ignition occurred at –0.5 s before
the drop. The retractable igniter is seen in the first frame of the RSD image. The
minor asymmetry on the left side of the RSD image is caused by the intrusion of
the thermocouple.Experimental and optical set-up on
Schlieren in Shock Wave Phenomena
• Ernst Mach was the person who observed and took the first
photograph of shock waves (Weistein and Settles, 2003)
• In 1996, Weinstein patented system of schlieren system for moving
objects. The basic components of the system comprises:
• 1) A vertical line light source

• 2) An imaging lens
• 3) A vertical cut-off knife edge and
• 4) A moving film strip or other detector matching the motion of the
image of the test subject. The imaging lens, detector format, and
subject distance determines the field of view
Diagram of the large-field scanning schlieren system
10
Schlieren in Fluids Flow Phenomena
• Tanda and Devia (1998) applied the quantitative schlieren
technique to the study of two-dimensional free convection
heat transfer.
Weistein and Settles (2003) of scanning-camera

schlieren for aircraft in flight is shown
Weistein and Settles (2003) schlieren for

Aircraft-in-flight image of T-38 aircraft at
Mach 1.1 and 9.6 km slant range
Tanda and Devia (1998) curves of equal light

displacement D for natural convection on a single
Experimental and optical set-up on heated vertical plate (Tw-T∞=20.9 K, Ra=5x105)
• Garg and Settles (1998) described novel, non-intrusive, high-

frequency, localized optical measurements of turbulence in
compressible flows. The technique is based upon focusing
schlieren optics coupled with high-speed quantitative
measurement of light intensity fluctuations in the schlieren image.
Venkatakrishnan and Meier (2004) the background dot

pattern a) without the flow and b) with the flow
Venkatakrishnan and Meier (2004) a) experimental

geometry of a cone-cylinder in the 0.3 m tunnel. b)
Schematic of experimental set-up
Venkatakrishnan and Meier (2004) computed Schlieren (horizontal
FKM UTM Thermal Fluid Measurement and Diagnostic MMJ 2413 DR MAZLAN 2006 FKM UTM Thermal Fluid Measurement and Diagnostic MMJ 2413
knife-edge) DR MAZLAN 2006
11
Elsinga et al. (2004) color schlieren image
of the Mach 2 supersonic flow
around the 2D wedge-plate model
Meier (2002) supersonic jet from a rectangular nozzle (experiment by M.

Rein, DLR). The top image is a real schlieren picture (taken with a horizontal
knife) of the supersonic jet. The middle frame shows in comparison the Elsinga et al. (2004) The Prandtl-Meyer expansion.
density gradient field of the same jet.
• The schlieren technique has proven to be particularly

well suited in fluids and combustion and has been SHADOWGRAPH
widely implemented.
• Newer variations of this technique have extended it to
wide range of applications, from examining the free • Optical method which that reveals non-
convection of air to visualizing the shock waves about
aircraft in flight. uniformities in transparent media like glass,
• Many recent developments have expanded the optical water and air.
techniques. The development of digital cameras and
computers give a new tool to take and enhance • Example the plume of hot air rising from a
schlieren images, so that improved image quality and fire can be seen by way of its shadow cast
sensitivity are obtained.
upon a nearby surface by the uniform sunlight.
• The combination of old and new schlieren techniques,
and the wide range of problems could be used to study,
should result in expanded use of schlieren as
diagnostic tool in the near future.
12
HISTORY
• The result or image captured by the shadowgraph
technique is known as a shadowgram
• Johann Wiesel (the first optician in Germany
to make microscopes as well as telescopes)
• In the shadowgram, the differences in light was the first person that using the
intensity are proportional to the second spatial shadowgraph technique. Johann was found to
derivative (Laplacian) of the refractive index use the technique to see the state of cataracts, a
field in the transparent medium under study clouding of the lens of the eye, so that the user
can see when an operation is required.
• The sunlight shadowgraphy was first

scientifically demonstrated by Robert Hooke
• Discovered this effect while observing the
shadow of a burning candle cast by sunlight.
He saw a plume of hot air above the flame that
cast a shadow because the heat changes the
density of the air, which refracts light rays.
• The infamous Jean Paul Marat who first used it
to study fire.
• Then Settles was the person who given a
modern account in the shadowgraphy
technique.
13
PRINCIPLE SUNLIGHT SHADOWGRAPH
• The parallel light or a parallel beam of • Refractive disturbance

light is passed through the flow in a test of lateral size d occurs
section and projected on the screen or a at distance g from a
screen upon which the
photographic film. shadowgram is cast
• The irradiance depends on the second • Irrespective of standoff
distance g, ray
derivative of the refractive index or deflections by the
density of the flow fluid. refractive disturbance
must compete with a
substantial blur angle in
order to be visible
APPLICATION
Lenses
• Combustion measurement, shadowgraph usually used Shadowgraph

to monitor or visualized the flame characteristics
which is hardly defined by other method.
• Flow visualization; to get the physical picture of
complicated phenomenon which is usually a
transparent image.
• Without a conceptual image, working with fluid and Point Source
gases is like working with solid objects in darker
14
Direct Shadowgraphy
Direct Shadowgraphy
Point Source
Bubble of high
density gas
Shadowgraph Image
Shadowgraph Technique
15
16
Some Notes • The schlieren technique is well suited in fluids and
combustion and has been widely implemented.
• Newer variations of this technique have extended it to
wide range of applications, from examining the free
convection of air to visualizing the shock waves about
• The angle between the illuminator axis and the collimated aircraft in flight.
beam should be kept to a minimum • Many recent developments have expanded the optical
– Coma: Smearing of the mirror focus into a comet shape (cancelled out by techniques. The development of digital cameras and
tilting the mirrors in opposite directions, i.e. z-type system) computers give a new tool to take and enhance schlieren
– Astigmatism: Changes the focus into two short lines perpendicular to each images, so that improved image quality and sensitivity are
other (limited by orienting the knife edge the same as the light source) obtained.
• A sheet of white paper is a good alignment tool • The combination of old and new schlieren techniques,
and the wide range of problems could be used to study,
• A threaded bolt works well as a focusing tool should result in expanded use of schlieren as diagnostic
tool in the near future.
Direct Photography
Direct Photography
17
Direct Photography
Soot photographs
An experimental setup of fan stirred bomb facility at Leeds University to

study the premixed turbulent flame of various mixtures
18
Wild forest fires
Alaska forest fires Canada forest fires
US wild forest fire

19
References
• G.S. Settles, Schlieren & Shadowgraph Techniques,

Springer-Verlag, 2001.
• D.C. Giancoli, Physics for Scientists & Engineers, Prentice
Hall, 1988.
20

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Schlieren, Shadowgraph and

Dr. Mazlan Abdul Wahid

• Looking through a fluid

• Idea: Introduce knife edge at focal point

Light From a Point Source Speed of Light in a Medium

Lenses The Basic Schlieren System

Schlieren Image Mirrors

1st Field Mirror 2nd Field Mirror

Knife Edge Section A-A

Setting Up The Schlieren System Setting Up The Schlieren System

1st Field Mirror

1st Field Mirror 2nd Field Mirror

Uniform Darkening Schlieren in Combustion

Experimental set-up on location of the Schliren limit in premixed flames

Experimental and optical set-up

Application of Rainbow Schlieren

• Greenberg et al. (1995) developed quantitative Rainbow

Ilbas et al. (2006) schlieren photographs for different fuel compositions,

Experimental and optical set-up on

• Simple and able to provide quantitative information

Schlieren in Shock Wave Phenomena

• 1) A vertical line light source

Diagram of the large-field scanning schlieren system

Weistein and Settles (2003) of scanning-camera

Weistein and Settles (2003) schlieren for

Tanda and Devia (1998) curves of equal light

• Garg and Settles (1998) described novel, non-intrusive, high-

Venkatakrishnan and Meier (2004) the background dot

Venkatakrishnan and Meier (2004) a) experimental

Meier (2002) supersonic jet from a rectangular nozzle (experiment by M.

• The schlieren technique has proven to be particularly

• The sunlight shadowgraphy was first

• The parallel light or a parallel beam of • Refractive disturbance

• Combustion measurement, shadowgraph usually used Shadowgraph

An experimental setup of fan stirred bomb facility at Leeds University to

Wild forest fires

Alaska forest fires Canada forest fires

US wild forest fire

• G.S. Settles, Schlieren & Shadowgraph Techniques,

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