Visvesvaraya Technological University: Rns Institute of Technology

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018
A Seminar Report
On
SOLAR POWERED MOBILE CHARGER
A Seminar report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the VIII Semester Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
Of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
Submitted by
NAME: MIZGAN MASANI
USN: 1RN14EI027
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dr.Vishnuvardhana Road, Rajarajeshwari Post Bengaluru-560 098
2017-2018
RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dr. Vishnuvardhana Road, Rajarajeshwarinagar Post, Channasandra,
Bengaluru – 560 098
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Seminar on topic “SOLAR POWERED MOBILE CHARGER” has been
successfully presented at RNS Institute of Technology by MIZGAN MASANI, bearing USN
1RN14EI027, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the VIII Semester degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering of Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during academic year 2017-2018. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the
report deposited in the departmental library. The Seminar report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Seminar work for the said degree.
Guide
Mr. P Manohar Dr. Andhe Pallavi
Asso. Professor, Dept. of EIE Prof & HOD, Dept. of EIE
RNSIT RNSIT
DECLARATION
I, MIZGAN MASANI [1RN14EI027], student of VIII Semester BE, in

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, RNS Institute of
Technology hereby declare that the Seminar entitled “SOLAR POWERED
MOBILE CHARGER” has been carried out by me and submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the VIII Semester Degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during academic
year 2017-2018.
Date: 07/03/2018 NAME: MIZGAN MASANI

Place: Bengaluru USN: 1RN14EI027
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance
and encouragement crowned the efforts with success.
I would like to profoundly thank Management of RNS Institute of Technology for providing
such a healthy environment for the successful completion of Seminar work.
I would like to express my thanks to the Director Dr. H N Shivashankar and the Principal
Dr. M K Venkatesha for their encouragement that motivated me for the successful completion of
Seminar work.
It gives me immense pleasure to thank Dr. Andhe Pallavi, Professor and Head of Department of
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, for her constant support and encouragement.
I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude to Mr. P Manohar, Associate

Professor, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering for his constant support and
Guidance throughout the Seminar work.
I would also like to thank all the technical staff for their indirect support for successful
completion of my seminar work.
Last, but not the least, I would hereby acknowledge and thank my parents who have been
a source of inspiration and also instrumental in the successful completion of the seminar work.
Mizgan Masani
ABSTRACT
Vedic literatures in India even state the use of flying machines which were powered using the sun.
Coming 21st century, we have come a long way in developing solar cells which are the devices
powering our future, converting sun’s energy into electricity. This work is about using non-
conventional energy i.e. solar energy for mobile battery charging. Solar chargers are simple, portable
and ready to use devices which can be used by anyone especially in remote areas. Solar panels don’t
supply regulated voltage while batteries need so for charging. Hence, an external adjustable voltage
regulator is used to have the desired constant voltage.
5
CONTENTS
Introduction 7
Chapter 1: History of the Solar Charger 9
Chapter 2: Manufacturing of Solar Cells 12
2.1: Solar Cell Mobile Charger Unit
2.2: Photovoltaic Cells
2.3: Principle of PV Cells
Chapter 3: Specifications and Design of the Charger 17
3.1: Specifications of the Charger
3.2: Design of the Charger
Chapter 4: Circuit Diagram 18
4.1: Circuit Construction
4.2: Working of the Circuit
Chapter 5: Specifications of the Battery 20
Chapter 6: Applications 21
Chapter 7: Advantages and Disadvantages 23
7.1: Advantages
7.2: Disadvantages
Conclusion and Future Scope 25
References 26
6
LIST OF FIGURES
Solar Mobile Charger Figure – Page 11
Solar Panel Manufacturing Technologies, Block Diagram – Page 13
LDR Based Mobile Charging – Page 14
Solar Mobile Charger Working – Page 15
Photo-Voltaic/Electric Effect Diagram – Page 17
Design of the Solar Mobile Charger – Page 18
Internal Circuit Diagram of the Solar Mobile Charger – Page 19
Test Points of the Circuit Diagram – Page 20
7
INTRODUCTION
Mobile phone is lifesavers as they help in emergencies. Mobile phones are a comfortable way of
communication over a long distance. Now a day’s mobile phone had become one of the basic
necessities of life. The first and foremost role that mobile phones play in our lives is that they provide
easy and fast communication. Mobile phones are not only meant to stay in connected with friends and
relatives.
Solar energy is the energy produced directly by the sun and collected elsewhere, normally the Earth.
The sun creates its energy through a thermonuclear process. The process creates heat and
electromagnetic radiation. Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth.
The radiation that does reaches the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used
today.
The radiation that does reach the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used today.
The exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission and fusion. Even fossil fuels owe their
origins to the sun; they were once living plants and animals whose life was dependent upon the sun.
Much of the world's required energy can be supplied directly by solar power. More still can be
provided indirectly. The practicality of doing so will be examined, as well as the benefits and
drawbacks. In addition, the uses solar energy is currently applied to will be noted.
Due to the nature of solar energy, two components are required to have a functional solar energy
generator. These two components are a collector and a storage unit. The collector simply collects the
radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to other forms of energy (either electricity and
heat or heat alone). The storage unit is required because of the non-constant nature of solar energy; at
certain times only a very small amount of radiation will be received. At night or during heavy
cloudcover, for example, the amount of energy produced by the collector will be quite small. The
storage unit can hold the excess energy produced during the periods of maximum productivity, and
8
release it when the productivity drops. In practice, a backup power supply is usually added, too, for
the situations when the amount of energy required is greater than both what is being produced and
what is stored in the container.
Every time it is not possible to charge mobile batteries everywhere at any time so we design this
mobile charger from which we can charge the mobile battery anywhere at any time. In this project we
are using the concept of energy harvesting by using solar energy for battery charging purpose. By
using this we can charge our mobile battery in remote areas where there is a problem of electricity.
Cost of this circuitry can be reduced to certain extend so that common man can easily purchase that
and get benefit from that.
9
Chapter 1
HISTORY OF THE SOLAR CHARGER
The history of solar power battery chargers has to begin with the advent of solar power. Attempts to
capture the power of the sun have been made since the dawn of man. Realizing its power to give heat
and light, intrigued man from the beginning of time. Leonardo da Vinci studied the sun and ways to
harness it in the fifteenth century.
Although modern science has taken away the romance of sun gods, mystical beings and other myths
and tales, it has not lost its curiosity. Harnessing the suns power to be used in batteries has been around
since France decided it needed an alternate energy source long before the fuel shortage of the
seventies.
Charles Fritz managed to turn the sun’s rays into electricity with the first solar cell in 1883. It wasn't
until later in the 1880's that a solar cell was used to warm water in his house. The studies went on. The
possibilities of using up all of the nonrenewable resources was well known in the nineteenth century.
People around the world still chose to use coal and other nonrenewable energy sources as though they
would never end, or have any consequences.
Three scientists from Bell Labs, Calvin Fuller, Daryl Chaplin and Gerald Pearson made the discovery
that silicon was a very good semiconductor. Today solar cells and panels are usually made of silicon.
These small yet applaud-able steps were baby steps to the many uses of solar energy today. Now, solar
energy is influencing the production of energy much more than those in history ever imagined. It is
no longer history, it is the future that depends on solar power and the ability to use the sun as an energy
source and to not deplete the earth of nonrenewable resources.
10
Then the price of oil doubled in the seventies, the government of the United States finally decided to
invest time and funds into the development of the solar cell. This is the same solar electric cell that
was produced in 1953 by the scientists at Bell Laboratories.
Today the assortment of solar powered battery chargers is amazing. When you inventory your
electronic gadgets, you know that everyone needs to be charged in one way or another. You will find
out that most of those electric chargers can be replaced by solar battery chargers.
The solar charger contains solar panels. When these panels are placed in direct sunlight, the panels
will convert the energy from the sun and store it in your battery. The more energy you want, the larger
the solar panel you will need. Portable solar chargers are available and built into many small devices.
Solar powered calculators have been around for decades. At first large and cumbersome, they are now
pocket sized and more efficient.
Internal solar batteries are usually what you will find in these small hand held devices. Price counts.
There are some that are too small to charge the device with just the sun, but can charge the internal
battery. Internal batteries will most likely have to be replaced before the device wears out.
11
Replacement of an internal battery will most likely occur every couple of years and is a danger to the
ecosystem. A weak battery in a new device is also a potential issue.
External solar chargers are great when you aren't anywhere close to an electric outlet. You can plug
the charger into your device on a beach, in a foreign country or out in a boat with no AC power. They
are also great if you are camping. You can get solar panels large enough to keep everything in your
camp charged and usable without tapping into electrical power supplies. They are great for any
emergency, survival or your pleasure when electricity is not available.
Before you invest in a solar charger, it will be important to see if your appliances and devices can be
used with one. The additional purchase of cables may be necessary in some instances.
In order to charge rechargeable batteries you will need a separate solar power charger. Since this will
most likely be used outdoors, it is important to buy one that is weatherproof. Keep the connections
clean and free from anything that may clog them and the panels themselves will function more
efficiently if they are also kept clean and free from dust and grime.
12
Chapter 2
MANUFACTURING OF SOLAR CELLS
• Raw Materials: The basic component of a solar cell is pure silicon, which is not pure in
 its natural state
• Purifying the silicon
• Making single crystal silicon
• Making silicon wafers i.e. making small silicon crystal.
• Doping: Doping is used to increase the strength of the material.
• The anti-reflective coating: It is a type of optical coating applied to the surface of lenses.
 It improves efficiency.
• Encapsulating the cell
13
2.1 SOLAR MOBILE CHARGER UNIT
• Portable Solar Mobile Charger for mobile phone can be charged with Sun light and
electrical power. It stores power from the sun and charge mobile phone iPod, etc.
 Solar cell phone chargers use solar panels to charge cell phone batteries. They are
an alternative to conventional electrical cell phone chargers and in some cases can be
plugged into an electrical outlet.
 There are also public solar chargers for mobile phones which can be installed
permanently in public places such as streets, park and squares.
 The model which is according to European Commission proclaimed as the first in the
world is the Strawberry Tree, public solar charger invented by Strawberry energy
Company. This solar station won the first place at "EU Sustainable energy week
(EUSEW) 2011" in the Consuming category.
 Some models of cell phones have a built in solar charger and are commercially
available for GSM cellphone models.
 Solar cell phone chargers come in different shapes and configurations including
folding and rotating types.
14
2.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
The term "photovoltaic" comes from the Greek (photo) means "light", and "voltaic", means electric
,from the name of the Italian physicist “VOLTA "after whom a unit of electromotive force, the volt is
named. The sun is a star made up of hydrogen and helium gas and it radiates an enormous amount of
energy every second. A photovoltaic cell is an electrical device that convert the energy of light directly
into electricity by photovoltaic effect.
Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the practical application of photovoltaic
cells in producing electricity from light, though it is often used specifically to refer to the generation
of electricity from sunlight. Cells can be described as photovoltaic even when the light source is not
necessarily sunlight (lamplight, artificial light, etc.). In such cases the cell is sometimes used as a
photodetector (for example infrared detectors, detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near
the visible range, or measuring light intensity.
The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires 3 basic attributes: The absorption of light,
generating either electron-hole pairs or excitons. The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.
The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit. In contrast, a solar thermal collector
collects heat by absorbing sunlight, for the purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power
15
generation. "Photo-electrolytic cell" (photo-electrochemical cell), on the other hand, refers either a
type of photovoltaic cell (like that developed by A.E. Becquerel and modern dye-sensitized solar cells
or a device that splits water directly into hydrogen and oxygen using only solar illumination.
Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon,
amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Due to the
increased demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic
arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.
Solar photovoltaics is a sustainable energy source. By the end of 2011, a total of 71.1 GW had been
installed, sufficient to generate 85 TWh/year. And by end of 2012, the 100 GW installed capacity
milestone was achieved. Solar photovoltaics is now, after hydro and wind power, the third most
important renewable energy source in terms of globally installed capacity. More than 100 countries
use solar PV. Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and
grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building (either building-integrated photovoltaics or simply
rooftop).
16
2.3 PRINCIPLE OF PV CELL

Solar cell works on the principle of photovoltaic effect. Sunlight is composed of photons, or "packets
“of energy. These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different
wavelengths of light. When photons strike a solar cell, they may be reflected or absorbed. When a
photon is absorbed, the energy of the photon is transferred to an electron in an atom of the cell (which
is actually a semiconductor). With its new found energy, the electron is able to escape from its normal
position associated with that atom to become part of the current in an electric.
17
Chapter 3
Specifications and Design of the Charger
3.1 Specifications: -
 Uses high-efficiency monocrystalline silicon
 Solar panel: 5.5V/1000mA
 Output voltage: 5.5V
 Output current: 300-550mA
3.2 Design of the Charger: -

 A multi-crystalline solar cell is taken and its cut into 12 parts.
• By taking tabbing wire and applying flux, paste is done.
• This is done from top of one cell to bottom of the other cell. They are connected in series.
The above process is continued for remaining cells.
• A wire comes from positive side of cell and another wire comes from the negative side.
• The whole arrangement is then placed on top of an acrylic sheet, Teflon.
• On top these panels EVA is placed and are attached with fevi quick
• These wires are connected to the terminals of a regulator.
• Using multi-meter we verify the voltage is brought down to 5 V.
• Regular terminals are further connected to multi pin cable.
• The pin is then connected to mobile to charge it.
18
Chapter 4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4.1 Circuit Construction: -

Here the circuit utilize 6V/500 mW solar panel, and then single PN junction diode 1N4007 connected
towards positive line of solar panel this will avoid reverse polarity. A green LED connected across the
solar panel supply line after the C1 capacitor which provides status of supply output from solar panel.
You can remove R2 and LED if you don’t need light indicator. SL100 transistor with 4.7V/400mW
Zener diode provides regulated supply from solar voltage. Choose the Zener diode specification
according to your need. Here the Zener diode connected in base of SL100 transistor with reverse
biased polarity.
4.2 Working of Circuit: -

Expose the solar panel in sunlight, that solar energy will be converted as voltage by the photovoltaic
device (solar panel cell), then the green LED glows here the intensity of this LED varies depends on
the voltage produced by the solar panel. The Zener diode reduce and regulates voltage and the SL100
transistor drives output voltage.
19
Test Points
 tp GND – test point common ground

 tp 1 – To check solar panel voltage – 5V to 6V
 tp 2 – To check Zener voltage – 4V to 4.7V
 tp 3 – To check output – 4.5V – 4.7V
20
Chapter 5
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE BATTERY
For Samsung
• Make: Samsung
• Model: GT-B5310
• Voltage: Max-5V
Min-3.7V
• Capacity: 930ma/hr
For Nokia
• Type : RH-105
• Make : Nokia
• Model : 1208
• Voltage : Max-5V
Min-3.7V
• Capacity: 1020ma/hr
21
Chapter 6
APPLICATIONS
• For low-power portable electronics, like calculators or small fans, a photovoltaic array
may be a reasonable energy source rather than a battery.
• In other situations, such as solar battery chargers, watches, and flashlights, the
photovoltaic array is used to generate electricity.
• Solar chargers can charge lead acid or Ni-Cd battery bank up to 48 V and hundreds of
ampere-hours (up to 400 Ah) capacity.
• For such type of solar chargers, generally intelligent charge controllers are used. A series
of solar cell array plates are installed separately on roof top and can be connected to
battery bank. Such arrangement can also be used in addition to mains supply chargers for
energy saving during day times.
• Most portable chargers can obtain energy from the sun only. Portable knobs are also
sold. Some, including the Kinesis K3, can work either way. Examples of solar chargers in
popular use include:
• Small portable models designed to charge a range of different mobile phones, cell
phones, iPods or other portable audio equipment.
• Fold out models designed to sit on the dashboard of an automobile and plug into the cigar
lighter, to keep the battery topped up whilst not in use.
Torches, often combined with a secondary means of charging, such as a kinetic charging
system.
• Public solar chargers permanently installed in public places, such as parks, squares and
streets, which passersby can use for free.
 In late 2006, the DRFN commenced with investigating the feasibility of solar cell phone
charging shops as an approach towards establishing energy shops in Namibia as specified in
Namibia’s off grid energization master plan, 2006.
Two shops located in Windhoek's informal settlement, Havana, has been closely monitored
and mentored.
22
The system is capable of charging about 20 cell phones per day and provides daily
electricity for 3 hours for each light (replacing the need for candle, paraffin or gas). The
system is versatile and can accommodate any type of cell phone DC charger (car chargers).
 The electricity that's produced around the world is often much less benign from an
environmental standpoint. For example, in 2008, nearly half of the electricity generated in
the United States came from the burning of coal.
While coal is a cheap and easy way to generate electricity, it's also a major source of
pollutants. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that coal-fire power
plants generate 59 percent of the sulfur dioxide in the air within the U.S., as well as 50
percent of the particulate pollutants.
What's more, coal-fired power plants also contribute heavily to mercury pollution.
Producing it through the photoelectric effect (Solar Energy use) is a benign way of
generating electricity.
23
Chapter 7
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
7.1 Advantages: -
• Solar energy is a renewable energy sources.
• We get solar energy directly from resources i.e. from sun. The solar charger power
source comes from the solar energy which is an reliable alternative.
 Solar energy comes in free of charge.
• The energy from the sun is free. The source of energy is practically
free because we get sunlight directly from sun.
 Solar cells panel on the solar charger does not require much maintenance.
• As, the solar cells panel is very reliable as it can last longer than other
Source of energy.
 The solar charger also does emit zero pollution and is very environmental friendly which
helps in reducing global warming and greenhouse effect.
 It also helps reduces cost such as electric bills as the solar charger source of energy is
free.
 The solar charger also operate quietly and this does not contribute to noise pollution.
7.2 Disadvantages: -
 Solar charger need light to work: -
 The efficiency of the photo-voltaic panels has increased greatly over the last decade or
so, reaching the point where they do not need direct sunlight to work but will now create
a satisfactory current even under overcast conditions. But it is still something we should
be aware of depending where in the world we are based.
 Charging a device by solar charger is much slower than the main charger.
 This is due to the current generated by the solar panels being a lot less than what you
would find at home.
 For around half of any given day (outside of the Earth's Polar Regions), the sun is nowhere to
be found. The absence of photons showering from space makes any solar power device all but
useless at night. Bad weather and heavy cloud cover also have a big impact on how well a
24
solar cell operates. Even in bright sunlight, most solar cells currently in production are only
about 10 percent efficient, which makes them slower than chargers that plug into a wall outlet.
25
CONCLUSION
• To make sure we have plenty of energy in the future, it's up to all of us to use energy
wisely.
• We must all conserve energy and use it efficiently. It's also up to those who will create
the new energy technologies of the future.
• All energy sources have an impact on the environment. Concerns about the greenhouse
effect and global warming, air pollution, and energy security have led to increasing
interest and more development in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind,
geothermal, wave power and hydrogen.
• In solar mobile charger ripples will not be there as we use DC power directly to charge
the mobile.
• Battery life is more as high voltages are not developed.
• Versatility of Solar mobile charger is high.
• Life of the battery will be high as we use solar mobile charger.
• Adaptability is high.
FUTURE SCOPE
Basically the solar mobile charger is designed for charging mobile battery. But in future, by
making some modifications we can use this charger to charge batteries used in different
portable devices like laptop, walky-talky, I-POD, digital camera etc.
26
REFERENCES
1. Dr. Siva Ganesh Malla, IEEE member, D. Jaya Deepu, D. Pavan Kumar and
Jagan Mohana Rao Malla, “Solar Powered Mobile Phone: An Innovative
Experiment”, 2016 IEEE.
2. Rohit Kamble, Sameer Yerolkar, Dinesh Shirsath, Bharat Kulkarni, “Solar
Mobile Charger”, 2014 International Journal of Innovative Research in
Computer Science & Technology.
3. “Solar Mobile Charger”: - www.studymafia.org
4. “History of Solar Panel Chargers”: - www.ezinearticles.com
5. Images taken from Google Images.
6. http://ohm.nuigalway.ie/0708/cconaghan/Thesis1.pdf
7. https://www.sierraclub.org/cleanair/factsheets/power.asp
8. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/index.php
9. https://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=solar_home-basics-k.cfm
27

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

I, MIZGAN MASANI [1RN14EI027], student of VIII Semester BE, in

Date: 07/03/2018 NAME: MIZGAN MASANI

I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude to Mr. P Manohar, Associate

Chapter 1: History of the Solar Charger 9

Chapter 2: Manufacturing of Solar Cells 12

2.1: Solar Cell Mobile Charger Unit

2.2: Photovoltaic Cells

2.3: Principle of PV Cells

Chapter 3: Specifications and Design of the Charger 17

3.1: Specifications of the Charger

3.2: Design of the Charger

Chapter 4: Circuit Diagram 18

4.1: Circuit Construction

4.2: Working of the Circuit

Chapter 5: Specifications of the Battery 20

Chapter 7: Advantages and Disadvantages 23

Conclusion and Future Scope 25

Solar Mobile Charger Figure – Page 11

Solar Panel Manufacturing Technologies, Block Diagram – Page 13

LDR Based Mobile Charging – Page 14

Solar Mobile Charger Working – Page 15

Photo-Voltaic/Electric Effect Diagram – Page 17

Design of the Solar Mobile Charger – Page 18

Internal Circuit Diagram of the Solar Mobile Charger – Page 19

Test Points of the Circuit Diagram – Page 20

2.1 SOLAR MOBILE CHARGER UNIT

2.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

2.3 PRINCIPLE OF PV CELL

3.2 Design of the Charger: -

4.1 Circuit Construction: -

4.2 Working of Circuit: -

 tp GND – test point common ground

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