International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications

ISSN: 2456-9992

Critical Review On Past Literature Of Women

Decision Participation In Income Generating
Activities In The World
Naila Awan, Naushad Khan
Student of M.Sc (Hons) Rural Development, Institute of Development Studies, The University of Agriculture Peshawar

Advisor of the Student, Institute of Development Studies, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Cell No.03469087240
drkhan@aup.edu.pk

ABSTRACT: The Critical review was conducted in September 2017. The major objective of the study was to analyze the women decision
participation in income generating activities in the world. Total fifteen studies were reviewed and fully analyzed the situation. The review shows
that majority women are working as housewives and their husband planed and decided their selves the income generating activities for their
home while few women were involved in decision participation and in income generating activities. The study further analyzed that education is
the main accelerator which increase and decrease the decision participation in the income generating activities. The study also explained that
majority women are involved in agriculture activities in the developing countries while in developed countries women participate highly in other
business of the economy such as office management, teaching, kitchen gardening and embroidery etc. So women sharing shows great role in the
development of a country. In developing countries the women are dominated by male and female is considered only the caretaker of the houses.
In developed countries the female education is free and the household guardian allow and take interest in female education while in developing
countries the situation is different. They were restricted due to religious basis and some norms. On the basis of study finding few suggestions
were recommended for further improvement of world societies. Free basis technical education should be provided to women for income
generating activities in the world; Security and peace should be provided to women in the world; Money and fund should be provided on free
interest rate by bank to women for income generating activities particularly in developing countries of the world. Through this way their income
will be generated which latter on improved the decision participation of the women in income generating activities of the world.

1. Introduction about their families, homes and, consequently, to settle on

Decision making is a hard element in the position of all
family members in the sharing out of assets and sharing of
roles with in family members (Hussain 2011). It is an
integral part of human society and contribute one third of
the labor related enterprises and vital role in home, farm and
similar activities (Raval et.al 2014). They face several
problems in their position concerning food production,
income generation, and education. They are not only wives
and mothers, but also food producers in many countries of
the Third World. (UN, Nairobi, 1985).Women play a key
role in the economic benefit of the family members. Women
carry out different tasks in their families and their socio-
economic structure. In the traditional joint family the eldest
male members concentrated in the position of decision
making powers. It is extremely important in view point of
empowerment of women that they must have the power to
take decisions because it is frequently seen that always voice
of women is not properly listened. They play key role in
socio economic welfare of household and they are the
essential part of family. Females involved in household
activities as well as agriculture households assist the farmers
in fields. They also participate in all agricultural activities
like crop production, input allocation, processing, storage.
(Rao 1982). Housewives dependably financially and socially
reliant on men. Notwithstanding, profound social and
economic changes happened amid the industrial revolution,
prompting new norms and values and avoiding from old
customary examples that used to constrain women's inside
the homes and their activities just to the family so it is
important to empowering women to have their feelings
their own decision. Therefore women's business is key
mechanism to help them to get their own particular ideal to
take part to settle decisions for their families (Bagheri et al.,
2008). However, in few areas where women are the key
suppliers of the work has constantly suppressed and the
male predominance in decision making in the family unit
has proceeded against women. Male predominance in
decision making in the home and economy has proceeded
even in areas where females are the crucial sources of work
in light of the fact that the impact of women has not been
perceived (Green, 2000) because of absence of education,
traditional norms, less consciousness of their rights, absence
of credit offices from the Government (FAO, 2003; Habib,
2000; Ali, 2007). Rural women having abundant
contribution in domesticated animal’s management, the
present study concentrates on their great share in decision
making with respect to animals management and on position
and identification of the components influencing their
commitment in decision making. On greatest share of the
world today, women are no longer compelled to be under
the garb of veils and are coming out in the open, carrying
responsibilities in various kinds of decision making and
standing at same level with men at every step (Anonymous,
2011).In extended family male head are generally made the
major decisions in the household. The extra effort required
in farm work is met by more Intensive use of female labor.
Women's intensified work; Input does not improve their
personal standing in the household or their access to budget
(Agarwal, 1981 and Palmer, 1978). They are not as much
involved in decision making at all levels. Their important

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 International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications
ISSN: 2456-9992
roles are not accepted and therefore, are not accepted in
decision-making. Their participation is frequently stressed
by political parties, for their own publicity, than as a real
interest and need so; the share of women in community
decision-making structures is very less. They are also less
active in professional associations and forms (Slovenia,
1998). As per the Agricultural Research Institute, men for
the most part settle on decisions for cultivating also women
have more fundamental parts in taking care of the family
(Anony, 1991). Analysts have discovered that in South Asia,
women belong to great landlord families who direct regular
work rehearses in the farms tend to offer data to the
agriculturist women that are useful for the both sides.
Women from landowner's families may help as great contact
ranchers. Along these lines, rural women participate in
decision making forms are not an unavoidable but rather
simple to acknowledge reality in many regions and may
struggle advantages of many rustic women and men (FAO,
1999).The level of women interest in decision making
process changes from district to area as well as starting with
one movement then onto the next. Although their
unbelievable role in domesticated animals division, women
inclusion in decision making with respect to animals
managing still looks incomplete (Tipilda and Panhwar,
2008). Although women’s commitment to the family pays
through beneficial activities, their contribution is not
recorded and no acknowledgment is given to them as an
essential donor. The states like Punjab and Haryana show
positive role of women in decision making process in most
of the families. But in nascent societies the women’s
participation in decision making were always prohibited and
the head of the family or male members make all the
decisions. In rural families’ type and size of the family, size
of land holding, status, socio-economic position of the
families, education level of rural women, their employment
status and rational place affects her involvement in decision-
making. Besides this, due to illiteracy of women, the role of
participation of rural women’s in decision making becomes
negligible where the decisions increase difficulty in rural
families. Some of the studies conducted in India disclosed
significant variation in women’s participation in decision-
making practice in different parts of the country especially
in rural societies (Husain et al., 1988). The role of education
in household decision-making is relevant to determine
whether education serves to empower women in their
marital talks and, thus, to achieve a more balanced decision
making process in relation to household economic activities.
We do not consider the role of other family members, such
as involvement of children decision-making process of
household (Wut and Chou, 2013). Women's independence in
making decisions is positively related with their age, number
of living children, education and employment. In rural areas
women having no educational background have less
participation in making decisions in society. Women’s with
high level education is positively related with independence
in own health care decision making, family planning, more
schooling and soon. In Bangladesh educational status of
women is less than any other developing country and face
difference in making decisions. Bangladesh would definitely
be hampered if the status of women, creating about fifty per
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cent of the country’s population, remains as low as it is
today. (M. M. Ahmmed& N. Chakraborty 2012). Despite
the fact that there has been some expansion in the portrayal
and support of women in decision making forms, the
hindrances to their entrance in neighborhood administration
endure. In Zimbabwe, country women keep on being
minimized in political and financial exercises regardless of
purposeful endeavors by the focal government, common
society and the worldwide group. The neighborhood
government framework in Zimbabwe is under increasing
pressure from women ' developments to advance women '
full contribution through the institutional channels of
administration that have been opened and created since
autonomy in 1980 by the decentralization process(Wipsu,
2008).Political cooperation is one of the real approaches to
guarantee women’s strengthening, to expand decision
making power and upgrade capacity to impact matters that
influence their lives in the group and in the bigger society.
In a more wide sense, cooperation in governmental issues
goes a long ways past basic legislative issues, for example,
voting and race to open office women’s strengthening starts
with their awareness observations about themselves, their
rights, capacities, potential land attention to the social,
financial and political powers that influence them. Women’s
political strengthening and equivalent portrayal in all
decision making foundations are basic contributions to the
battle for opportunity from man centric need (Shamim and
Nasreen, 2002). Seeing to its importance the present study
was arranged to see the women Decision participation in
income Generating Activities in the World
2. Material and Methods
The critical review universe was the world and total 15
studies were selected for the review. Thoroughly all the
mentioned studies were reviewed 20 times and analyzed the
situation about decision of the women participation in
income generating activities in the world and conclusion
was drawn about the whole story for beneficiary of the
world society what role female play in income generating
activities at world level.
3. Critical Review on Past Literatures
Kavithaa et al. (2016) explored the part of farm women in
decision making process in dairy farming activities. The
discoveries of the study revealed that rural farm women
were dominated in decisions making process in non-
financial activities like construction of shed, treatment of
animals, vaccination and deforming, management of new
born calves, sick and pregnant animals, milking and
processing of milk, utilization of dung. Also it is apparent
from the study that rural farm women were less dominated
in decision making activities regarding economic aspects, so
there is have to make them mindful about budgetary
direction, credits, protection of animals and promoting
structure. Jeffry et al. (2016) studied interest of women in
neighborhood administration can be upgraded in every one
of the three basic zones: as voters, approach creators and as
individuals from decision making bodies. There is
requirement for approaches that include enabling
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ISSN: 2456-9992
neighborhood specialists and groups to create
methodologies that consolidate the strengthening of groups
and rustic women. Keeping in mind the end goal to have the
capacity to recognize the requirements of the group and to
best advance social and monetary improvement, nearby
specialists require the contribution of their constituents to
have the capacity to best distinguish those regions that need
tending to. Nearby specialists must support the association
of the group and group associations in neighborhood
administration. The portrayal and support of women in
neighborhood administration is specifically connected to the
progression of women and is a fundamental prerequisite in
the trip towards sexual orientation balance. To guarantee
that the choices that influence women’s lives are considered
important, women ought not be detached onlookers in their
own particular advancement but rather ought to be
proactively required to guarantee that the financial examples
that minimize and keep them subordinate are changed.
Escradibul et al.(2016) study results indicated that both
husband and wife have a positive effect in the decision of
expenditure: daily shopping, expensive purchases of
consumer durables, and significant expenditure on children.
However, only women’s education has a positive effect on
borrowing money and no effect of education is observed
with regard to the use of savings. Kandusi et al. (2015)
studied the social components influencing Maasai women’s
investment in decision making an instance of Longido
district. The outcomes demonstrate that lion's share would
you vote in favor of a woman to be a MP/Councilor/Village
Chairman in your group. An impressive extent of men
declined to be driven by a woman. Besides, women were
found not to successfully take an interest in legislative issues
through competing for administrative positions the same
number of respondents voted in favor of male candidate,
fundamental reasons being no female challenger.
Circumstances in which women are associated with decision
making were observed predominantly to be on issues
relating women advancement and family matters.
Discoveries demonstrate that women are permitted to vote
in the group however frequently the choice for a woman to
vote was observed to be dictated by men. The investigation
additionally found that women are not respected older folks
and female's thoughts were not considered as male thoughts
in town gatherings. The fundamental boundaries for women
interest in initiative were discovered that men don't need
women to contend in administration and women thoughts
not acknowledged by generally men. The examination
inferred that Maasai women’s cooperation in decision
making is constrained by social elements like social
personality, social acknowledgment, social parts and
restricting social practices. It is prescribed that city training
technique and fitting projects ought to be outlined and
actualized to raise the level of learning and comprehension
of women rights and possibilities in administration and
decision making. Consistent and viable sharpening of
Maasai men and women on altering of their opinion sets to
acknowledge the capacity of women and their initiative
possibilities is principal in affecting men's decision making
to tolerating women in administration and decision making
organs. Bhat et al. (2015) analyzed that women education in
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India has a noteworthy distraction of both the legislature and
common society as taught women can assume a vital part in
the advancement of the country. Education is breakthrough
of ladies strengthening since it empowers them to reacts to
the difficulties, to go up against their customary part and
change their life. With the goal that we can't disregard the
significance of education in reference to women
strengthening and India ready to getting to be superpower as
of late. Education of women is the most capable apparatus to
change the position in the public arena. Women education in
India has been a need of great importance, as education is an
establishment stone for the strengthening of woman.
Instruction additionally acquires a diminishment disparities
and capacities as methods for enhancing their status inside
the family and builds up the idea of support. Godara et al.
(2014) studied that Decision-production is a principal
procedure that joins every one of the elements of family
asset administration. The study uncovered that women’s
interest in various parts of decision making procedure of
agrarian division have not recorded up to the check. The
circumstance has turned out to be all the more gravely if
there should be an occurrence of the choices identified with
picking the measures to build the creation, purchasing
exercises, use activities. Chanda et al.(2012) study the level
of education of wedded women and their investment in
decision making process at various field of country family
unit. The study uncovered that education finished women
had their assent of getting hitched while no assent was made
by ignorant women. Similarly 46.7 per cent larger amount of
education finished women had abnormal state of acquiring
power in contrast with uneducated (.0%) and essential
(14.6%) level finished women for a similar level of
obtaining. In the political decision making 86.7 per cent
more elevated amount of education finished women had
possess agree to vote in favor of decision as opposed to 77.8
per cent unskilled and 70.7 per cent essential level finished
women were affected by their significant other to choose
voting. Rashid et al.(2011) found that education, rural
information and non-locality behavior to have positive huge
impact on family decision making part of the rustic women.
The educated women took interest more in the income
generating activities in the study area. Mosive et al.(2011)
evaluated the rustic women role in the decision making
process in potato edits in Shoushtar, Iran. As per the
outcomes, there is huge connection among them the level of
mentality and cooperation in decision making process and
generation. Likewise, the provincial women's more elevated
amount of state of mind for their cooperation in decision
making forms in regards to trim creation and homestead
work enhances their fearlessness, feeling of freedom and
control and, along these lines, urges them to take an interest
in those activity adequately. Hussain et al.(2011) analyzed
the part of women in the decision making procedure of
family unit in regards to consumption at staple, buy of
seeds, manures, choosing the product, reaping of harvests,
employing work, weeding and sifting of yields. Likewise an
endeavor has been made to analyze how female respondents
deal with their family activites. Utilizing multi-arrange
examining our examination uncovers that women are just
insignificant onlookers in decision making in regards to
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farming activities, as just eight per cent respondents were
taking dynamic part in decision making process. Arshad et
al.(2010) studied that women play vital part in domesticated
animals in different countries including Pakistan. They told
that 66% of the respondents were content with their present
inclusion in decision making in tamed animals management.
The huge majority (around 75%) of the respondents had
faith in male strength in decision making. Period of
provincial women, male quality and standard conviction
system had every one of the reserves of being the primary
components which had influenced the contribution of rustic
women into decision making process. Mishra et al.(2009) )
study conducted in Jharkhand that vegetables covers around
81.55% area and 84.57% generation of aggregate plant
crops with efficiency of 15.35 tons/ha. Jharkhand has
brought down profitability of vegetables when contrasted
with all India normal of 16.18 tons/ha. Ladyfinger, brinjal,
cauliflower, cabbage, tomato, onion, potato and French
beans are significant vegetables products developed.
Women of Koylanchal take an interest in different practices
of vegetables development. In vegetables development,
women play out an assortment of assignments both in
development and also advertising. Practices identified with
vegetables development have now been considered as a
family undertaking in which a couple partake to share work
and delight both. Along these lines, it is normal that all
choices identified with practices of vegetables development
are additionally taken together. The study concentrated on
rustic women of Koylanchal in what degree they take an
interest in decision making process. Women of Koylanchal
of low monetary classification were found to take part in
more practices identified with vegetables development.
Hoque et al. (2008) investigated status of rustic women'
cooperation and decision making part in financial activities
in Bangladesh. The study finding demonstrated that among
the agrarian exercises, rustic women' investment was
generally higher in different post-gather exercises and
domesticated animals administration activities than other
agribusiness activities. On the opposite side, their support
was nearly nil on account of aquaculture exercises while few
of them take an interest in some non-farming exercises like,
fitting and handiworks making. It was additionally cleared
from the study that homestead women were contributing in
family salary through taking an interest in income
generating activities. Damisaet al. (2007) analyzed that
rustic women took huge part in local and financial activities
of the general public to such an extent that national
advancement is unrealistic without building up this vital and
generous portion of our general public. Considering in this
way, the significance of women in horticulture, this
investigation was directed to look at the part of women in
cultivate administration basic leadership process. It was
found that the financial attributes of the women ranchers
essentially influence their decision making in horticulture.
Nasreen, et al. (1994) explored the role of women in
decision making in various families issues in 4 villages of
Tehsil Samundri Dist. Faisalabad. They told that 68.69%
respondents still put stock in prevailing piece of life partners
in settling an imperative decisions in family issues. Except a
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few number respondents agreed that they were happy and
satisfied with their position as housewives.
1. Conclusion and Recommendations
The review concluded that majority women do not take
participation in decision making in the income generating
activities in the world. They work as a housewives while
few are involved in income generating activities where
majority belong to developed countries. The study further
analyzed that education is the main accelerator which
increase and decrease the decision participation in the
income generating activities. The study also explained that
majority women are involved in agriculture activities in the
developing countries while in developed countries women
participate, highly in other business of the economy such as
offices management, teaching. So women sharing shows
great role in the development of a country. In developing
countries the women are dominated by male and female is
considered only the caretaker of the houses. In developed
countries the female education is free and the household
leaders allow and take interest in female education while in
developing countries the situation is different. They were
restricted due to religious basis and some norms. On the
basis of study finding few suggestions were recommended
for further improvement of world societies. Free basis
technical education should be provided to women for
income generating activities in the world; Security and
peace should be provided to women in the world; Money
and fund should be provided on free interest rate by bank to
women for income generating activities particularly in
developing countries of the world. Through this way their
income will be generated which latter on improved the
decision participation of the women in income generating
activities of the world.
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