1.

0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Project

The construction project of one block building is located at Kampung Sinaran

Baru, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor. The project development of infrastructure is based on
the latest standard and district guideline (SPAN, MASMA, IWK, JKR, and etc.) in order
to provide unique materials to serve public. This project will use approximately a total
area of 40 m × 35 m.

The block was developed based on the community environment that is to provide
a good living environment that enables teachers and students to develop independence,
dependency and self-reliance, which contributes significantly to social growth and
development as well as provide comfort to all. The one block comprising of two floors
consist of 7 units classroom sized 54 m2, two units workshop sized 81 m2 and a unit of
office and library with sized 54 m2 and 81 m2 respectively.

By accomplish this project, we are able to prepare a preliminary engineering report

on a design project, prepare a detailed design report on a selected project using the design
standards wisely, defend and justify the detailed design proposals and we are able to work
as a part of an integrated team on the planning, execution and management of a civil
engineering design project.

1
1.2 Company Related to Project

Name of Project Cadangan Membina Satu Blok Bangunan Mengandungi 7 Bilik Darjah,
1 Bilik Guru, 1 Perpustakaan, 2 Bengkel dan Ruang Lapang di Sekolah
Menengah Islam Hidayah, Johor Bahru.

Location Kampung Sinaran Baru, KM 26, Jalan Johor Bahru, 81300 Skudai, Johor
Bahru,
Clients Ministry of Education Malaysia

Block E8, Complex E, Federal Government Administrative Centre,

62604 Putrajaya.
Tel: 03-8000 8000 Fax: 03-8884 6411
E-mail: kpkkpm[at]moe.gov.my

Project Manager Jabatan Kerja Raya Daerah Johor Bahru

No.677, Jalan Petrie, 80100 Johor Bahru, Johor.

Tel : 07-222 3133 / 222 3139 / 2240576 Faks : 07-222 3835

Architect Norzam Architect

113 & 203, Industry Centre Technovation Park, UTM, KM20, Jalan
Pontian Lama, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Tel: 07 5588 979/ 07 5585 979
E-mail: norzamarchitect@gmail.com

Town Planner JBK Town Planning & Project Management Consultant

80150 Room 413 4th Floor, Wisma Daiman 64, Jalan Sulam, Taman
Sentosa Johor Bharu Johor
Tel: 07-335 4188

Civil And Steel Tech Consultant Sdn Bhd

Structural
Consultant 25-01, Jalan Bayu Puteri 1/3, Taman Bayu Puteri, 80150 Johor Bahru,
Johor, Malaysia.
Tel: 07-3318892 Fax: 07-3329892
E-mail: admin@steeltech.my

Mechanical and One Alpha M&E Consultants Sdn Bhd

Electrical (M&E)
Consultant 16, Jalan Kupang 2, Kampung Skudai Kiri, 81200 Johor Bahru, Johor
Tel: 07-2345152 Fax: 07-2345157
E-mail: service@onealpha.com.my

2
Quantity Surveyor Total QS Service
Consultant
42-A, Jalan Kuning, Taman Pelangi, 80400 Johor Bahru, Johor
Tel: 07-333 1411

Contractor TAQI HOLDINGS SDN. BHD. (516226-A)

No 21-10(A) Jalan Impian 2, Taman Impian Skudai, 81300 Skudai, Johor
Tel :07-5546360 Fax : 07-5546362

3
1.3 Location of Project

This project is the construction of 3-storey buildings of school block located at

Johor Bahru which is at the southernmost of Peninsular Malaysia. This school located in
the area where a lot of plantation activity happen there especially for palm tree. As for
Hidayah Islamic School, the location is suitable for study purpose because of the
environment not exposed to hustle and bustle life as compared to school in city.

4
1.4 Project Information

Project Title : Cadangan Membina Satu Blok Bangunan Mengandungi 7

Bilik Darjah, 1 Bilik Guru, 1 Perpustakaan, 2 Bengkel dan
Ruang Lapangan Di Sekolah Menengah Islah Hidayah,
Johor Bahru

Location :Kampung Sinaran Baru, KM 26, Jalan Johor Bahru, 81300

Skudai, Johor Bahru,

Property type : School Building

Built-up Area : 40m ×35m

Contractor Information

Contractor : TAQI HOLDINGS SDN. BHD. (516226-A)

Address : No 21-10(A) Jalan Impian 2, Taman Impian Skudai.

81300 Skudai, Johor

Grade : G7

Financial Information

Total contract amount : RM 13,000,000.00

Work Information

Date of commencement : 28-9-2017

Date of completion : 28-9-2019

Duration of Contract : 2 years

5
2.0 FUNDAMENTAL OF STRUCTURE

2.1 Stability of Structure

Stability is a very comprehensive and often an ambiguous term to define. Every

structure is in equilibrium either static or dynamic. If it is not in equilibrium, the body will
be in motion or mechanism which cannot resist loads. Stability qualifies the state of
equilibrium of a structure. Whether it is in stable or unstable equilibrium. Stability is more
complex and in some manifestations more difficult to measure than strength and stiffness
but can be broadly defined as capacity to resist displacement, overturning collapse and
buckling. Figure 2.1 shows illustration stability of conceptual structures.

Figure 2.1: Illustration stability of conceptual structure

6
 Change in geometry of a structure or structural component under compression
resulting in loss of ability to resist loading is defined as instability which can lead to
catastrophic failure. A structure must be designed to resist the likely forces it will
encounter and not fail or deflect too much. The common forces are snow load, wind load,
earthquake load, dead load (the actual weight of the structure itself) and live load (people
or stored materials). The building code generally sets the limits for those various design
loads.

Before beginning to analyse a structure, it is important to know what kind of

structure it is. Different types of structures may need to be analysed using different
methods. For example, structures that are determinate may be completely analysed using
only static equilibrium, whereas indeterminate structures require the use of both static
equilibrium and compatibility relationships to find the internal forces. In addition, real
structures must be stable. This means that the structure can recover static equilibrium after
a disturbance. There is no point analysing a structure that is not stable.

A stable structure is one that will not collapse when disturbed. Stability may also
be defined as the power to recover equilibrium. In general, there are many ways that a
structure may become unstable, including buckling of compression members,
yielding/rupture of members, or nonlinear geometric effects like P-Delta; however, for
linear structural analysis, the main concern is instability caused by insufficient reaction
points or poor layout of structural members. In internally stable structure is one that would
maintain its shape if all the reactions supports were removed. A structure that is internally
unstable may still be stable if it has sufficient external support reactions. Figure 2.2 shows
the internal stability of the structure

Figure 2.2: Internal stability of the structure

7
 Beams, columns, joists and trusses all connect, both to each other and eventually
to some type of foundation. On a construction site, these structural elements get connected
in many different ways: a wood beam bolts to a steel girder, a steel joist welds to a steel
beam, and a steel beam is buried into a massive concrete foundation.

Most connections in construction are assumed to be simple supports (roller and

pin connections) because the reality of getting a connection to resist a moment is
challenging. A steel beam bolted to a steel column with angle clips on either side is
assumed to be a pinned connection, even though a bit of moment resistance would occur.
Similarly, almost any wood member nailed or bolted to another wood member is likely to
be a pinned connection because of the difficulty of transferring moment through that
connection.

Moment connection usually are clearly stipulated on sets of drawings and shown
how to be obtained. The photo shows the welded steel plate on the top and bottom flanges
of the beam to the column that transfers the moment. When connecting structural
elements, you should consider if the connection can be a simple support or needs to be a
fixed (moment resisting) connection.

One of the big advantages of understanding the basics of loads, connections and
structural elements is the ability to determine stable and unstable structures. A stable
structure has the proper combination of structural members, shape and connections. A
stable structure resists loads and stays in place with minimal deflection. An unstable
structure fails, not from structural members failing due to over-stress, but from the
unsoundness of the geometry and the connection types. Figure 2.3 shows the different
between stable and unstable structure.

8
 Figure 2.3: Different between stable and unstable structure

Buckling stability is more complex to measure than strength and stiffness and
largely based on empirical test data. This introduction of buckling stability is intended to
give only a qualitative intuitive understanding. Column buckling is defined as function of
slenderness and beam buckling as function of compactness. Today column buckling is
largely based on empirical tests which confirmed Euler’s theory for slender columns,
though short and stubby columns may crush due to lack of compressive strength. Beam
buckling is based on empirical test defined by compactness, a quality similar to column
slenderness. Figure 2.4 shows the cases in buckling stability in structure element.

9
A: Slender column buckles in B: Square column resist C: Blocking resists buckling
direction of least dimension bucking equally in both about least dimension
directions

D: Web buckling of steel E: Stiffener plated resist web

beam buckling

Figure 2.4 shows the cases in buckling stability in structure element.

10
 2.2 Load Path

2.2.1 Introduction

Structural loads or actions are forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to

a structure or its components. Loads cause stresses, deformations, and displacements in
structures. Assessment of their effects is carried out by the methods of structural analysis.
Excess load or overloading may cause structural failure, and hence such possibility should
be either considered in the design or strictly controlled.

Structural loads are an important consideration in the design of buildings. Building

codes require that structures be designed and built to safely resist all actions that they are
likely to face during their service life, while remaining fit for use. The main purpose of a
structure is to transfer load from one point to another such as slab to beam, beam to
column, column to foundation, foundation to soil thus, design begin with an assessment
of the load need to be carries. Figure 2.5 shows the structural element that will be design
in this project.

Truss

Connection
Beam

Column

Figure 2.5: Structural element that will be design

11
2.2.2 Truss Design

As we know, a truss is an arrangement of bars or members connected at joints

which consist of members in compression and tension. Trusses are widely used to serve
two main function which carry roof load and provide horizontal stability. Figure 2.6 shows
the basic terminology of truss system.

Figure 2.6: Basic terminology of truss system

For this project, location of the truss that will be analyse shown in Figure 2.7. The
roof load is transferred to the truss at joints by a series of purlins. Purlins lay longitudinally
along the rafter, which support the roof covering transfer the load to rafters. The purlins
may also provide lateral support to the top chord. When the purlin not positioned one the
nodes, bending moment induced by this situation should be calculated. If the purlins
located on the node, truss will only support axial load. Purlin will support load from upper
system such as weight of roof sheet, insulation, self- weight of purlin as well as imposed
load and then transfer load to nodes in a truss system and including self-weigh of truss.
Load distribution of the truss shown in Figure 2.8.

12
 Location of the designed truss

Location of the designed truss

Figure 2.7: Location of designed truss

13
 Roof sheet, insulation and self-
Load on truss node that transferred weight purlin
from purlin (including self-weight
truss)

Va Vb

Figure 2.8: Load distribution of truss

14
2.2.3 Beam Design

Beams are structural member which transfer transverse load. In the field of
construction, beam load calculations can become truly critical and require special
attention as well as accurate implementation of the results. Actions that apply on a beam
consist of beams self-weight, permanent and variable load from slabs, brickwall, actions
from secondary beams and other structural or non-structural members supported by beam.

The distribution of slab actions on beams depends on slab dimension, supporting

system and boundary conditions. Beams supporting slabs designed as spanning one-way
or two-way can be considered. Terminology of load path for designed beam are shown in
Figure 2.9 where beam will support load from slab as well as its own self-weight. Beam
is a bending member that is usually subjected to lateral load where from concrete floor.

Figure 2.10 shows how slab distribute it load which is including load from
brickwall to designed beam. Load transfer from slab to beams generally takes place either
in one way or in two ways. The total system completely counts on the geometrical
dimensions of the slab in which if the ratio Long side / short side < 2 it is considered as 2
way slab, and if longer side to shorter side greater than 2 then it is considered as 1 way
slab.

15
 Load from slab (including
brickwall) transfer to beam

DESIGNED BEAM

Figure 2.9: Terminology of load path for designed beam

Slab carry load from brick wall and its

own self-weight and transfer it to beam

Figure 2.10: Load distribution from slab to designed beam

16
 2.2.4 Column Design

A column is a structural element, which is subjected to axial compressive forces

and due to their slenderness nature, they are prone to buckling. Members subjected to
compression are typically referred to as either columns or struts when they are oriented
vertically. Although primarily carry axial load, columns may also have to resist bending
moments due to eccentricity of the structure and eccentricity of loading. In many practical
situations, columns are not subjected solely to compression but, depending upon the exact
nature of the load path through the structure, are also required to resist some degree of
bending. Columns in a structure carry loads from the truss, beam and slabs down to the
foundations. The behaviour of the column will depend on its slenderness. Figure 2.11
shows the terminology of the load path for designed column

Load from truss

Load from roof beam

Carry load from truss,
roof beam and column Load from slab (including brickwall)
self-weight. transfer to beam 2nd floor

Carry load from column 3rd floor, second

DESIGNED COLUMN floor beam and column self-weight.

Figure 2.11: Terminology of load path for designed column

17
 Load path for the designed column as shown in Figure 2.11 start from axial force
from truss. Truss will be design including its purlin and the reaction force were calculated
as shown in Figure 2.8. After that, the load from roof beam which consists of beam self-
weight and its variable load will be transfer to column third floor as well as column self-
weight. Then beam second floor will be analysed where it support load from slab where
including load from brickwall then transfer to column second floor added with column
second floor. How load from slab will be distributed is same as beam design process
shown in Figure 2.10.

18
2.2.5 Connection Design

Connection or joints are used to transfer the forces supported by a structural

member to other part of the structure or to the supports without any failure. Connection
consists of fasteners such as bolts, pin, rivets or weld and the local member elements
connected by these fasteners. A joints consists of the zone in which the members are
connected and includes the connection as well as the portions of the members or members
at the joints needed to facilitate the action being transferred.

For building designed to resist essentially static loading, including wind loads, it
will normally be sufficient to design connection s to resist forces that primarily act in one
direction only. However, in seismic zones large load reversals may occur. For multi-
storey buildings the connections between the main structural elements may conveniently
be classified as shown in Figure 2.12.

Figure 2.12: Types of connection

19
 Figure 2.13 shows the location of designed connection. For this project, we
designed connection type beam to column connection. Connection located at the second
floor, so the load from the beam should be analysed then can be used and design force for
connection design. Same as beam design, load will transfer where load from slab
including load from brickwal and beam self-weight

Load from slab including brickwall

transfer to beam
DESIGNED
CONNECTION

Figure 2.13: Location of designed connection

20
3.0 IDENTIFING EXISTING STEEL STRUCTURE

In 2016, Malaysia maintained its ranking as the world’s fifteenth largest

steel importer. Malaysia imported 8.9 million metric tons of steel in 2016, as a
16% increase from 7.7 million metric tons in 2015.

Steel turns into the most popular material used in industrial projects, as a
steel had advantages which are matched with industrial projects, as a steel had
advantages which are matched with industrial project target. It is east to strengthen
steel if required without using advanced technology, it is easier and faster to create
as it can be assembles in short period of time, and it retains its value when the
structure needs to be deconstructed.

The immense strength is of great advantage to buildings. The other

important feature of steel is its flexibility. It can bend without cracking, which is
another great advantage, as a steel building can flex when it is pushed to one side
by say wind or an earthquake. The third characteristic of steel is its plasticity or
ductility. This means that when subjected to great force, it will not suddenly crack
like glass, but slowly bend out of shape. This property allows steel buildings to
bend out of shape, or deform, thus giving warning inhabitants to escape. Failure
in steel frame is not sudden because of that a steel structure rarely collapse.

Some of building in UTHM also constructed by using steel element such

as UTHM Stadium, Bus Stop, Library, and others. Figure 3.1 shows a steel
structure which is bus stop located around UTHM area. The elements of that steel
structures such as using steel type square hollow section (SHS) and circular hollow
section (CHS) as shown in Figure 3.2. Types of connection that used in the
structures are welded and bolt as shown in Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4 respectively.

21
 Figure 3.1: Example of steel structure in UTHM

Steel shape circular

hollow section (CHS) Steel shape square
hollow section (SHS)

Figure 3.2: Shape of element in steel structure

22
 Figure 3.3: Welded connection

Figure 3.4: Bolt connection

23
 Other than that, steel structure that can be found are at Batu Pahat Mall
which most of student always go there. Figure 3.5 shows the element of steel
structure inside the mall which is used to support escalator for each level. The
elements of that steel structures such as using steel shape square universal beam
(UB) and universal column (UC) as shown in Figure 3.6. Types of connection that
used in the structures are welded and bolt as shown in Figure 3.7 function as to
connect the element between beam to column as well as column to column.

Figure 3.5: Example of steel structure in Batu Pahat Mall

24
 Steel shape universal
column (UC)

Steel shape universal

beam (UB)

Figure 3.6: Shape of element in steel structure

Bolt and welded connection

Figure 3.7: Connection of structure

25
4.0 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE

26
4.1 Architectural Drawing

27
4.2 Structural Drawing

28
4.3 Design Consideration

i. Material Strength
The following material strength was used for the design:
a) All structural steel to be Grade S275

ii. Size
a) Slab thickness: 150mm (cast-in-situ slab)

iii. Loading assumption

a) Truss
 Weight of roof sheet, insulation and purlins = 0.4 kN/m2
 Self-weight of truss = 0.60 kN/m2
 Imposed load (on plan) = 0.75 kN/m2
b) Roof
 Permanent load = 5.0 kN/m2
 Variable load = 1.5 kN/m2
c) Floor
 Permanent load = 6.0 kN/m2
 Variable load = 3.0 kN/m2
 Brickwall = 3.6 kN/length
 Column self-weight = 1.5 kN/m

29
4.4 Calculation for Work Design

30
4.4.1 Truss Design

31
4.4.2 Beam Design

32
4.4.3 Column Design

33
4.4.4 Connection Design

34
5.0 CONCLUSION

From this project, the knowledge in structural design where focus on steel
structure can increased because of the high thinking skills are needed while designing all
the structural element needed which is truss, beam, column and connection.

The design process needed especially to find the suitable size for each element
and analyse the behaviour of the element whether it will failure when the load applied.
The determination of the element size is the most important things in design as well as
our design should be economical.

35
6.0 REFERENCE

 Structural and Timber Structure Design (BFC43003) Module

 Eurocode 0: Basis of Structural Design
 Eurocode 1: Actions on Structure
 Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structure
 Beam Design: http://slideplayer.com/slide/10617954/
 Beam and Column Connection:
https://teklastructures.support.tekla.com/2017i/en/com_concrete_beam_and_
column_connections
 System loading:
http://web.engr.uky.edu/~gebland/CE%20382/CE%20382%20PDF%

36