Sei sulla pagina 1di 67

Design, construction, management &

experiences of nursery raceways for high


& low density production systems
Dr. Tzachi M. Samocha

Marine Solutions & Feed Technology LLC., 4110 E. Colt Shadow Ln., Spring, Texas 77386
t-samocha@tamu.edu; tzachi.samocha@gmail.com
Prilabsa Workshop 7/4/2017, Langomorro GPMYC, Ecuador
http://www.was.org/Shopping/was-books

Shrimp
Litopenaeus vannamei
Demonstrate the e manual capabilities
http://www.was.org/Shopping/was-books
Why Nursery
 Systems can be optimized to provide improved
survival, WQ, feed quality & feed management
for production of healthy juveniles with high
compensatory growth with increased profitability
 Can serve as a primary quarantine
 Can prevent losses to WSSV when operated at
high temperatures (>30oC)
 In temperate climate it can extends production
season
Practices to Minimize Disease In GO Ponds
 Positive disease ID
 Implementation of biosecurity protocol
 Individual screening of breeding populations
 Elimination of infected PL at the hatchery level
 Stock ponds with juveniles - Avoid direct stocking
 Detailed pond preparation process
 Isolation and use of beneficial bacteria
 Monitoring Vibrio (water, shrimp)
 Minimizing water exchange
Nursery Systems - Design Criteria
Factors affecting nursery systems size
 PL Needs (quantity & size)
 Available Water (volume & quality),
electricity, aeration & mixing capacity
 System Carrying Capacity (kg/m3)
 Earthen vs. Lined Tanks
 Greenhouse-enclosed vs. Outdoor
 Available WQ Control Tools
 Water Exchange vs. No Exchange
 Water Table & Soil Type
Nursery Systems - Design Criteria
 Intake & Water delivery system
 Use of a Reservoirs
 Incoming Water Treatment
• Sedimentation, Mechanical filtration, Foam
fractionation, Chlorination, Hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2), Ozonation, UV
 Tank Water Depth
 Center Partition (material & positioning)
 Freeboard & Netting Considerations
Outdoor Nursery Systems - Limitations
 Temp Fluctuations
 Direct Sunlight & Light Intensity
 Algal Blooms & pH Fluctuation
 Mixing & Oxygenation
 Feed Management
 Water Exchange
Nursery Systems - Design Criteria
Greenhouse Structures & Covers
• Construction Material
• Temperature Consideration
• Salinity changes
• Light Intensity
• Biosecurity
Nursery Systems - Design Criteria
Shapes
• Circular
• Square
• Rectangular
• Raceway
Impact on Management
Filter Pipes & Mesh Sizes
Bottom Slope
Outlet Diameter
Implications
Introduction
 Under limited exchange conditions, nursery water
have excess inorganic/organic nutrients & particulate
matter that can be taken up by microorganisms &
serve as a fuel for operating a “floc system”
 L. vannamei can grow in reduced water exchange
biofloc-rich water with excellent results
 In these systems, shrimp depend on commercial feed
as the primary source of food, while biofloc serve as
supplemental food source
 Beyond its nutritional value, biofloc can be managed
to detoxify ammonia & nitrite and to improve water
quality
Nursery Systems - Design Criteria
 Tank Water Level Control (valve vs. swivel
stand-pipe)
 Harvest Basin Size & Access
 Harvest Method
Nursery Harvest
Nursery Systems - Design Criteria
Tank Construction Material
• Concrete
• Cinder blocks
• Fiberglass
• Wire mesh rebar
• Wood/Plywood
• Plastic Membranes soil, HDPE, PVC, Hypalon,
CPE, EPDM - Use in Small, Medium, Large
Systems
• Spry-on inert plastic - Expensive!
Nursery Systems - Design Criteria
Water Oxygenation & Mixing
• Paddlewheels aerators
• Aspirators w/o Venturi
• Fountain-type aerators
• Pump-driven injectors (Venturi, a3)
• Air blower-driven devices (air stones, air diffusers,
airlift pumps)
 Factors to consider:
 Blower air generation capacity (volume, pressure),
 Air delivery & Friction losses (pipes, valves, fittings,
diffusers),
 Total air demand
Nursery Systems - Design Criteria
Use of Aero Tube – System Requirements
 Recommend air supply: 0.4 cfm/ft
 Head losses: 0.1 psi/ft
 Bottom cover 3 m span with air feed into
both sides of the diffuser
 Total length of Aero-tube lines depends
on the biomass to be maintained in the
tank
Ammonia Production by Shrimp
1. Use of software such as AquaCalc, WQ Map

2. Use of a generic formula


100 g (F) x 35% CP = 35 g (P) / 6.25 (CF) = 5.6 g (N) x 50% = 2.8 g TAN
Ammonia in Aquaculture
 Ammonia is the end-product of protein catabolism
excreted in un-ionized form (NH3) which is toxic
 Ammonia in water exists in the form of un-ionized
ammonia (NH3), and ionized ammonium (NH4+),
the sum of the two is oftentimes called total
ammonia-nitrogen (TAN) or simply ammonia
 The concentration of each of these forms is pH,
temperature, and salinity dependent
 For example at salinity of 30 ppt, pH 7.0, & temp.
of 28oC, less than 1% of the TAN is in the NH3
(toxic) form compare to 87% in pH 10
Ammonia Removal & Toxicity
Ammonia is very soluble in water
It can be removed by algal (micro & macro)
photosynthesis, oxidation to nitrite & nitrate by
autotrophic bacteria, and conversion to
microbial biomass by heterotrophic bacteria
It is common to express inorganic nitrogen
compounds by their nitrogen content, e.g.,
NH4+-N (ionized ammonia-nitrogen), NH3-N
(un-ionized ammonia-nitrogen), NO2--N
(nitrite-nitrogen), and NO3--N (nitrate-nitrogen)
Biofloc Classification
 Bioflocbacteria include:
 Autotrophs (photo- and chemoautotrophs)
that produce the organic compounds needed
for their metabolism from inorganic
compounds
 Heterotrophs that must ingest organic
compounds originally produced by
autotrophs
Ammonia Removal in Aquaculture
 Heterotrophic bacteria incorporate ammonia-N
directly into microbial biomass (e.g., no
generation of NO2 or NO3)
 When using 35% CP feed, only about 1/3 of the
dissolve organic carbon requires by the
heterotrophic bacteria is available from the
feed
 To assimilate all of the generated ammonia-N,
supplementation of dissolve organic carbon is
needed
Heterotrophic Systems
(Glucose)
NH4-N + 1.18 C6H12O6 + HCO3- + 2.06 O2
C5H7O2N + 6.06 H2O + 3.07 CO2
(Bacteria)

 The increase in microbial biomass production is


40 times greater, consumption of O2, & CO2
production are higher than the nitrification
process,
 If operated as fully heterotrophic, large efforts &
resources are needed to keep these systems,
 These systems require constant supplementation
of organic carbon and large amount of oxygen to
operate
After Ebeling et al. (2006)
Autotrophic Nitrification
Two groups of bacteria perform nitrification
1st Group: Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB)
obtain their energy by catabolizing NH3 to NO2
2nd Group: Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria (NOB)
oxidize NO2 to NO3
Although adding alkalinity is required for the
nitrifying system to work properly, some of it
can be recovered by including denitrification
loop in the system

After Ebeling et al. (2006)


Operations - Nursery
Pre Post-production Procedures:
 Use of probiotic with proven performance before
stocking & during the nursery
 Use of commercial nitrifying bacteria in small
nursery systems (FritzZyme 9, KI-Nitrifier) and/or
floc inoculation
 Efforts to maintained “healthy” mixotrophic
system (maintain optimal TSS)
Operations - Nursery
Carbon Supplementation - Factors to Consider
 Use of organic C before stocking & during the
nursery (ammonia, algal bloom)
 Dissolved oxygen levels in the tank
 Ability to quickly increase DO in the tank
To convert 1 g of TAN into heterotrophic bacteria
biomass you need 6 g of organic carbon
Operations - Nursery
Examples:
Assuming: 40 m3 RW with 4 mg/L TAN in the water
Molasses (23%):
1,000 ml molasses = 1,300 g = 312 g C (1,300 x 24%)
TAN in the tank: 4 x 40,000 = 160 g
C needed: 160 x 6 = 960 g
Molasses needed: 960 / 312 = 3.08 L

White sugar (43% C):


1 kg white sugar = 430 g C
White sugar needed: 960 / 430 = 2.23 kg
Operations - Nursery
Important Factors
 PL Quality
 PL Size & Size Variation
 Shipping
 Acclimation
 PL Counts
 Harvest & Transport
 Feed Quality, Particle Sizes, Rations & Feeding
Practices
 Water Preparation
 Exchange vs. No Water Exchange
Operations - Nursery
Seedstock Selection: PL Quality
 Preference for hatchery produced PL
 Use of certified hatcheries with reliable PL testing
 Records review related to larval metamorphosis rate,
deformities, days to PL1, gill development, gut width,
size variations, feed used, presence of luminescence
bacteria in LRT, PL directional swimming behavior
(forward), and stress test results
 Decisions which PL are purchased are based on total
score of the above criteria

Courtesy of Mr. Jorge Cordova, Naturisa, Ecuador


Operations - Nursery
Dealing with Size Variability: PL Screening
 If non-screened PL are stocked in RWs, you
should expect juveniles with high size variation
(CV >50%)
 It is recommended to use PL which went through
one or two size separations at the hatchery
 Large juveniles grow fast with small size-variation
at ponds’ harvest with a positive economic benefit
to farmers

Courtesy of Mr. Jorge Cordova, Naturisa, Ecuador


PL Separation

Postlarvae are harvested from LRT, at 230 PL/g

Smaller PL are removed into a different tank

Courtesy of Mr. Jorge Cordova, Naturisa, Ecuador

Inner basket is moved slowly to speed-up separation


Operations - Nursery
PL Shipping, Receiving & Acclimation
 PL Selection & Sources
 Farm location (Distance & Salinity)
 Shipping Conditions (Temp., Salinity),
& Methods (Hauling Tanks, Oxygen-
filled bags in insulated/non-insulated
boxes)
 Assessing shipping related mortality
 Acclimation
 PL Health Evaluation Ice Bag
Operations - Nursery
Acclimation:
 PL Key Factors:
• Temperature,
• pH,
• Salinity,
• DO,
• Ionic Composition – Emphasis in low salinity water
• Feed Quality & Feeding
 PL releases into the nursery tanks with
preference for gravity flow from hauling and/or
acclimation containers
Operations - Nursery
PL Counts:
 Commercial farms in Ecuador verify PL counts
before the deliveries
 PL mixing is very important to get
representative counts
 Targeted samples’ CV should be ≤ 10%
 Knowing the population size variation at
stocking is important for feed management
 In commercial setting, PL and juvenile
estimations are done mostly by weight
Operations - Nursery
Water Preparation
 Sedimentation
 Mechanical Filtration
 Chlorination, Ozonation, UV, Hydrogen
peroxide
 Fertilization - things to watch for
 If algal inoculation is done - what to watch for
& how to address issues algal blooms
 Note: Most operations do not inoculate or
fertilize the nursery water
Operations - Nursery
Water Treatment & Monitoring
 DO, temperature, salinity, pH, alkalinity, TAN,
NO2, NO3, TSS
 Monitoring & Control of pathogenic (green) &
nonpathogenic (yellow) Vibrio colonies
 Salinity Control – Low salinity implication
 Water & Salt Conservation
 Water Exchange, Waste Control, Sustainability
 Design Harvest Basin to streamline harvest
 Predator Control
 Power Backup
Operations - Nursery
Feed & Feed Management
 EZ Artemia + Dry feed (<400 µm) - 1st wk
(24/7)
 Better results with high quality feed
 First 21 d Zeigler <400 µm - 1,200 µm (24-7)
 Dealing with PL size variation
 Intermittent & Overall FCR as tools
 Rations based on growth, FCR & survival
Operations - Nursery
Feed & Feed Management
 EZ Artemia found to be a good alternative to live
nauplii even in the hatchery phase
 Use of feed with the right particle size: Feed
particle size is adjusted to shrimp size -use of wet
mounts, helps select the proper size as
hepatopancreas tubular walls deformities were
associated with improper feed size
 Rations based on feeding tables & temp.: 25 to 8%
of the estimated biomass -monitoring consumption
 More advanced method relays on expected FCR,
growth & survival
Diego Flores Presentation
Operations - Nursery
Feed & Feed Management
 Feed Quality
 Feed Selection
• Particle size
• Implications when raising PL with high CV
 Feed Delivery - Automatic feeder vs. Manual
• Impact on DO
• Feed Quality
• Shrimp Growth (recent findings HBOI)
Daily DO Trends 1

Manual Feeding
 We focused on 4

downward DO trends
and recoveries between
the first (8:30) and the
final feeding (16:30)
 Note the cumulative
DO reduction trends
 We also looked for
downward trends over
consecutive days
Monitoring Equipment PC
 Significant improvement with
installation of YSI 5500 online
DO monitoring system
 Lab Computer
 AquaManager software (Windows
based, 2000 or XP)
Recent trial:
Nursery performance of the
Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus
vannamei fed two dietary regimes
in a zero-exchange, biofloc system
Small Scale Nursery
 Study to evaluate the effect of feeding two
dietary regimes on Litopenaeus vannamei
post-larvae performance in a biofloc-
dominated nursery system operated with no
water exchange
 Study the changes in selected water quality
indicators throughout the nursery trial, and
 To monitor changes in Vibrio populations
during the study
PL & Growing Conditions
 RWs were filled with chlorinated (5 ppm) NSW &
10% aged NSW inoculated with nitrifying bacteria
(KI Nitrifier™ Keeton Industries, Wellington, CO)
 Salinity adjusted to & maintained at 30 ppt
 RWs stocked with Fast-Growth/Taura Resistant
(Shrimp Improvement Systems, Islamorada, FL),
PL5-10 (0.94±0.56 mg; CV: 59.65%!) at 675/m3
 RWs were operated with no water exchange (FW to
compensate for losses to evaporation)
 62 days study duration
Feed Management & Rations
 Feed: 24/7 via belt feeders Feed Table for the 1st 8 days
 Rations during the 1st 8-d Day EZ-Art (%) Dry (%)
based on feeding table 1 50 + 50 100
2 50 + 50 100
 From Day 9, in addition to
3 50 + 50 30 + 70
feeding table, rations were
4 40 + 60 30 + 70
established based on 2/wk
5 40 + 60 30 + 70
growth sampling, assumed
6 20 + 80 100
FCR, expected growth,
7 20 + 80 100
0.5%/wk mortality, and
8 10 + 90 100
actual feed consumption
Feed & Feed Management
Zeigler Bros. Inc.
EST WEIGHT GAIN GAIN SUR NUMBER BIOMASS FCR FCR FEED TOT FEED FEED/D Total/D Wet G Total/D Dry
DAY STAGE EZ Art (%) Dry Diet+ (%) TYPE
TEMP. g % g % ANIMALS kg DAILY CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY Grams G Dry Wt. wt wt

24.5 1 PL 12 0.0015 26 100.0 286,000 0.43 0.8 24X 89 89.2 50% 165.2 50% 44.6 EZ ART,RW <400,
2 PL 13 0.0019 26 0.0004 97.0 277,420 0.52 0.8 0.94 24X 194 104.9 50% 194.2 50% 52.4 EZ ART,RW <400,
3 PL 14 0.0024 25 0.0005 96.7 276,627 0.65 0.8 0.86 24X 325 130.7 50% 242.0 75% 98.0 EZ ART,RW <400,
4 PL 15 0.0030 25 0.0006 96.4 275,837 0.81 0.8 0.84 24X 481 156.4 25% 144.8 100% 156.4 EZ ART,RW <400,
5 PL 16 0.0037 24 0.0007 96.2 275,049 1.01 0.8 0.83 24X 675 193.4 25% 179.1 100% 193.4 EZ ART,RW <400,
6 PL 17 0.0045 24 0.0009 95.9 274,263 1.25 0.8 0.83 24X 914 239.1 25% 221.4 100% 239.1 EZ ART,RW <400,
7 PL 18 0.0056 24 0.0011 95.6 273,479 1.54 0.8 0.82 24X 1,209 295.6 10% 109.5 100% 295.6 EZ ART,RW <400,
25.5 8 PY 19 0.0070 24 0.0014 95.3 272,698 1.90 0.8 0.82 24X 1,575 365.6 10% 135.4 100% 365.6 EZ ART,RW <400,
9 PL 20 0.0087 24 0.0017 95.1 271,919 2.35 0.8 0.82 24X 2,027 452.0 0% 0.0 100% 452.0 EZ ART,RW <400,
10 PL 21 0.0107 24 0.0021 94.8 271,142 2.91 0.8 0.82 24X 2,586 558.9 0% 0.0 100% 558.9 RW 400-600,
11 PL 22 0.0133 24 0.0026 94.5 270,367 3.60 0.8 0.82 24X 3,277 691.0 0% 0.0 100% 691.0 RW 400-600,
12 PL 23 0.0165 24 0.0032 94.3 269,595 4.45 0.8 0.81 24X 4,131 854.4 Total 1391.6 100% 854.4 RW 400-600,
13 PL 24 0.0205 24 0.0040 94.0 268,825 5.50 0.8 0.81 24X 5,188 1,056.4 EZ ART 100% 1,056.4 RW 400-600,
14 PL 25 0.0254 24 0.0049 93.7 268,057 6.80 0.8 0.81 24X 6,548 1,360.7 100% 1,360.7 RW 400-600,
27.4 15 PL 26 0.0317 25 0.0063 93.5 267,291 8.48 0.8 0.81 24X 8,244 1,696.0 100% 1,696.0 RW 400-600,
16 PL 27 0.0397 25 0.0079 93.2 266,527 10.57 0.8 0.81 24X 10,358 2,113.9 100% 2,113.9 RW 600-850
17 PL 28 0.0496 25 0.0099 92.9 265,765 13.17 0.8 0.81 24X 12,993 2,634.9 100% 2,634.9 RW 600-850
18 PL 29 0.0620 25 0.0124 92.7 265,006 16.42 0.8 0.81 24X 16,277 3,284.2 100% 3,284.2 RW 600-850
19 PL 30 0.0775 25 0.0155 92.4 264,249 20.47 0.8 0.81 24X 20,371 4,093.5 100% 4,093.5 RW 600-850
20 PL 31 0.0968 25 0.0194 92.1 263,494 25.51 0.8 0.81 24X 25,473 5,102.2 100% 5,102.2 RW 600-850
21 PL 32 0.1210 25 0.0242 91.9 262,741 31.80 0.8 0.81 24X 31,832 6,359.6 9,516.4 MP 1mm
28.2 22 PL 33 0.1513 25 0.0303 91.6 261,990 39.63 0.8 0.81 24X 39,759 7,926.7 10,295.6 MP 1mm
23 PL 34 0.1891 25 0.0378 91.3 261,242 49.40 0.8 0.81 24X 49,639 9,880.1 11,071.6 MP 1mm
24 PL 35 0.2364 25 0.0473 91.1 260,495 61.57 0.8 0.81 24X 61,954 12,314.8 MP 1mm
25 PL 36 0.2955 25 0.0591 90.8 259,751 76.75 0.8 0.81 24X 77,918 15,963.6 MP 1mm
26 PL 37 0.3723 26 0.0768 90.6 259,009 96.43 0.8 0.81 24X 97,974 20,056.6 MP 1mm
27 PL 38 0.4691 26 0.0968 90.3 258,269 121.15 0.8 0.81 24X 123,173 25,199.1 MP 1mm
28 PL 39 0.5910 26 0.1220 90.0 257,531 152.21 0.8 0.81 24X 154,834 31,660.2 MP 1.5mm
29 29 PL 40 0.7447 26 0.1537 89.8 256,795 191.24 0.8 0.81 24X 194,612 39,777.9 MP 1.5mm
30 PL 41 0.9383 26 0.1936 89.5 256,062 240.27 0.8 0.81 24X 244,588 49,976.9 MP 1.5mm
31 PL 42 1.1823 26 0.2440 89.3 255,330 301.88 0.8 0.81 24X 307,379 62,791.0 MP 1.5mm
32 PL 43 1.4897 26 0.3074 89.0 254,600 379.28 0.8 0.81 24X 386,270 78,890.6 MP 2mm
33 PL 44 1.8770 26 0.3873 88.8 253,873 476.53 0.8 0.81 24X 485,388 99,118.1 MP 2mm
34 PL 45 2.3651 26 0.4880 88.5 253,148 598.71 0.8 0.81 24X 609,920 124,532.0 MP 2mm
35 PL 46 2.98 26 0.6149 88.3 252,424 752.22 0.8 0.81 24X 637,000 27,080.0 MP 2mm

* Note impact of temperature on daily ration size


Water Quality Control
 Alkalinity adjusted to 160 mg/L (as CaCO3) using
sodium bicarbonate every 2nd day
 A probiotic was added every 1 to 3 days: Ecopro®
(EcoMicrobials, LLC, Miami, FL)
 White sugar added as C source (C/N ratio - 6/1)
 Vibrio was monitored 2/wk on TCBS
 Targeted TSS and SS levels: 200 to 300 mg L-1 and 10
to 14 mL L-1, respectively
Results
 Ammonia & nitrite remained lows (< 5.0 & 7.50
mg/L, respectively) in all RWs
 TSS & turbidity levels in the EZ-Art treatment
were a little higher than the Dry treatment but not
significantly different
 The high PL size variation required frequent
monitoring of the individual weight to determine
the different feed particle sizes needed to
accommodate the variable size shrimp
 No significant differences in shrimp performance
between treatments
Shrimp performance in 62-d nursery study

Final Weight (g) 5.50 5.68


Max (g) 12.4 11.8
Min (g) 0.6 0.5
CV (%) 42.2 46.3
Growth (g/wk) 0.60 0.62
Total Biomass (kg) 125.75 128.92
Yield (kg/m3) 3.12 3.22
FCR 0.91 0.86
Survival (%) 84.80 84.95
Take-home message:
1) Initial size variation is problematic (>> sampling, monitoring, ration calc. etc.)
2) When possible, acquire PL with low size variation
3) CV was reduced by about 15%
Greenhouse-enclosed 100 m3 RWs
The Texas A&M AgriLife Research Biofloc System

 Two 100 m3 RWs


 GH- Shade Cloth & Exhaust Fans
 Online DO Monitoring
 14- pump-driven a3 Injectors/RW
 Two- 2 HP Pumps/RW
 One Foam Fractionator/RW
 One Settling Tank/RW
 One Digester
Systems
The Texas A&M AgriLife Research Biofloc system
Nozzle Air Intakes

Belt Feeders

YSI 5500D DO Monitor


Computer Input

Valve
Optical DO Probe

Two 2 HP Pumps
Center Partition

a3 Injector
Filter Pipe Filter Pipe
Filter Pipe

Drain

Pump Intake Pump Intake


Solids & Biofloc Control
 Maintain TSS levels (250 - 350 mg/L)
 Waste Disposal
Water In
Solid/Water Out

FF
Solid/Water Separator

Solids Drain Valve


Water Out
62-d Nursery Trial - 100 m3 RWs
 RWs filled with NSW adjusted to 30 ppt salinity
 540 PL5-10/m3 (0.94±0.56 mg; CV: 59.7%!) - hybrid Fast-
growth/Taura-resistant
 Continuous feeding from Day 2
 FW to offset losses to evaporation & solids removal
 Filter pipes fitted with 0.5, 0.8 & 1 mm screens
 Temp., Sal., DO, pH: 2/d; SS: 1/d; TSS: ≥1/wk; TAN, NO2-
N, NO3-N, VSS, turbidity, RP: 1/wk; Alka.,: adjusted 2/wk
using NaHCO3 to maintain 160 mg/L as CaCO3
 Remote access YSI 5500 DO monitoring w/ optical DO/RW
 TCBS agar for monitoring yellow and green-colony forming
Vibrio: 2/wk
62-d Nursery Trial - 100 m3 RWs
 Shrimp were fed a combination of EZ-Artemia & dry feed
(Zeigler Raceway Plus <400 µm) for the first 8 d post-
stocking and Zeigler Raceway Plus (<400 µm, 400-600 µm,
600-850 µm), & Zeigler Shrimp PL 40-9 with V-pakTM (1
mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm) for the remainder of the trial
 Feed size & rates were adjusted based on shrimp growth &
size variation - continuous delivery by belt feeders
Temp. (oC) Sal. (ppt) DO (mg L-1) pH
AM Mean 26.4 30.4 6.8 8.1
Min 22.2 29.7 4.6 7.6
Max 29.7 31.1 8.5 8.5
PM Mean 26.8 30.4 6.6 8.1
Min 22.9 28.6 4.4 7.6
Max 30.2 31.1 7.9 8.5
3 6.0
B1 B2 TAN B1 B2 NO2-N
2.5 5.0

NO2-N (mg L-1)


2 4.0
TAN (mg L-1)

1.5 3.0

1 2.0

0.5 1.0

0 0.0
1 20 32 37 42 47 52 57 1 20 32 37 42 47 52 57 62
Days Days

600 35
TSS SS
500 30
B1 B2
B1 B2 25
400
SS (mL L-1)
TSS (mg L-1)

20
300
15
200
10

100 5

0 0
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61
Days Days
62-d Nursery Trial – 100 m3 RWs
Total Vibrio
Green colony-forming 14,000

12,000
Vibrio concentrations 10,000
B1 B2

CFU mL-1
remained below 50 CFU/mL 8,000

and less than 2% of the 6,000

yellow colony-forming 4,000

concentrations throughout 2,000

the trial 0
1 5 10 14 17 21 24 28 28 31 38 42 45 49 52 56 59

Day

12,000
Total Vibrio B1/B2
Mean Yellow-Colony Forming
10,000
Mean Green-Colony Forming
CFU mL-1

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0
1 5 10 14 17 21 24 28 28 31 38 42 45 49 52 56 59
Day
Summary of nursery production in two 100 m3
raceways with Litopenaeus vannamei stocked at
540 PL5-10/m3

Yield Av. Wt. Max Min CV Sur. Sugar


RW FCR
(kg/m3) (g) (g) (g) (%) (%) (kg/RW)
B1 3.43 6.49 11.9 0.6 35.6 97.8 0.81 33.4
B2 3.28 6.43 10.5 0.5 31.0 94.6 0.81 33.1
Conclusion
 Preparing nitrifying bacteria rich water ahead of
stocking prevented PL exposure to high TAN & Nitrite
 Juvenile shrimp (>6.4 g) can be produced with high
survival & very low FCR in biofloc-dominated system
 Use of TCBS agar plates served as a good tool to
monitor non- and pathogenic Vibrio in culture medium
 Although the a3 injectors were used with very small PL,
shrimp were not damaged
 Only one 2 hp pump was needed to maintain high DO
(4.4-8.5 mg/L) at biomass load of 3.43 kg shrimp/m3
with no need for oxygen supplementation
 a3 injectors provided adequate mixing of the biofloc
Central America Field Trial – January, 2017
Dry Feed Impact on Post-larvae Survival & FCR
Competitor Competitor Zeigler* Zeigler*
Diet 1 Diet 2 PL RW 40-9 PL RW 40-9
Stocked (x 106)** 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Duration (d) 30 22 20 22
Survival (%) 55 42 88 76
Biomass (kg) 316 211 435 375
FCR 1.62 2.09 0.74 0.77
Harvested (x 106) 1.38 1.05 2.2 1.9

* 40% CP with 9% lipid & supplemented with Vpak


** All four tanks tested positive for EMS Vibrio
Genitech Intensive Nursery: 5 PL18/L, 3 hp pump, two 86 m3 circular TKs each
with two a3 All Aqua injectors, AeroTube air diffusers & 7 hp air blower
Note: pump driven water circulation was initiated at PL23
Vol. PL Probiotics (g) Feed/d Temp. DO Alka. NH3-N TAN NO2-N NO3-N Av. Wt. Bio. Bio.
DOC Date Feed Prop pH
(m3)age PRO-W Efinol Hatcheries (g) (C) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (g)
3
(kg) (kg/m )
0 4/16/11 86 18 180 180 400 AQUAXEL 300-600 100 27.5 7.8 0.016 6.8 0.079
1 4/17/11 86 19 180 180 1,550 AQUAXEL 300-600 100 28.5 6.2
2 4/18/11 86 20 180 180 1,800 AQUAXEL 800 100 28.3 6.1 0.037 15.7 0.183
3 4/19/11 86 21 180 180 1,800 AQUAXEL 800 100 29.5 6.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23 5/9/11 86 41 0 270 270 13,200 VIMIFOS MIGAJA 1/VIMIFOS RACEW. 50 / 50 31.1 4.2 255 7.3 0.13 7.90 0.10 3.10 0.424 180.2 2.095
24 5/10/11 86 42 0 450 450 13,200 VIMIFOS MIGAJA 1/VIMIFOS RACEW. 50 / 50 30.7 4.2 225 7.3 0.09 4.50 1.09 4.30
25 5/11/11 86 43 0 450 450 13,200 VIMIFOS MIGAJA 1/VIMIFOS RACEW. 50 / 50 30.3 4.5 285 7.4 0.05 2.40 2.80 3.80
26 5/12/11 86 44 0 450 450 13,200 VIM. MIJ 1/ EPACK NL / STRES P. 8/12 60 / 20 /20 27.6 4.8 200 7.5 0.13 5.60 1.18 4.50 0.52 221.0 2.570
27 5/13/11 90 45 0 0 0 6,000 VIMIFOS MIGAJA 1 / EPACK NL 70 / 30 26.8 4.9 265 7.7 0.14 3.70 1.13 0.20 0.644 222.9 2.590
3
TK 3 Stocking: 425,000 PL18 Density: 5 PL/L Survival: 0.81% FCR 0.73 Final Weight: 0.644 g Yield: 2.59 kg/m

0 4/16/11 90 18 180 180 400 AQUAXEL 300-600 100 27.1 7.9 0.016 6.8 0.08
1 4/17/11 90 19 180 180 1,550 AQUAXEL 300-600 100 28.5 6.5
2 4/18/11 90 20 180 180 1,800 AQUAXEL 800 100 28.3 6.5 0.031 13.2 0.15
3 4/19/11 90 21 180 180 1,800 AQUAXEL 800 100 29.4 6.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23 5/9/11 90 41 0 270 270 13,200 VIMIFOS MIGAJA 1/VIMIFOS RACEW. 50 / 50 30.9 4.6 245 7.3 0.13 6.80 0.26 3.40 0.422 179.4 2.09
24 5/10/11 90 42 0 450 450 13,200 VIMIFOS MIGAJA 1/VIMIFOS RACEW. 50 / 50 30.7 4.5 230 7.3 0.04 2.20 0.95 2.60
25 5/11/11 90 43 0 450 450 13,200 VIMIFOS MIGAJA 1/VIMIFOS RACEW. 50 / 50 30.2 4.5 240 7.4 0.05 2.40 2.37 1.20
26 5/12/11 90 44 0 450 450 13,200 VIM. MIJ 1/ EPACK NL / STRES P. 8/12 60 / 20 /20 26.5 4.9 185 7.5 0.17 7.10 0.50 4.50
27 5/13/11 90 45 0 0 0 13,200 VIMIFOS MIGAJA 1 / EPACK NL 70 / 30 27.2 4.7 210 7.3 0.12 7.00 0.82 0.80 0.545 231.6 2.69
28 5/14/11 90 46 0 0 0 12,600 VIMIFOS MIGAJA 1 / EPACK NL 70 / 30 26.7 4.6 230 7.3 0.08 5.10 0.99 0.75
29 5/15/11 90 46 0 0 0 12,600 VIMIFOS MIGAJA 1 / EPACK NL 71 / 30 26.5 4.8 0.707 221.7 2.58
3
TK 4 Stocking: 425,000 PL18 Density: 5 PL/L Survival: 0.74% FCR 0.88 Final Weight: 0.707 g Yield: 2.58 kg/m
Nursery Performance - Commercial Farms
Naturisa, Ecuador (120 m3 RWs, 8.3 PL/L)
3
Tank Timeo Nauplii Hatchery Probiotic PL/g T0 Av. Wt. (g) Sur. PL/g Tn Wt.Tn (g) kg/m DOC FCR
JS1 5-Sep AQUATROPICAL CULTRIANZA NATURISA (200 ppm) 320 0.003 87.0% 23 0.043 0.30 14 1.31
JS1 8-Oct MBDP5 LQ NATURISA (200 ppm) 135 0.007 54.3% 14 0.071 0.35 14 1.52
JS1 24-Oct ASQC15 AS NATURISA (200 ppm) 100 0.010 86.3% 20 0.050 0.50 12 1.22
JS1 4-Nov TEXCUMAR JAIME SILVA NATURISA (400 ppm) 184 0.005 31.1% 55 0.018 0.08 11 3.06
JS1 2-Dec SM JAIME SILVA NAT(500)+ACAQUA 170 0.006 70.1% 16 0.063 0.38 14 0.87
JS2 13-Sep MB Q H5C MB NATURISA (200 ppm) 126 0.008 77.9% 11 0.091 0.57 11 1.03
JS2 9-Oct MBQH5C/Z14 LQ NATURISA (200 ppm) 140 0.007 97.6% 19 0.053 0.46 13 0.87

JS2 4-Nov TEXCUMAR JAIME SILVA NATURISA (400 ppm) 184 0.005 24.8% 42 0.024 0.08 11 2.92
JS2 27-Nov MBDP10 LQ NAT(500)+ACAQUA 235 0.004 81.4% 25 0.040 0.29 12 0.88
JS3 5-Sep AQUATROPICAL CULTRIANZA NATURISA (200 ppm) 306 0.003 94.3% 19 0.053 0.40 14 0.97
JS3 10-Oct MBQH5C LQ NATURISA (200 ppm) 165 0.006 86.7% 17 0.059 0.49 12 0.78
JS3 3-Nov TEXCUMAR JAIME SILVA NATURISA (400 ppm) 176 0.006 43.8% 29 0.034 0.14 11 0.90
JS3 29-Nov MBDP3/DP5 LQ ECOVITA H 171 0.006 97.7% 35 0.029 0.24 10 1.02
JS4 5-Sep AQUATROPICAL CULTRIANZA NATURISA (200 ppm) 306 0.003 96.6% 15 0.067 0.52 15 0.85
Nursery Performance - Commercial Farms
Two-Phase Inland Farm-Biosoles, Mexico
Pond Stocking Size Harvest Survival Yield Yield
2 DOC WKs FCR
(ha) (/ha) (/m ) (g) Size (g) (%) (kg/Pond) (kg/ha)
0.2 1.1x106 112 0.5 81 11.6 16.46 76.7 2,820 14,100 1.42
0.2 1.1x106 109 0.22 88 12.6 11 58.2 1,396 6,980 2.06*
0.2 1x106 103 0.26 81 11.6 12.96 70.9 1,884 9,420 1.55
0.6 1x106 100 0.24 81 11.6 12 71.2 5,140 8,567 1.18
2 0.9x106 90 0.45 85 12.1 10.55 67.8 12,818 6,409 1.44
2 0.9x106 89 0.55 76 10.9 10.01 73.1 13,056 6,528 1.57
2 0.9x106 91 0.62 72 10.3 10 87.4 15,929 7,965 1.33
0.5 1.1x106 104 0.24 94 13.4 13.42 73.3 5,116 10,232 1.18
0.5 1.1x106 101 0.33 91 13 13.2 75.5 5,031 10,062 1.29
0.5 1.1x106 104 0.34 87 12.4 12.14 86 5,408 10,816 1.21
0.5 1.1x106 104 0.26 87 12.4 12.23 79.2 5,045 10,090 1.3
0.5 0.9x106 97 0.27 86 12.3 13.63 37.2 2,460 4,920 1.82**
0.5 1.1x106 100 0.29 86 12.3 14.57 59.1 4,305 8,610 1.3
0.5 1.1x106 102 0.25 91 13 11.97 69.3 4,249 8,498 1.23
0.5 1x106 102 0.32 93 13.3 12.26 66.8 4,174 8,348 1.23
 Av. 1x106 101 0.34 85 12.2 12.4 73.5 8,770 1.33

Aeration: 36 hp/ha; Salinity: 8 ppt – well water; Pump: 50 HP – 432 m3/h * Power loss ** BG algae
Information provided by Mr. Neil Gervais, Primo Broodstock, Texas
Direct vs. Nursery Juveniles - Economic Benefit
Direct Stocking (PL) Stocking Juveniles
Stocking Density (Shrimp/m2): 120 90
PL Cost ($/1,000): 1.80 4.50
Cost of shrimp relative to PL Cost: 0.073 0.136
Survival: 0.45 0.60
Size at harvest (g): 25.00 25.00
Total Number of harvested shrimp (Shrimp/m2/yr): 54 YEAR 54 YEAR
Yield (lbs./ha/yr): 2,970 5,860 2,970 6,570
Sale ($/ha/day): 36.12 71.27 40.50 89.59
FCR: 2.40 2.10
Feed Cost ($/kg): 0.90 0.90
Cost of Pound of Shrimp relative to Feed Cost: 0.98 0.86
DOC: 185 165
Overhead ($/ha): 1,850 1,650
Operation Cost ($/ha/d): 10 10
Cost of Pound of Shrimp relative to Overhead: 0.623 0.556
Production Cost ($/lb.): 1.677 67% 1.551 62%
Sales ($/lb.): 2.50 Cost ($/lb) 2.50 Cost ($/lb)
Gross Margin ($/lb.): 0.82 3.31 0.95 3.43
Crops (#/yr): 1.97 2.21
Cumulative Gross Margin per Pound: 1.62 2.10
Cumulative Gross Margin per Hectare per Year: 4,820 6,235
Gross Margin per Hectare per Day: 13.21 17.08
Ratio (Sale/Production Cost): 1.49 1.61
Yield (kg/ha/day): 7.30 8.18
Thousand of PL per Hectare divided by 10: 1.2 0.9
Kilogram harvested per thousand stocked divided by 10: 6.08 9.09
Productivity Index: 2.53 4.33
Price of pound is calculated as weight in grams x $0.1
Information provided by Mr. Cordova, Naturisa, Ecuador

Potrebbero piacerti anche