2.

Bonding and Properties

 Question

“Why do metals have good electrical

conductivity?

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 Learning objectives
• List the factors that control material
properties
• Explain the different types of primary and
secondary bonds
• Interpret and use bond energy and bond
force diagrams
• Explain and interpret thermal expansion
from the bond energy diagram

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 Materials and atoms
• Materials are made of atoms (billions)
– atom = the basic unit of a chemical element
• Inter atomic bonding is largely governed by
the electron structure of the atoms
– Particularly the valence (outer shell) electrons

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 Bohr’s model of the atom
• Core with neutrons and
protons surrounded by
electrons in different
shells
• Atomic number =
number of protons
• Number of protons =
number of electrons
• Proton and electron
charge, equal and
opposite

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Periodic table of the elements
Elements in a group (column) have similar
valence electron structures

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Material classes

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Factors that control material
properties
– Composition – what it is made from
– Bonding
– Crystal structure – arrangement of atoms
(often linked to how it is manufactured)
– Defect Population – linked to how it is
manufactured (critical in fatigue, which can
arise during cyclic loading)
– Operating Environment – temperature,
chemical activity, pressure
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 Bonding controls
• Melting temperature
• Density
• Thermal and Electrical Conductivity
• Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
• Stiffness

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 Types of Bonds
• Primary or Intra-molecular (chemical)
bonds; strong.
– Ionic Bonds
– Covalent Bonds
– Metallic Bonds
• Secondary Bonds or inter-molecular
(physical bonds); weak.
– Van der Waals Bonds
– Hydrogen Bonds
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Bond Force & Energy Diagrams
r

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Referring to the previous figure…

• At equilibrium the radius for the bond is at the minimum

point in the potential energy curve, r0. This is point where
the attractive and repulsive forces are in balance

• At the minimum point, the bond energy is E0, where

r0 r0

E0    ( Frep  Fattr )dr    ( Fnet )dr

 

dE
and Fnet = =0
dr

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 Ionic Bond
Always found in compounds of metals and non-metals
Metal atoms give up their valence electron to the non-metal
Non-directional bond (magnitude equal in all directions around an ion)

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Periodic table of the elements

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 Ionic Bond Formation
For an Na+ - Cl- ion pair

1.436 7.32 ´ 10-6

EA = - ER =
r r8

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 Covalent Bonds
Found in materials whose atoms have small differences in electronegativity
(close to each other in the periodic table)
Sharing of valence electrons. Directional bond

The formation of a covalent bond – in this case between two

hydrogen atoms, making a hydrogen molecule

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Covalent Bonds are Directional

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 Metallic Bonds
Found in metals and their alloys
Metal atoms give up their valence electron to a “sea of shared electrons”
Non-directional bond

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 Secondary Bonds
Exists between virtually all atoms or molecules
Weak bonding forces arise due to atomic or molecular dipoles

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 Hydrogen Bonds
Special type of secondary bond when Hydrogen is covalently bonded

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

From Wikipedia.org
20
For example – Water (H2O)

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 Bond Energies

Bonding Energy
Type of Bond
(kJ/mol)
Ionic 600-1500 (strong)
Primary Covalent 100-800 (med.)
Metallic 70-850 (med.)
Van der
10-50 (weak)
Secondary Waals
Hydrogen 10-50 (weak)

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 Presence of Bonds

Type of Bond
Material
Ionic Covalent Metallic Van der Waals
Metals X X

Polymers X X

Some Ceramics X X

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 Bonding Energies and Melting
Temperatures
Bonding Type Substance Bonding Energy Melting
(kJ/mol) Temperature
(deg C)
Ionic NaCl 640 801
MgO 1000 2800
Covalent Si 450 1410
C (diamond) 713 >3550
Metallic Hg 68 -39
Al 324 660
Fe 406 1538
W 849 3410
van der Waals Ar 7.7 -189
Cl2 31 -101
Hydrogen NH3 35 -78
H2O 51 0

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Melting Temp vs Bond Energy

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Presence of Bonds

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 Thermal Expansion Coefficient
• Decreases with
increase in bond
energy
• Controlled by the
shape of the bond
energy diagram

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 Thermal expansion and bond
energy diagram
T> 0K creates vibrational energy: E1-> E5
If bond energy curve is asymmetric, mean interatomic distance changes with temperature

CTE > 0 CTE = 0

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APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 29
 Question

“Why do metals have good electrical

conductivity?

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 Learning objectives
• List the factors that control material
properties
• Explain the different types of primary and
secondary bonds
• Interpret and use bond energy and bond
force diagrams
• Explain and interpret thermal expansion
from the bond energy diagram

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 Homework Problems
• Callister
– L2: 2.19, 2.21, 2.3FE, 2.4FE
FE stands for “Fundamentals of Engineering
Questions and Problems”

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 Example problem
• 2.4FE What type(s) of bonding would be
expected for rubber?
– (A) Ionic bonding
– (B) Metallic bonding
– (C) Covalent bonding with some van der
Waals bonding
– (D) van der Waals bonding

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