International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications

ISSN: 2456-9992

Yield Potential Of Different Certified Common

Bean Varieties Under Different Tillage Methods In
Kenya A Case Of Laikipia County
Patricia Wangui, Mworia Mugambi, David Mushimiyimana
School Science and Technology, Department of Agriculture. Kenya Methodist University, P.O Box 267 – 60200 Meru, Kenya
email: pattwangui@gmail.com

School Science and Technology, Department of Agriculture. Kenya Methodist University, P.O Box 267 – 60200 Meru, Kenya
Mworia.Mugambi@kemu.ac.ke

School Science and Technology, Department of Agriculture. Kenya Methodist University, P.O Box 267 – 60200 Meru, Kenya
David.Mushimiyimana@kemu.ac.ke

ABSTRACT: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume for direct consumption with a higher per capita
consumption in Africa estimated at 31.4 kg/year. Bean production is constrained by poor soil fertility, insufficient soil moisture, low
yielding varieties and changes in weather. In order to improve yields, an integrated approach is required to address the limiting factors. The
main objective of the study was to determine the yield potential of different common bean varieties under different tillage methods. Three
tillage methods (zero, minimum and conventional tillage) and three bean varieties (Mwitemania, KAT b9 and Mwezi moja) were tested in a
randomized completed block design with three replicates. All yield parameters for the three bean varieties (number of grains per pod,
weight of 100 gains, biomass above ground, weight per plot and harvest index) were significant (p < 0.05). KAT B9 and Mwezi moja were
found to have higher yield potential and are recommended for production in Laikipia.

Keywords: Yield potential, Tillage methods, Beans Varieties, weather changes

1. INTRODUCTION varieties suited to the climatic conditions of Laikipia. The

Laikipia County, like other parts in ASALs is predominantly
characterised by low and variable rainfall, which rarely
exceeds 750 mm. This amount is sufficient average rainfall
to sustain crop growth if only it is well distributed over the
crop life to obtain good yields. However, yields of most
crops are known to be greatly reduced by periods of more
than 10 consecutive dry days at critical growth stages of the
crop which has become common with changing weather
patterns in Laikipia. The high temperature (16 -26o C)
experienced in the county increases evapotranspiration
leading to high moisture losses further compromising the
amount of water available for crop growth. There has been
erratic weather patterns leading to frequent floods and
droughts, (Laikipia County Integrated Development Plan
[LCIDP], 2013) resulting in crop failure recorded in one out
of every three seasons (Laikipia Wildlife Forum [LWF],
2013). Common beans require good tillage that ensures there
is sufficient soil volume available to the roots to permits
water percolation. The soil should also be well aerated. The
production of common beans is constrained by among other
things, tillage methods. In Laikipia County, the common
practice in land preparation among small scale farmers is
manual digging. This method does not prepare land
appropriately or in time. The method is tedious, time
consuming and does not go deep enough to break hardpans
that may be present in the soil. There is limited information
on alternative methods of land preparation for bean
production in Laikipia County. Some of the methods like
herbicide use are not friendly to the environment and are
expensive to sustain. Others like minimum tillage are limited
by the amount of area that can be prepared within a given
period of time. It is for this reason that this experiment was
designed to evaluate the effects of tillage methods on growth
and yield of common bean and on correct choice of bean
bean crop is a vital food crop in the fight against food
insecurity, malnutrition and poverty, (Katungi, Farrow,
Mutuoki, Gebeyehu, Karanja, …, & Buruchara, 2010). It is
primarily a small scale crop grown with few purchased
inputs under poor agronomic practices subjected to
biological, edaphic and climate problems. Because beans are
a near “perfect” food, one of the best non-meat sources of
iron and relatively inexpensive, its consumption is high for
the poor masses and is a means of keeping malnutrition at
bay. De Luque & Creamer (2014) notes that it is a source of
protein, nutrition and income in SSA. It is on the basis of
these facts that Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nation [FAO] (1999) proposes that any advances in
scientific research that benefit bean yields, particularly in
developing countries, will contribute towards feeding the
hungry and give hope for the future. In Laikipia, bean crop is
listed as the second most important food crop in the fight
against hunger after maize both for cash and consumption
purposes (LCA, 2013). This report further notes that bean
yields are generally low in most parts of the county
compared to other parts of Kenya. Equally, the area under
bean production in the county has dramatically reduced from
18,825 ha in 2012 to 1,659 ha in 2014. Yields have however
improved over the same period from 7.6 bags (90 kg) ha-1 to
9.8 bags ha-1 indicating there is potential for increase
(Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries [MoALF],
2015). Efforts to increase yields for common beans in
Laikipia would therefore reverse the downward trend in its
production and contribute to food security, better nutrition
and increase in household incomes for small scale farmer.
The dominant conventional tillage method widely practiced
by farmers is known to reduce soil fertility through increased
soil erosion, loss of soil organic matter and destruction of
soil structure (Derpsch & Friedrich, 2009). Conservation

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 International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications
ISSN: 2456-9992
tillage on the other hand has been shown to improve soil
fertility by building up soil organic matter, moisture and
microbes (Gicheru, Gachene, Mbuvi, & Mare, 2004). This
research presents an opportunity to demonstrate the benefits
of adopting improved farming methods for common beans
through implementation of alternative methods of land
preparations and correct choice of bean varieties that lead to
higher growth and yields in the county. The demand for food
in the county is also expected to increase in view of a
growing population of 14% over a five-year period from
2012 – 2017 (Republic of Kenya, 2012) making
interventions geared toward improved yield a necessity if the
County is to achieve and remain food secure. The research
further contributes to improving farming technologies which
have been said to limit productivity as outlined by the
government in its assessment of the productivity of the key
pillars in Kenya development plan as outlined in the
country’s “Vision 2030”.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Climatology and Soils
The experiment was carried out at two sites in Tigithi
location in the semi-arid County of Laikipia, Kenya. The two
sites are at an elevation of 2050 m above sea level. The area
experiences a bimodal relief type of rainfall with the long
rains occurring from March to May and the short rains
occurring in October to November. The area receives an
annual average rainfall of 400 – 750 mm with extended
periods of dry spells. The soils are of the Vertisols type
which are known to have an inherent fertility. Soils tests
indicated a pH range of 5.8 – 6.9 which is favourably for
production of beans. The experiment was established in the
short rains of 2015.
Figure. 1.1 Map of Laikipia showing research site.
2.2 Treatments and Plot Layout
There were two treatments, tillage methods (T) and bean
varieties (V). Three different tillage methods; zero tillage
(T1), minimum tillage (T2) and conventional tillage (T3)
three common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties
Mwitemania (V1), KAT B9 (V2) and Mwezi moja (V3) were
tested. Each bean varieties was grown under the three
different tillage methods.
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Table 1.1 Treatment combinations
BEAN VARIETIES
TILLAGE
KAT
METHODS Mwitemanaia Mwezi moja
B9
Zero tillage T1V1 T1V2 T1V3
Minimum tillage T2V1 T2V2 T2V3
Conventional tillage T3V1 T3V2 T3V3
The experiment was arranged in a Split block design on a
randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated
three times. The plots measured 3 m by 3 m with 1 m wide
paths between plots and 2 m wide path between blocks.
2.3 Land preparation, fertilizer application and planting
The conventional till split blocks were prepared manually;
firstly, by double digging to attain a depth of 30 cm and
secondly using a forked manual tool - “jembe” to give a fine
tilth of 30 cm deep. The minimum till split blocks were
prepared manually using a mattock chisel with furrows
reaching a depth of 30 cm followed by application of
Glyphosate herbicide at a rate of 50 ml/20 litres. The zero till
split blocks were subjected to application Glyphosate
herbicide at the same rate to control weeds before planting.
A basal application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
(N:P:K) was done at planting to give 38 kg ha-1 of N, 42 kg
ha-1 of P and 55 kg ha-1 of K.
2.4 Data Collection
The research population comprised all the bean plants in all
the treatments and correlated to the bean population in the
replications. The representative units were selected by
random sampling using transects in the experimental units to
give the research sample. An equal number of subjects (5)
were sampled in each treatment. During the growing period,
quantitative data on yield parameters was collected and
recorded. The measurements were taken at maturity. The
parameters monitored were; Number of grains per pod at
maturity, weight of 100 grain; total biomass (above ground)
at maturity of a model plot measuring 1 m by 1 m from the
centre of each plot, total yields per plot; and Harvest Index
(HI). This weight together with the weight of the model plot
for biomass above ground was used to calculate the HI using
the formula below for each plot and the data recorded.
2.5 Data Analysis
All data was recorded and summarized in excel then
analyzed using SPSS v 23. The data was presented both in
words and visually using graphs and charts. Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) was conducted. A probability of 5% or
less (p < 0.05) was used to differentiate varieties means
according to the Least Significant Difference (LSD).
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ISSN: 2456-9992

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 The number of grains per pod
KAT B9 and Mwezi moja had higher number of gains per
pod compared to Mwitemania. The number of pods for
Mwitemanina under minimum tillage also appeared more
that the number of pods for the same variety under zero and
conventional tillage methods. The results presented in figure
4.5.

Figure 3.2 Effects of tillage and varieties on weight of 100

grains

ANOVA test confirmed there was significant difference (p <

0.05). The results of Post hoc test showed that the means of
Mwitemania and KAT B9 were significantly different (-
7.767)as were the means of Mwitemania and Mwezi moja (-
12.94). The means of KAT B9 and Mwezi moja were also
significantly different (-5.178). Mwezi moja had heavier
grains compared to the other two varieties. The high weight
of 100 grains for Mwezi moja could have resulted from the
recorded high number of pods and which were also long
Figure 3.1 Effects of tillage and varieties on number of allowing for more grains to set. Similar results were reported
grains per pod by Mulugeta et al. (2013) showing that bean varieties with
larger pods gave larger seeds leading to higher weight for a
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed there was significant set number of grains. Msolla and Mduruma (2008) reported
differences in the mean of varieties (p < 0.05). Post hoc tests that the weight 100 seeds for a given variety was related to
established that the means of Mwitemania and KAT B9 were the period to maturity implying that early maturing varieties
significantly different (-1.611) as were the means of could have heavier seeds.
Mwitemania and Mwezi moja (-1.722). The longer pods
recorded for KAT B9 Mwezi moja could have created room 3.3 Biomass above ground
for more grains per pod. These results agree with those The weight of the total biomass above ground for model plot
reported by Omondi (2013) on the effect of genetic measuring 1m by 1m showed variations in the weight of the
variability determining the performance of bean. different bean varieties.
(Dahmardeh et al., 2010; Legesse et al., 2013) also
documents varietal differences influencing yield
characteristics for varieties grown under similar conditions.
On the other hand, the close competition in number of grains
in KAT B9 which has been bred for drought tolerance and
early maturing could been prompted by its ability to cope
with dry conditions similar to those experienced during the
growing period giving it a better chance of survival and
production compared to the other two varieties. Similar
results were reported by (Mduruma et al., 1998; Msolla &
Mduruma, 2008) who found that earliness in bean varieties
gives them the ability to escape drought and perform better.

3.2 The weight of 100 grains

It was observed that, the weight of 100 grains seemed to
differ for all varieties with a more pronounced difference for
Mwezi moja, followed by KAT B9 while Mwitemania
appeared to have the least weight.
Figure 3.3 Effects of tillage and varieties on biomass above
ground

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 International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications
ISSN: 2456-9992
ANOVA recorded significantly different (p < 0.05) between
varieties means. The means of Mwitemania and KAT B9
were significant (-83.38) as were the means of Mwitemania
and Mwezi moja (-87.29). The total biomass above ground
for KAT B9 and Mwezi moja were almost similar. These
two varieties had more extensive and vigorous vegetative
growth caused by a variation in genetic make-up giving them
advantage over Mwitemania e.g. enabling the varieties to
utilize soil moisture better at critical growth stages. These
results agree with findings reported by Mduruma et al.,
(1998) who found that maturity and yield components of
beans are influenced by the genetic variation.
3.4 Weight of per plot
The results of weight per plot indicated a much lower yield
for Mwitemania compared to KAT B9 and Mwezi moja
which showed almost similar yield results.
Figure 3.4 Effects of tillage and varieties on weight per plot
ANOVA test recorded significant difference (p < 0.05)
between the varieties means. Post hoc test showed there were
significant differences between the means of Mwitemania
and KAT B9 (-508.81) as well as between the means of
Mwitemania and Mwezi moja (-376.88). KAT B9 and
Mwezi moja were almost similar. The high weight for
Mwezi Moja and KAT B9 may have been influenced by their
early maturity characteristics which may have given them an
advantage over Mwitemania during the growing season. The
results are supported by findings of Mduruma et al (1998)
who reported that the superiority of early maturity in bean
varieties results in higher yields in times of drought because
such varieties are able to escape the drought due to genetic
variation. Rao et al. (2013) also found that earliness or early
maturity to be a useful trait for drought avoidance in
common bean. The low yields for Mwitemania can
separately be explained by the fact that the variety, which
has been in existence since the 1970, Smithson (1990) and is
low yielding has been overtaken by genetic improvement in
more recently developed varieties. The variety also has a
small canopy area which may have caused higher
evaporation rates in its plots leading to moisture stress for the
crop. Earlier observations and data analysis for the growth
and yield parameters seemed to indicate that Mwezi moja
was set to be the better yielding variety. This variety was
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closely followed by KAT B9. This is because yield is a
factor of both genetic, edaphic and environmental factors and
their interaction. Male-Kayiwa (2000) agrees that edaphic
factors do influence the productivity of the bean crop besides
the genetic make-up as does Shenkalwa (2013) found that
yield is a factor of both genotype and environmental factors.
3.5 Harvest index (HI)
KAT B9 appeared to have a higher HI followed by Mwezi
moja while Mwitemania had the least HI.
Figure 3.5 Effects of tillage and varieties on harvest index
ANOVA test confirmed that there was significant difference
(p < 0.05) between the bean varieties means There were
significant differences between the means of Mwitemania
and KAT B9 and between the means of Mwitemania and
Mwezi moja. KAT B9 and Mwezi moja were almost similar.
KAT B9 and Mwezi Moja recorded a higher HI than
Mwitemania indicating they had higher yield potential in the
area. The first two varieties competed favourably. KAT B9
has less canopy area compared to Mwezi moja which had
recorded longer pods, more seeds per pod, higher weight for
100 grains and an almost equal total weight of biomass
above ground to KAT B9 reducing the area available for
evapotranspiration and therefore retaining more water than it
was losing. The two varieties are also early maturing and
could have escaped drought during the dry period over the
growing cycle to record better performance. Similar results
were documented by Mduruma et al (1998) and Rao et al.
(2013) who found that early maturing varieties have the
ability for drought avoidance in common bean. There is
possibility that weather conditions at the time of conducting
the research which were relatively dry may have favoured
KAT B9 which is bred for drought tolerance compared to the
other two varieties. Similar results were reported by Mitiri et
al. (2013) who observed that yields of common beans tended
to differ across seasons making it difficult to conclusively
give credit to a particular variety as being better performing
than others. Mwitemania which is preferred by most small
scale famers had a low HI and all along lagged behind in all
the growth and yield parameters when compared to the other
two varieties, indicating a need to improve the variety in
order to incorporate better perfuming genotypes. This is
supported by results of Shenkalwa et al. (2013) in their work
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when examining performance of improved bean varieties
reported that improving the characteristics of old varieties
improved their performance when compared to performance
in the past.
4. CONCLUSION
The results showed that there were significant differences (p
< 0.05) in the growth and yield parameters for all the bean
varieties with the exception of number of day to flower onset
namely; stem height, number of pods per plant, pod length,
number of grains per pod, weight of 100 grain, total yields
per plot, total biomass (above ground) and harvest index
(HI). Mwezi moja recoded higher yields followed by KAT
B9 while Mwitemania had the lowest yield. The two
varieties were found to have higher yield potential and are
recommended for production in the area. The research did
not record any significant difference (p > 0.05) between the
three different tillage methods. Similarly, there was no
interaction recorded between tillage and bean varieties;
similar bean varieties grown under different tillage methods
recorded similar results for growth and yield parameters.
This could be due to the fact that it takes more than one
season for the benefits of conservation tillage to be realized.
On the other hand, the fine tilth resulting from conventional
tillage could have provided for vigorous crop growth leading
to healthier crops with robust root and shoot systems that
were able to utilize water and nutrients better thereby
countering any marginal benefits that may have be caused by
conservation tillag
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