Ductile Detailing for

Earthquake Resistant
R C Structures

Dr. S. K. PRASAD
Professor of Civil Engineering
S.J. College of Engineering
Mysore – 570 006
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Ductile Detailing
Objective
To provide adequate toughness and ductility
to resist severe earthquake shocks without
collapse

IS 13920 : 1993 (Reaffirmed 2003)

Code of Practice for Ductile detailing of
reinforced concrete structures subjected to
seismic forces
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Ductile Detailing
Where is this required?
Structure in Seismic Zone IV or V.
Structure in Seismic Zone III with
Importance factor (I) greater than 1.0.
Structure in Seismic Zone III and is an
industrial structure, and
Structure is located in Seismic Zone III and
is more than five storeys high.

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Ductile Detailing

Design of structures : IS : 456 – 2000

(modified by the provisions of IS 13920 : 1993)

All structural buildings

Grade of concrete: Minimum fck = 20 MPa
Grade of steel : Fe 415 or less shall be used

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Flexural member

Two types of
Damage

 Flexure
 Shear

Flexural failure
is preferred

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Ductile Detailing … Flexural members

Factored axial stress under earthquake

loading 0.1 fck.

Preferably width to depth ratio > 0.3.

Width, b 200 mm.

Depth, D ¼ of clear span.

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Ductile Detailing … Flexural members
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

At least two bars throughout the member length at

both top and bottom.

Tension steel ratio on any face at any section

Maximum steel ratio on any face at any section

Positive steel at a joint face half the negative

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steel at that face.
Flexural detailing

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Ductile Detailing … Flexural members

LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT … Contd.

Steel provided at each 1/4 of maximum

of top and bottom face negative steel
of member at any provided at the
section along its length face of either joint

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Ductile Detailing … Flexural members
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT … Contd.
External Joint
For both the top and bottom bars of the beam
Anchorage length = Ld + 10 dia - allowance for 90
degree bends.

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Anchorage of beam bars in exterior joints

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Ductile Detailing … Flexural members
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT … Contd.

Internal Joint
For both faces of beam, bars shall be taken
continuously through the column.

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Failure at internal joint

Shear failure of R C beam – column joint during the

1985 Mexico earthquake when beam bars are
passed outside the column cross section (EERI) 13
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Ductile Detailing … Flexural members
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT … Contd.

Splicing

In region of splicing Hoops to be provided over the

of longitudinal bars entire splice length, at a
spacing not exceeding 150 mm
Lap length shall not be less
than the bar development in
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tension
Splicing or lapping of longitudinal bars

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Ductile Detailing … Flexural members
Splicing of Longitudinal Reinforcement … Contd.

Lap splices shall not be provided

1. Within a joint
2. Within a distance of 2d from joint face, and
3. Within a quarter length of the member where
flexural yielding may generally occur under the
effect of earthquake forces.

Not more than 50 percent of the bars shall be spliced

at one section.

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Flexural members
WEB REINFORCEMENT
Shall consist of vertical hoops.

Closed stirrup having a 1350 hook with a 10 dia

extension ( min of 75 mm) that is embedded in the
confined core

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Vertical Stirrups

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Vertical Stirrups

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Flexural members
WEB REINFORCEMENT
In compelling circumstances, it may also be made of
TWO pieces of reinforcement;
• a U – stirrup with a having a 1350 hook and a
10 dia extension ( min of 75 mm), and
• a crosstie.

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Flexural members
WEB REINFORCEMENT

Crosstie – bar having a 1350 hook and a 10 dia

extension ( min of 75 mm) at each end. The hooks
shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars.

Minimum bar dia for hoops

• For spans less than 5 m is 6 mm
• For spans more than 5 m is 8 mm
Contribution of bent up bars and inclined hoops to
resist shear shall not be considered.
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Flexural members
WEB REINFORCEMENT

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Flexural members
WEB REINFORCEMENT

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Flexural members

Spacing of hoops
a) At either end of the beam
Over a length of 2d, spacing shall not exceed
• d/4
• 8 times the dia of smallest longitudinal bar

Minimum spacing is 100 mm

First loop 50 mm from joint face

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Flexural members

Spacing of hoops
b) On either side of a section where flexural yielding
may occur
Over a length of 2d, spacing shall not exceed
• d/4
• 8 times the dia of smallest longitudinal bar

c) Elsewhere
Spacing d/2

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Columns and Frame Members

Factored axial stress under earthquake loading

0.1 fck.
Minimum Dimension 200 mm.
In frames which have beams of span > 5m,
• Minimum dimension 300 mm
For columns having unsupported length > 4m,
• Minimum dimension 300 mm
Preferably b/D ratio > 0.4.

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Columns and Frame Members
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

Lap Splicing
• Shall be provided only in the central half of the
member length
• Length = Tension splice
• Hoops to be provided over the entire splice length
• Spacing of hoops 150 mm
• Not more than 50 percent of the bars shall be
spliced at one section.

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Columns and Frame Members
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
Any area that extends more than 100 mm beyond the
confined core due to architectural requirements shall be
detailed as follows:

Structural – Minimum
longitudinal and
transverse reinforcement
as per IS 13920 : 1993
Non-structural –
as per IS 456-2000

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Columns and Frame Members
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

Circular columns - Spiral or circular hoops

Rectangular columns - Rectangular hoops

• Closed Stirrups
1350 hook with a 10 dia extension ( min of 75 mm)
that is embedded in the confined core
Spacing of parallel legs of rectangular hoops
300 mm
Provide crosstie if the length of any side of the
hoop is > 300 mm
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Ties or hoops

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Columns and Frame Members
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

• Closed Stirrups

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Columns and Frame Members
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

• Alternative Closed Stirrups

A pair of overlapping hoops may be provided

Spacing of hoops b/2, where b = least dimension

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Shear failure

Large spacing of ties

and lack of 135 o hook
ends caused brittle
failure during 2001 Bhuj
earthquake spacing
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Cross ties

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Columns and Frame Members
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
Special Confining Reinforcement

Shall be provided over a length

l0 from each joint face towards midspan
l0 on either side of any section where flexural
yielding may occur under the effect of earthquake
forces

The length of l0 shall not be less than

larger lateral dimension of the member
1/6 of clear span of the member, and
450 mm
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Columns and Joint Detailing

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Beam column joint

Critical - Need to be designed properly

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Beam column joint

Closed loop ties in beam column joints will resist

the ill effects of distortion of joints
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Beam column joint

Providing
horizontal ties
at joints

Three stage
procedure

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Reinforcement details for Shear Wall
Columns and Frame Members
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
Special Confining Reinforcement

Column terminates into a footing or mat, special

confining reinforcement shall extend at least 300 mm
into the footing or mat.

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Columns and Frame Members
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
Special Confining Reinforcement

Spacing of hoops used as special confining

reinforcement
1/4 of minimum member dimension.
minimum 75 mm
shall not be more than 100 mm

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Columns and Frame Members
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
Special Confining Reinforcement
Area of cross section, Ash, of the bar forming circular
hoops or spiral is

Area of cross section, Ash, of the bar forming

rectangular hoops is

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Joints of Frames
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
Special confining reinforcement as required at the
end of the column shall be provided through the
joint as well.
For joints which have
• beams framing into all vertical faces of it
• where each beam width is at least 3/4 of the
column width
provide half the special confining reinforcement
required at the end of the column.

Spacing of hoops 150 mm.

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Shear Walls
Resist lateral forces coming on structures
Thickness 150 mm
Reinforcement in longitudinal and transverse
directions
Minimum pt = 0.25% of gross area
If wall thickness is > 200 mm, reinforcement shall
be provided in two curtains.
Diameter of bars 1/10 of wall thickness.
Spacing should be the least of
• lw/5
• 3 tw , and
• 450 mm
where, lw is the horizontal length of wall, and
tw is the thickness of the wall. 45
Joints of Frames
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
Special confining reinforcement as required at the
end of the column shall be provided through the
joint as well.
For joints which have
• beams framing into all vertical faces of it
• where each beam width is at least 3/4 of the
column width
provide half the special confining reinforcement
required at the end of the column.

Spacing of hoops 150 mm.

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IS - 13920: 1993
• Requirements of detailing R C structures
to give adequate toughness and ductility
to resist earthquake shocks better
without collapse.
• Particularly necessary in structures
located in Zones 3, 4 and 5.
• Distinction between Toughness &
Resilience.
• Steps to enhance ductility and toughness
in R C structures
Horizontal earthquake force

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Structural action under earthquake

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Earthquake shaking
reverses tension and
compression in
members.

Reinforcement is
required in both faces
of members

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Columns should be stronger than beams

Two distinct designs of building that result in

different earthquake performances
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