ANATOMY OF FROG

(Fejerfarya cancrivora)

By:
Name : Rahmi Mutia Mawardi
Student ID : B1B015041
Group :V
Sub Group :5
Assistent : Sumana

PRACTICAL REPORT OF ANIMAL STRUCTURE

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
BIOLOGI FACULTY
PURWOKERTO
2016
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Reptiles are a group (reptilia) of tetrapod animals comprising today's turtles,

crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives.
Reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates, creatures that either have four limbs or, like snakes,
are descended from four-limbed ancestors. Unlike amphibians, reptiles do not have
an aquatic larval stage. Most reptiles are oviparous, although several species of
squamates are viviparous, as were some extinct aquatic clades the fetus develops
within the mother, contained in a placenta rather than an eggshell. As amniotes,
reptile eggs are surrounded by membranes for protection and transport, which adapt
them to reproduction on dry land. Many of the viviparous species feed their fetuses
through various forms of placenta analogous to those of mammals, with some
providing initial care for their hatchlings. Extant reptiles range in size from a tiny
gecko, Sphaerodactylus ariasae, which can grow up to 17 mm (0.7 in) to the
saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, which may reach 6 m (19.7 ft) in length and
weigh over 1,000 kg (Goodrich, 1916).
Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with approximately over
6,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most
oceanic island chains. The group, traditionally recognized as the suborder Lacertilia,
is defined as all extant members of the Lepidosauria (reptiles with overlapping
scales). Lizards typically have feet and external ears. Lizards share a movable
quadrate bone, distinguishing them from the sphenodonts, which have more
primitive and solid diapsid skulls. Many lizards can detach their tails to escape from
predators, an act called autotomy. Vision, including color vision, is particularly well
developed in most lizards, and most communicate with body language or bright
colors on their bodies, as well as with pheromones. Lizards are the most speciose
among extant reptiles, comprising about 60% of all living species (Ditmars, 1933).
Lizard (Eutropis multifasciata) belong to the order Squamata and sub order
Lacertilia (Sauria). Lizard typically have two pairs of limbs that are pentadactil.
Tympanic membrane is not convex and crannies auris externa can clearly be seen
clearly. Eyelid superior and inferior can be driven, also membrane nictitans
(Kimball, 1991).
 Suborder lacertilia on the lower jaw united that lizards are less able to open
his mouth. These animals have two pairs of limbs that are pentadactil. Membrane
thympani not convex and auris external gap is clearly visible. Lizard has the ability
of generations at the tail end of the release. This occurs when a lizard's tail is held,
then it will be releasing its tail vertebrates to escape (Storer and Usinger, 1957).
This time’s practicum is using the lizard (Eutropis multifasciata) as a material
because these animal is not poisonous so it is harmless. Additionally, lizard used as a
practical preparations to represent the class in which the animal's reptilian have
morphological and anatomical structures are easily observed.

B. Purpose

The purpose of this animal structure practicum of this time is to know the
morphology and anatomy of lizard (Eutropis multifasciata).
 II. MATERIAL AND METHODS

A. Material

The tools that used in this practice are basin for preparat, tweezers and surgical
scissors.
The material that used in this practice are Lizard (Eutropis multifasciata),
chloroform and tissue.

B. Methods

The method used in this lab are as follows:

1. Lizard anesthetized using chloroform or dead it with surgical scissors
2. After death, lizards dissected. Surgery begins with shearing in front of the cloaca
hole to the left and right sides of the body and then to the front past the front foot
to the middle of the upper jaw.
3. Hemipenis lizards can be seen by pressing the base of the tail.
4. The parts of the oral cavity can be determined by cutting both corners of the
mouth wide, jaws opened then pulled the top and bottom, the inside will look
like.
 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Figure 1. Morphology of Lizard (Eutropis multifasciata)

Figure Details :

1. Caput
2. Truncus
3. Cauda
4. Nostril
5. Cavum Oris
6. Organon Visus
7. Ear Hole
8. Anterior Membrane
9. Posterior Membane
10. Digiti
B. Discussion

Lizard (Eutropis multifasciata) is a reptile whose body consists of caput,

cervix, truncus and cauda. Cavum oris lizards limited by labium inferior, while
organon visus was limited by the superior and inferior eyelid which can be driven.
Truncus usually long and conveks where in the dorsal part ventralnya brown and
white (Radiopoetro, 1997).
Lizard (Eutropis multifasciata) classification that according by Radiopoetro
(1997) is as follows:
Phylum : Chordata
Subphylum : Vertebrates
Class : Reptilia
Order : Squamata
Suborder : Lacertilia
Familia : Scincidae
Genus : Eutropis
Species : Eutropis multifasciata
Observations result of lizard (Eutropis multifasciata) on male was found that
the skin of lizards are squamae epididymis. That squamae the lizard-shaped horns
and lies in the dermal layer of the bony. The outermost layer of integumentum the
gore does not contain nerve cells and blood vessels. The core of the dead, and a long
time will peel. The ceratin layer also disappear if a lizard shedding its skin
(Radiopoetro, 1997).
Lizards (Eutropis multifasciata) has a forked tongue ends and pull out the
salivary glands. That the most spectacular part of the digestive system reptilian
tongue is forked ends. The digestive system is built by a lizard venom glands of the
salivary glands. Modifications poison toxic saliva there are two differences, it
depends on the type of lizard (Djuhanda, 1982).
The digestive system in lizards starts from the mouth and then proceed to the
pharynx, esophagus, stomach by part fundus and the pylorus then headed to the
intestine, rectum, and cloaca. Tongue lizards can be extended easily. Tooth lizards
attached to the jaw. Cloaca is a residual finalization of digestion, excretion, and sex
cells (Brotowidjoyo, 1995).
 Lungs of lizards are well developed and the size is quite large. Part
circulation lizard in the form of a heart wrapped in a transparent membrane
(pericardium) and limited by endocardium. Respiratory system consists of a structure
located between the nostrils and lungs are glottis and larynx (Parker and Hanswell,
1962).
Respiration begins with the entry of air into the external nares then enter the
internal nares through the glottis as lingua gap leading to the larynx. The larynx is
composed of three pieces of cartilage and contains several pairs of vocal cords.
Towards the trachea is branched into two bronchi that then each into the lungs (Jasin,
1989).
Heart of lizards consists of sinus venosus, two autrikel and two ventricles
which are divided perfectly. The circulatory system of blood started coming from the
sinus venosus into the right auricle to proceed to the right ventricle, pulmonary
artery, vein, lung, autrikel left and the left ventricle. Blood out of the left ventricle to
the aorta arch dorsal carotid artery to the head and front legs (Brotowidjoyo, 1995).
Lizards actually have bladder but dirt removed through the cloaca. That is
because the dirt is semisolid be issued directly through the cloaca. Impurities out
through the cloaca containing veins usually as salts and contain calcium
(Brotowidjoyo, 1995).
According Brotowidjoyo (1995), that the differences between lizards female
and male lizard is on the male lizards are a pair of testicles, while the females have
ovaries lizards. Lizard male testis left testis were higher than the right, a pair of
kidneys and hemipenis. Females lizard have a pair of tube ostium, oviduct and ovary.
 IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Conclusion

Based on the results and discussion before it can be concluded that:

1. Lizards (Eutropis multifasciata) consists of three parts, namely the head (caput),
body (truncus) and tail (cauda).
2. The lizards have some system that is the respiratory system, excretory system,
reproductive system, the neural system and the circulatory system.
3. Male lizard have hemipenis, has a pair of testes (testicles that left higher than
right), while the female lizard has ovum.
4. Female lizard genitalia system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and
cloaca.

B. Recommendation

Recommendation for laboratory practice is in the lab work activity it best to

allocated more time to observe dissected materials, so that the practitioner can
understand more clearly. It is hope that practican can be more careful look at an
organ in the body of lizard (Eutropis multifasciata).
 REFERENCES

Brotowidjoyo, M. D. 1995. Zoologi Dasar. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Ditmars, Raymond L (1933). Reptiles of the World: The Crocodilians, Lizards,
Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. New
York: Macmillan. p. 321.
Djuhanda. 1982. Pengantar Anatomi Perbandingan Vertebrata. Bandung: Armico.
Goodrich, E.S. (1916). "On the classification of the Reptilia". Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London 89B (615): 261–276.
Jasin, M. 1989. Sistematika Hewan Vertebrata dan Invertebrata. Jakarta: Universitas
Sinar Wijaya.
Kimball, J. W. 1991. Biologi Jilid 3. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Parker, T. J. and Hanswell. 1962. Text Book of Zoology Volume II. Mac Milln and
Company LTD.
Radiopoetro. 1997. Zoologi. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Storer and Usinger. 1968. Element of Zoology. USA: Mc Graw-Hill Book Company
Inc.