CRISTAL Expansion Project – CEP2 Chlorine Plant

120.000 MTPY (100% Chlorine Based)

GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PVDF LINED STEEL

EQUIPMENTS

A FIRST ISSUE 20.01.2006 E.Ö. A.K. H.D.

REV DESCRIPTION DATE PREP’D CHK’D APP’D
REVISIONS
NAME DATE SIGNATURE
PREPARED BY EFKAR ÖZTÜRK 20.01.2006
CHECKED BY ADNAN KAYAHAN 20.01.2006
APPROVED BY HİCABİ DOĞAN 20.01.2006
JOB NO : PRJ / 04-12 DOC.NO 800.09.204 PAGES 14 (Incl. Cover)
 CLIENT : CRISTAL CLIENT NO : - PAGE 2 / 14
REVISION A
DOC. NO. 800.09.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PVDF LINED STEEL
PREP’D E.ÖZTÜRK
EQUIPMENTS
CHK’D A.KAYAHAN
JOB NO : PRJ / 04-12 APP’D H.DOĞAN

1.0 SCOPE :
This specification covers the general requirements and some necessary explanations for PVDF
lined steel equipment.
2.0 GENERAL :
Surface protection in the sense of the directive means coatings whose total contact surface is
adhered to the basic material.

The parts which are to be protected should be so designed and constructed that they can be
furnished with a surface protection without further reworking or alteration. Their dimensions and
unit weights must correspond to the possibilities of the surface protection. The surfaces which are
to be protected must be easily accessible.

All connections and joints etc. must be so designed that the surface protection can be applied
without there being any spaces left untouched.

Any work being carried out on the parts of the construction which can endanger the protective
coating must be finished in advance. Fitting areas for example, which still have to be chipped or
ground down after application of the protective layer, must be finished smooth before the
protection is applied so that an adequate and uniform layer of protective coating remains on them.
Lining of steel equipment, etc. with PVDF requires a different technique than that used for
duallaminates.
In this case, the load-bearing walls do already exist. Here, the liner is prefabricated and bonded to
the steel wall and, for this reason; it is not possible to make all the welds before the liner is bonded
in position.
Welds made prior to bonding the liner to the steel wall are produced in the same way as those for
liners intended for GRP (FRP) equipment. Since, however, the tank walls are electrically
conducting, not every weld has to be provided with an earthed covering.
When bonding PVDF lining laminates, they should be brought the closest possible near each
other, thus, without overlapping.
As soon as the adhesive has set and the liner adheres firmly to the steel surface, the remaining
welds can be made.
Excess adhesive must be removed from the weld area before welding can start. There will be
adhesive in the space between the two sheets and this has first to be scraped out before welding,
which is done by placing a length of round-section welding rod in the gap and welding in the
usual way.
The finished weld be checked with a spark tester repaired where necessary.

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 CLIENT : CRISTAL CLIENT NO : - PAGE 3 / 14
REVISION A
DOC. NO. 800.09.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PVDF LINED STEEL
PREP’D E.ÖZTÜRK
EQUIPMENTS
CHK’D A.KAYAHAN
JOB NO : PRJ / 04-12 APP’D H.DOĞAN

3.0 MATERIALS :
Suppliers of semi-finished goods and casting should be informed at the time of ordering that the
parts which will be made from these materials are to be surface protected.

3.1. Steel :

Experience shows that the quality requirements mentioned below should be taken into
consideration when choosing materials.

3.1.1. Strips and Sheets :

For cold rolled strip, free from cracks and pores should be maintained.

3.1.2. Tubes :

3.1.2.1. Seamless steel tubes :

Seamless tubes can be used.

3.1.2.2. Welded steel tubes :

Welded steel tubes according can be used as long as the inner rough edge of
the welding is removed.

3.1.3. Profile tool steels and sections :

Profile tool steels and sections can be used.

3.2. Non-ferrous metal forgeable materials :

These materials are seldom used in bonded sheet linings.

3.3. Metallic casting materials :

Castings are suitable for surface protection within limits. The surface to be protected should
be in a condition which permits an exact assessment.

It must be free of molding and core sand, flakes, cold shuts, cracks, shrink holes, pores and
spongy parts, sand or slag inclusions, and segregation which reach the surface are not
acceptable. Caulking and riveting is not permissible.

Surface faults, such as insignificant sand and slag spots, small colds shut or flakes can be
removed by supplementary polishing. As a rule the looting of faulty parts is not permitted.
Welded, brazed and lute spots should be smooth and free from pores.

- Cast steel

- Cast iron

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 CLIENT : CRISTAL CLIENT NO : - PAGE 4 / 14
REVISION A
DOC. NO. 800.09.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PVDF LINED STEEL
PREP’D E.ÖZTÜRK
EQUIPMENTS
CHK’D A.KAYAHAN
JOB NO : PRJ / 04-12 APP’D H.DOĞAN

With lameller graphite and cast iron with spheroid graphite.

4.0 SURFACE OF THE CONSTRUCTION UNIT :
The surface should be evenly joined and flat so that no air is enclosed when the surface protection
is applied. Cutting burrs, welding globules, uneven joints, cracks etc. must be removed. Large
unevenness is not acceptable if their width is small compared with their depth and they have sharp
joints at the edges. Surface faults caused during manufacture must be carefully looked for and
removed. Thus for example drawing or rolling faults must be removed only by complete grinding
out and, if necessary, by repeat welding. Faults which influence the whole nature of the surface,
such as grains, throughs, pores or grooves, striations etc., must be evened out or removed by the
usual methods.

Internal errors in the material, such as for example blowholes or scale, can endanger the surface
protection. Surfaces which are already greatly corroded or contaminated by chemical influences
are, as a general rule, no longer suitable for surfaces protection.
5.0 MATERIAL CONNECTIONS :
5.1. Welding :

When welding construction units whose surface is to be protected, the following should be
borne in mind :

Welding seams whose surface quality cannot be verified should be avoided.

Spot welds are not acceptable. No rough scratches should be left after grinding.

In the case of tubes with the nominal width 100 mm, smooth welding flanges are
recommended.

For the welding of non-ferrous metals, shielded arc welding is to be recommended.

5.1.1 Welding seams

The welding seams must be welded cleanly and completely. The surface must be free
from :

- pin holes
- slag inclusions

- large humps

- pores
- penetration notches

- deposit and bumps

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 CLIENT : CRISTAL CLIENT NO : - PAGE 5 / 14
REVISION A
DOC. NO. 800.09.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PVDF LINED STEEL
PREP’D E.ÖZTÜRK
EQUIPMENTS
CHK’D A.KAYAHAN
JOB NO : PRJ / 04-12 APP’D H.DOĞAN

One must be particularly certain that the welding seam on the side which is to be
protected is free from pores. To this end, the side which is to be surface-protected
should be welded first.
5.2. Bolting :

Bolt holes both sides must be well rounded off.

A suitable corrosion resistant material should be chosen for the bolts and nuts. If the bolts
and nuts have to be protected, then caps in connection with supporting washers are possible.

Discs of suitable plastic are placed under the bolt head and nut so that the coating is not
damaged by screwing up the bolts.

The coating of bolts, nuts and tap holes is unsuitable.

One cannot protect the surface of already assembled constructions which have bolt
connections.
5.3. Rolling :

The connection of two construction units by means of rolling is common also in the case of
surface-protected constructions.

In the case of thermally hardened surface protection, the adhesive expansion must be c.20%
of the thickness of the walls of the tubes.

Distinction must be made :

a) Protection of the inner side of the tube and hence the out side of the base,

b) Protection of the outer side of the tube and hence the rear of the base,

c) Protection of the inner and outer side.

6.0 CONSTRUCTIONAL DIRECTIONS :
6.1. Rigidity of the constructions :

The constructions to be protected must be so formed that changes in shape, which may cause
damage to the intended protective layer, are excluded. In the case of thin-walled
constructions, a change in shape can be prevented by blasting e.g. with chill casting grit. In
the case of sheet constructions, the inherent stability required is better obtained by suitable
wall thickness than by additional reinforcement of thin-walled constructions.

Reinforcements are to be avoided on the surface to be protected. Properly constructed

pressure containers generally meet requirements. Multiple constructions should be connected
in such a way that protected surfaces move against one another. Parts which need to be

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 CLIENT : CRISTAL CLIENT NO : - PAGE 6 / 14
REVISION A
DOC. NO. 800.09.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PVDF LINED STEEL
PREP’D E.ÖZTÜRK
EQUIPMENTS
CHK’D A.KAYAHAN
JOB NO : PRJ / 04-12 APP’D H.DOĞAN

balanced, such as fan baffles, centrifugal drums, etc. must be balanced before the protection
is applied.
6.2. Connecting pieces and block flanges :

We recommend that outlets, connecting pieces etc. be necked out and butt welded. If this is
not possible, then the corners which result from setting in or placing on the connecting pieces
must be evened out by welding, whereby the edges or joints must be rounded off with as
large a radius as possible and must be polished smooth. If complete welding is not possible,
then adequate ventilation must be provided.

Connections must be as short as possible, as long connections are not only difficult to
protect, but they may also easily be bent or ruptured during transportation and assembly. Up
to nominal width of 100 mm. smooth welding flanges are to be preferred. Above a nominal
width of 100 mm, blank flanges are also possible.

Hard jointing can endanger the surface protection because of the high surface compressions.
In such cases special constructional measures are required.
6.3. Manholes :

Manholes in containers which are to be protected must have an inside diameter of at least
500 mm, for safety reasons. Any additional masonry must not reduce this size.
6.4. Heads :

Dome shaped heads must be welded onto the container body in such a way that the surface of
the side to be protected is smooth when there are different plate thickness. The doming must
always be on the outside.
6.5. Edges and corners :

Sharp edges and corners are not acceptable. They must be cleanly and smoothly rounded off
with as large a radius as possible.

Corners are best formed by means of clean, well-rounded welding seams.

6.6. Tubes, tubes fittings and connections :

6.6.1. Straight tubes :

The interior width and length of the tubes are limited by the particular coating
material used.

6.6.2. Tube fittings :

Tube fittings should be short, independent elements, easily accessible from all side,
length of connection ≤ nom. Width +100

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 CLIENT : CRISTAL CLIENT NO : - PAGE 7 / 14
REVISION A
DOC. NO. 800.09.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PVDF LINED STEEL
PREP’D E.ÖZTÜRK
EQUIPMENTS
CHK’D A.KAYAHAN
JOB NO : PRJ / 04-12 APP’D H.DOĞAN

Necking-out with butt welded seams is preferable for other constructions.

Bends > 90° should be subdivided. Only one bent curve up to 90° at the end is
followed on straight tubes.

Hard sheets require special constructions.

6.6.3. Connections :

The best connection method for tubes which are to be coated is the flange connection.
Type and material for the joining should be determined according to the surface
protection.

Inside edges should be rounded off with the largest possible radius.

If the inside edges have to remain angular, then exceptions are possible as long as the
coating technique chosen allows this condition.

If tubes are to be coated or covered e.g. in drilling engineering, special solutions are
possible which take into account the screw coupling commonly used in this field.

7.0 PREPARATION OF SURFACES FOR LINING :

Before starting any lining operation, the operator should verify conformity of the surfaces,
recommendations as outlined in 2.0 above and if necessary bring them into conformity. This
conformity is essential for optimal lining. Non-conformity will always negatively affect the
quality of the lining, however well the lining is applied.

Once conformity has been ensured, the operator should take care to eliminate any waste metal
leftovers from the construction.

If the quality of the metal support is in doubt (traces of corrosion, pores etc), the support should be
sweated for 4 to 6 hours at 450-500 °C, to eliminate any penetrating items, thoroughly degreased,
and then sandblasted. Shot blasting is not recommended.

After sandblasting the surface should be cleaned of dust using clean, oil-and water free, filtered
air.

If the part is grease-stained, it should be further degreased using a chlorinated or chlorofluorinated

liquid solvent such as Solvethane or Kaltron or, in the case of difficult stains, be steamed with
Tristabil or similar solvent.

As soon as possible after cleaning, the surface should be covered with a thin layer of primary zinc
oxide based-epoxy or the formulated adhesive diluted to 20% in a solvent.

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 CLIENT : CRISTAL CLIENT NO : - PAGE 8 / 14
REVISION A
DOC. NO. 800.09.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PVDF LINED STEEL
PREP’D E.ÖZTÜRK
EQUIPMENTS
CHK’D A.KAYAHAN
JOB NO : PRJ / 04-12 APP’D H.DOĞAN

7.1. Adhesion characteristics of sandblasted steel structures lined with adhesive-bonded PVDF
sheets with glass fabric or synthetic fabric backing.

7.1.1. The adhesives :

Adhesives should be chosen according to the operating conditions (temperatures and
pressure) of the equipment to be lined.
In general, recommended adhesives fall into three categories : so-called “contract”
adhesives, polyurethane adhesives and two-component epoxy adhesives.
Contact adhesives are easy to use but adhesion reduces sharply at 60 °C and when
subjected to thermal shock.
Polyurethane based adhesives with hardener are normally easy to use. They are fairly
elastic and can offer good heat resistance qualities (up to 140 °C).
Two-component epoxy adhesives, although more difficult to use and less elastic,
offer the highest adhesion at maximum operating temperatures (up to 140 °C).
Furthermore, their chemical resistance is greater than that of the other adhesives
mentioned above, a useful property in the proximity of corrosive chemicals which
could penetrate the fluoropolymer lining.

Ideally, the adhesive chosen should satisfy the following criteria :

- good adhesion over a wide range of temperatures, including temperatures
of up to 140°C.
- low viscosity to ensure good wetting of the backing fabric
- ability to cover any surface faults (high viscosity)
- sufficiently viscous to cover vertical or overhanging walls evenly and without
running.
- good chemical resistance (in the event of penetration of corrosive products)
- cold hardening
- good resistance to sudden heating during welding together of bonded sheets
- long “pot life” (=2 hrs) before hardening.

Since it is impossible to meet all these criteria simultaneously (low viscosity for
fabric wetting and high viscosity to avoid running), the user will choose the adhesive
which meets the most closely the criteria imposed by the conditions of application.

7.1.2. Adhesive systems for linings (steel etc.) :

A lot of tests have been performed for different adhesive systems to check the suitability in
operation.
Tests like bonding strength, tensile tests, climbing drum peel tests and alternating
temperature tests of up to a test temperature of 150 °C and some permeation tests have been
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 CLIENT : CRISTAL CLIENT NO : - PAGE 9 / 14
REVISION A
DOC. NO. 800.09.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PVDF LINED STEEL
PREP’D E.ÖZTÜRK
EQUIPMENTS
CHK’D A.KAYAHAN
JOB NO : PRJ / 04-12 APP’D H.DOĞAN

carried out. The following epoxy resin systems are suitable for the use in linings with
fluoropolymers :
Adhesive operating
Trade name Resin/Hardener system temperature
Araldite AV 138 / HV 998 120 °C
AW 139 / HV 998 120 °C
XB 5047 / XB 5067 80 °C
AV 4415 / HV 4416 180 °C

1) Continuous operating temperature of the bonded component without any influence of

chemical substances, acc. to the resin producer.
This temperature does not automatically reflect the highest permissible operating
temperature for a bonded lining laminate.

2) The adhesive is to be post cured at elevated temperatures, e.g. :

3 hours at 80°C; 1 hour at 130 °C, resp. 30 minutes at 150 °C.
Further epoxy resin systems which have been tested are :

Trade name Resin / Hardener system

Araldite AV 138 / HY 217

AW 139 / HY 217
AW 136 / HY 994

Rütapox VE 3165 A/B

Chemo Resin VP 182 A/B

Scotch Weld EC 2216 A/B

Lekutherm X257 / T3

7.2. Thermoforming of Backed Sheets :

Given the rigidity of PVDF (and its very low expansion rate) when cold, we recommend
that linking pieces, flanging radii, dome shaped and profiled bases be thermoformed.

Polyester fabric backed sheets can be very easily thermoformed by classical vacuum or
pressure molding. The polyester fabric backing has the particular feature of a coefficient of
elongation of around 200% in both directions at ambient temperatures.

Moreover, as PVDF is thermoformed at between 170 and 175 °C, the PVDF can soften
while the polyester fabric remains sufficiently strong to support the PVDF, which can then
take the required form (elongating 650 to 700% in this temperature range).

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 CLIENT : CRISTAL CLIENT NO : - PAGE 10 / 14
REVISION A
DOC. NO. 800.09.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PVDF LINED STEEL
PREP’D E.ÖZTÜRK
EQUIPMENTS
CHK’D A.KAYAHAN
JOB NO : PRJ / 04-12 APP’D H.DOĞAN

Using sheets which are thicker than the nominal lining thickness (4 mm. sheets for a 3
mm. lining). If sheets are to be welded prior to thermoforming this should preferably be
done using a heated blade, with the lining removed from both sides of the sheet and a 20
mm. wide and 1 to 1.5 mm. thick cap strip welded in the normal fashion using a hot air
torch (large, rapid nozzle), pressing down the whole width of the strip. Using this technique,
large diameter (up to Ø 3600 mm) dome-shaped bases can be formed without difficulty.

Brief description of the procedure of the steel linings :

1. To sandblast the steel surface with sharp edged sandblasting material :

The surface quality is according to the standard, SA 2 ½, which means: Very thorough
blast cleaning.

Mill scale, rust and foreign particles shall be removed to the extent that the only
traces remaining are slight stains in the form of spots or stripes.

Finally, the surface is cleaned with a vacuum cleaner, clean dry compressed air or a
clean brush.

2. To suit and to adapt the sheets to the part to be lined.

3. To apply the adhesive (e.g. epoxy resin) to the fabric and the sandblasted steel surface.
The adhesive is to be applied using a knife to avoid air bubbles.

4. To join the fabric backed sheet to the steel and to adjust them.

5. To join a further sheet in the way and adjust it exactly to the first sheet. Some adhesive
protrudes from the joint.

6. To press the sheet to the steel surface using the vacuum bag method.

The vacuum is to be applied until the adhesive is hardened.

7. Welding procedure.

- To prepare the joint: The joint must be cleaned completely from adhesive, grease, oil,
dirt, etc.

- The welding seam can be made by using a hot gas welding torch and a round section or a
high speed nozzle.

8. Test methods (non-destructive)

The welded joints can be tested by visual examination or by a spark test.

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REVISION A
DOC. NO. 800.09.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PVDF LINED STEEL
PREP’D E.ÖZTÜRK
EQUIPMENTS
CHK’D A.KAYAHAN
JOB NO : PRJ / 04-12 APP’D H.DOĞAN

7.3. Adhesive Bonding :

Synthetic fabric-backed sheet can be used without further preparation. Glass-cloth backed
sheet should be sanded bare for 2 to 3 mm. from the welded edge to avoid the glass fiber
contaminating the welds.

The metallic surface, which has been sandblasted and covered with a primary epoxy, is then
lightly ground and the surfaces to be bonded marked out. The adhesive, which has been
prepared in advance, should be applied evenly over the metallic surface and over the
backing of the PVDF sheet, using a rough toothed scraper. Particular care should be paid in
covering the backing fabric, to allow the adhesive to penetrate right into the web and
impregnate the fibers completely. All air should be removed. The sheet is then placed in
position, taking care to eliminate any air pockets. Once in position the sheet should be kept
under pressure by the usual means, including the “vacuum bag” method described below,
during hardening of the adhesive.

“Vacuum bag” clamping: Once the sheet has been placed in position, a strip of twisted
rubber adhesive tape is placed all round the PVDF sheet. A very thick loose-weave glass
cloth is then spread over the PVDF sheet and carefully flattened.

The sheets should be placed as tightly as possible to one another, ideally butting against
each other, and in a “patcwork” pattern to avoid cross (+) assemblies.

Depending on the adhesive manufacturer’s recommendations, the sheets may be cured (up
to 80 °C) after welding to complete hardening and improve their adhesive qualities. This
treatment should be carried out by circulating hot air (for example using a Leister
generating turbine) around the lined assembly, with the openings closed by tarpaulins. The
hot air temperature should be monitored throughout curing.

This treatment can also have the advantage of partially relieving stress in the welded areas.

7.4. Welding :

Once all the sheets have been positioned next to each other, they should be cleaned with
chlorinated solvent MEK or MIBK to remove any traces of adhesive from the lining
surface. The interstices should be clawed clean and chamfered into a V-shape and the
chamfers in turn thoroughly cleaned. The area around the joints must be completely free
of backing and adhesive, which could lead to risks of leaking, generally detected by
electric spark impermeability testing.

Once prepared, the sheets are assembled using a hot-air welding torch and welding bead.
First of all, the sheets are quick tacked together using a special tacking nozzle. This initial

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 CLIENT : CRISTAL CLIENT NO : - PAGE 12 / 14
REVISION A
DOC. NO. 800.09.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PVDF LINED STEEL
PREP’D E.ÖZTÜRK
EQUIPMENTS
CHK’D A.KAYAHAN
JOB NO : PRJ / 04-12 APP’D H.DOĞAN

tacking by can be replaced by quick welding a Ø 1 mm. PVDF welding bead at the bottom
of the chamfer. Both operations should be carried out rapidly, at a precisely measured air
temperature of 350 °C (measured a 5 mm. from the nozzle tip), to avoid overheating and
damaging the adhesive, which could lead to detachment.

Once the materials has completely cooled, the chamfer should be filled in with Ø 3 mm.
beading the normal way and a second Ø 3 mm. bead welded in, using the rapid nozzle or
passing lightly and rapidly over the seam.

Care should be taken in finishing off the seam to avoid creating any crevices which could
later lead to breaking.

Against welding with cap strip unless absolutely necessary (e.g. to repair multiple faults in
the welding) as this operation further increases internal tension in the surrounding areas.

7.5. REPAIRS :

7.5.1. Seams :

In the event of isolated spots of porosity in the welded rod, the porous area should be
enlarged down to the base of the sheet, without touching the adhesive (drilling with a
tip Ø > > fault), and the area refilled with welding rod using a hot air torch. In the case
of continuous defects right along the weld (due to too low welding temperature), the
fault should be rechamfered with a grooving tool to beyond the defective area and
rewelded with 3 mm. welding road.

The permeability of the repair should then be electric spark tested.

If defects appear during working life, the lining should be cleaned (and dried out if
necessary) before starting repair work. The procedures used will depend on the
chemicals with which the lining has been in contact.

7.5.2. Bonding :

Whenever an otherwise sound lining has become detached over a small area (2-
3 dm²), without penetration of liquid, two holes should be bored in the extremities of
the fault, as far away as possible from each other, and adhesive with the same
formulation as the previously used bonding adhesive injected into one of these two
holes until it begins to come out of the second hole. Any trace of adhesive should be
cleaned away from these two holes, which should then be rebored to a wider diameter,
plugged with weld rod and welded tight.

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REVISION A
DOC. NO. 800.09.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PVDF LINED STEEL
PREP’D E.ÖZTÜRK
EQUIPMENTS
CHK’D A.KAYAHAN
JOB NO : PRJ / 04-12 APP’D H.DOĞAN

Where an otherwise sound lining has become detached over a larger area (> 3 dm²)
without penetration of liquid, the lining should be detached by hand and a new sheet
positioned on top and welded in place using the bonding.

8.0 Limits on the use of adhesive-bonded PVDF sheet linings :

The principal limits relate to thermal and chemical resistance :

8.1. Thermal limits :

These originate in the very nature of the application technology by which thermoplastic
is associated with metal or concrete, where linear thermal expansion coefficients are
very different and using a thermosetting (low elongation) or thermoplastic (low
mechanical strength at high temperatures) adhesive.

For this reason, do not to use the bonded lining technology in working conditions
generating large and frequent thermal shocks which can result in adhesive fatigue
leading to deformation. Such stress will inevitably lead, sooner or later, to the
disbonding of the lining and to fissuring at the edges of the disbonded lining.

The upper continuous service temperature should not exceed 100 °C. This figure is
based on tests and in situ experience and can vary depending on the materials.

8.2. Chemicals limits :

These arise from the intrinsic properties of the material, i.e. limited chemical resistance
in certain cases and limited resistance to the diffusion of certain molecules.

The resistance to the different media is listed in a separate data base. For both high
temperature (> 100 °C) and low temperature environments, and where there are
problems of chemical diffusion, other techniques are available, including :

- Reinforcement of backed fluoropolymer sheets with glass fibre reinforced polyester or

vinylester resin (FRP)

- Loose lining: fluoropolymer sheets are mechanically fixed on the construction. This can
be supported by applying a vacuum between the lining laminate and the construction.

- Use of solid, thick sheeting (PVDF, ECTFE).

8.3. Loose linings :

As described before, the operating temperature range for epoxy resins is limited.

Although the fluoropolymers have an upper service temperature limit that is

substantially higher, they are limited to about 120 °C when used as bonded lining.
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REVISION A
DOC. NO. 800.09.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PVDF LINED STEEL
PREP’D E.ÖZTÜRK
EQUIPMENTS
CHK’D A.KAYAHAN
JOB NO : PRJ / 04-12 APP’D H.DOĞAN

If higher operating conditions are required, so-called loose linings will be the solution.

Fluoropolymer sheets without fabric backing are used as a lining laminate. They are
fixed mechanically to the construction. The technique depends on the design of the
lined equipment.

It is important to place the attachment points (screws are used in most of the cases) in
such way that a regular distribution of the load is obtained.

The distance between two attachment points depends on the weight of the lining as
well as on the thermal expansion due to the operating conditions.

The holes are to be sealed properly. The bolt head must be covered with the same
polymer as the lining material or coated screws can be used.

The cover is to be welded to the lining laminate.

The mechanical attachment can be supported applying a vacuum between lining and
construction.

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