Solution Manual for Physics 2nd Asia Pacific

Edition by Serway Volumes 1 and 2

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y-Volumes-1-and-2

1.2 Model building

1.3 Dimensional analysis

1.4 Conversion of units

1.5 Estimates and order-of-magnitude calculations

1.6 Uncertainties in measurement

1.7 Significant figures

ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

CQ1.1 Density varies with temperature and pressure. It would be necessary to

measure both mass and volume very accurately in order to use the density

of water as a standard.

CQ1.2 (a) 0.3 millimetres (b) 50 microseconds (c) 7.2 kilograms.

CQ1.3 A unit of time should be based on a reproducible standard so it can be used

everywhere. The more accuracy required of the standard, the less the

standard should change with time. The current, very accurate standard is

the period of vibration of light emitted by a cesium atom. Depending on

the accuracy required, other standards could be: the period of light emitted

by a different atom, the period of the swing of a pendulum at a certain

place on earth, the period of vibration of a sound wave produced by a

string of a specific length, density and tension, and the time interval from
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full moon to full moon.

CQ1.4 The first student has found a value of (3.0 ± 0.1) × 108 m/s which means a
value between 2.9 × 108 m/s and 3.1 × 108 m/s. The second student’s value
is between 2.7 × 108 m/s and 2.9 × 108 m/s. These ranges overlap, with
both including the value 2.9 × 108 m/s. Hence their values do agree.

CQ1.5 In this case the two ranges are 2.99 × 108 m/s to 3.01 × 108 m/s and
2.96 × 108 m/s to 2.98× 108 m/s. These ranges do not overlap, and hence
the results of these two students are in disagreement in this case.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS

Section 1.1 Models and theories

P1.1

Solve the given equation for t :

4QL  4QL  1 
t    .
k d Th  Tc   k Th  Tc    d 2 
2

(a) Making d three times larger with d2 in the bottom of the fraction makes Δt
nine times smaller

(b) t is inversely proportional to the square of d.

(c)
Plot t on the vertical axis and l/d2 on the horizontal axis.

(d) From the last version of the equation, the slope is 4QL / k Th  Tc  . Note that this

quantity is constant as both Δt and d vary.

P1.2

(a)–(b) The quickest way to solve this problem is by using a spreadsheet. Below is the

graph of sin  and tan  vs , with an  vs  line shown for comparison. At values

above  = 0.51 radians the tan  line diverges by more than 10% from the  line.

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Ans Figure P1.5

Section 1.2 Standards of length, mass and time

P1.3

(a) Modelling the Earth as a sphere, we find its volume as

 r    6.37 106 m   1.08 1021 m3 .

4 3 4 3

3 3

Its density is then

m 5.98 1024 kg
   5.52 103 kg / m3 .
V 1.08 10 m
21 3

(b) This value is intermediate between the tabulated densities of aluminium and iron.

Typical rocks have densities around 2000 to 3000 kg/m3. The average density of the

Earth is significantly higher, so higher-density material must be down below the sur-

face.

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P1.4

With V = (base area)(height),V = (r2)h and m we have

 ,
V

m 1kg
 
 r h  19.5 mm 2  39.0 mm 
2

  2.15 105 kg/mm3  2.15 104 kg/m3 .

P1.5

 
For either sphere the volume is V   r 3 and the mass is m  pV  p   r 3 . We
3 3

divide this equation for the larger sphere by the same equation for the smaller:

m   4 r 3  3 r 3
  5
ms   4 rs3  3 rs3

Then r  rs 3 5  4.50 cm  1.71  7.69 cm .

Section 1.3 Dimensional Analysis

P1.6

Circumference has dimensions L, area has dimensions L2, and volume has dimensions

L3. Expression (a) has dimensions L(L2)1/2 = L2, expression (b) has dimensions L, and

expression (c) has dimensions L(L2) = L3.

The matches are: (a) and (f), (b) and (d), and (c) and (e).

P1.7

(a) This is incorrect since the units of [ax] are m2/s2, while the units of [v] are m/s.

(b) This is correct since the units of [y] are m, the amplitude of the cos function is given

in m, and cos(kx) is dimensionless if [k] is in m–1. We are assuming both y and x are in

m.

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P1.8

Inserting the proper units for everything except G,

 kg.m  G  kg 
2

 s 2   .
 m
2

m3
Multiply both sides by [m]2 and divide by [kg]2; the units of G are .
kg.s 2

Section 1.4 Conversion of units

P1.9

For a rectangle, Area = Length × Width. Use the conversion 1 m = 3.281 ft.

 1m   1m 
A  LW   75.0ft    125ft     871 m .
2

 3.281ft   3.281ft 

P1.10

Apply the following conversion factors:

1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 d = 86 400 s, 100 cm = 1 m, and 109 nm = 1 m

  2.54 cm/in  10 m/cm 10 nm/m 

2 9
 1
 in/day   9.19 nm/s
 32  86 400 s/day

This means the proteins are assembled at a rate of many layers of atoms each second!

P1.11

We assume the paint keeps the same volume in the can and on the wall, and model the
film on the wall as a rectangular solid, with its volume given by its “footprint” area,
which is the area of the wall, multiplied by its thickness t perpendicular to this area and
assumed to be uniform. Then,

The thickness of 1.5 tenths of a millimetre is comparable to the thickness of a sheet of

paper, so this answer is reasonable. The film is many molecules thick.

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P1.12

There are several variations of the unit ‘cubit’, but all are around 45cm to 55 cm in

length, the typical length from elbow to tip of outstretched middle finger for a man. The

royal Egyptian cubit is equal to 0.53 metres. Using this conversion factor we find the

volume to be:

Volume
= length × width × height
= (2.5 cubits × 0.53 m/cubit) × (1.5 cubits × 0.53 m/cubit) × (1.5 cubits × 0.53 m/cubit)
= 0.84 m3.

This is almost a cubic metre, which is a very large volume, and given that the ark was

said to be made of wood and then coated in gold, with gold rings, carrying rods and

cover, it is very unlikely that Indiana Jones would have been able to carry it away by

himself.

P1.13

To balance, mFe  mAl or FeVFe  AlVAl

4 4
 Fe    r 3   Al    rAl3
 
3 Fe
3  
1/3
 
1/3
 7.86 
rAl  rFe  Fe    2.00 cm     2.86 cm .
  Al   2.70 

P1.14

4 Al rAl3
The mass of each sphere is mAl  AlVAl 
3

4 Fe rFe3
and mFe  FeVFe  .
3

Setting these masses equal,

4 4 
Al rAl3  Fe rFe3  rAl  rFe 3 Fe
3 3 Al

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7.87
rAl  rFe 3  rFe 1.43 .
2.7

The resulting expression shows that the radius of the aluminum sphere is directly

proportional to the radius of the balancing iron sphere. The sphere of lower density has

larger radius.

Section 1.5 Estimates and order-of-magnitude calculations

P1.15

Model the room as a rectangular solid with dimensions 4 m by 4 m by 3 m, and each

table-tennis ball as a sphere of diameter 0.038 m. The volume of the room is

4 × 4 × 3 = 48 m3, while the volume of one ball is

4  0.038m 
3
5
  2.87 10 m .
3

3  2 

48
Therefore, one can fit about 5
 1.67 106 ping-pong balls in the room.
2.87 10

As an aside, the actual number is smaller than this because there will be a lot of space in

the room that cannot be covered by balls. In fact, even in the best arrangement, the

1
so-called ‘bestpacking fraction’is  2  0.74 so that at least 26% of the space will
6

be empty. Therefore, the above estimate reduces to 1.67 106  0.740 ~ 106.

P1.16

A reasonable guess for the diameter of a tyre might be 2.5 ft, with a circumference of

about 8 ft. Thus, the tyre would make

 50 000 mi  5280 ft/mi 1rev / 8ft   3 107 rev ~ 107 rev .

P1.17

Answers may vary depending on assumptions:

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typical length of bacterium: L = 10–6 m

typical volume of bacterium: L3 = 10–18 m3

 
2
surface area of Earth: A  4 r 2  4 6.38 106 m  5.12 1014 m2

(a) If we assume the bacteria are found to a depth d = 1000 m below Earth’s surface, the

volume of Earth containing bacteria is about

V   4 r 2  d  5.12 1017 m3.

If we assume an average of 100 bacteria in every 1 mm3 of volume, then the number of

bacteria is

3
 100 bacterium   103 mm 
  5.12 10 m   5.12 10  bacteria.
17 3 29
 3 
 1 mm  1 m 

(b) Assuming a bacterium is basically composed of water, the total mass is

 1018 m3  103 kg 
1029 bacteria   3 
 1014 kg.
 1 bacterium  1 m 

Section 1.6 Uncertainties in measurement

P1.18

We add the fractional uncertainties in the data.

 0.2 0.1 
A   21.3cm  9.8cm       209cm  2%  209cm  4cm
2 2 2

 21.3 9.8 

P1.19

The total perimeter length will be:

P = 2(length) + 2(width) = 2(21.3cm) + 2(9.8cm) = 62.2 cm.

To find the uncertainty in this length we can add the absolute uncertainty of each length
that we used to calculate it. As we used the length and width of the plate twice each, we
must include the uncertainty in each of these lengths twice. Hence:

∆P = 2 (0.2cm) + 2(0.1cm) = 0.6 cm.

So we can write the perimeter length as:P = (62.2 ± 0.6) cm.

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P1.20

r   6.50  0.20 cm  6.50  0.20 102 m

m  1.85  0.02 kg

m

3r
4 3

 m 3r
also,   .
 m r

In other words, the percentages of uncertainty are cumulative. Therefore,

 0.02 3  0.20 
   0.103,
 1.85 6.50

1.85
  1.61103 kg/m3
  6.5 10 m 2 3
4
3

and     (1.61  0.17) 103 kg/m3  1.6  0.2  103 kg/m3.

P1.21

The boy’s height at the first measurement is (1.45 ± 0.01) m or between 1.44m and 1.46

m. At the second measurement the height is (1.46 ± 0.01) or between 1.45 m and 1.47

m. As these ranges overlap, it is possible that boy has not grown in the time between

measurements, as the results are not significantly different.

P1.22

(a) The fractional uncertainty is the absolute value of the uncertainty divided by the

value of the measurement, and is often expressed as a percentage.

L 0.002 m
  0.0016  0.16%
L 1.234 m
D 0.0002 m
  0.04  4%
D 0.0050 m
R 0.1 
  0.006  0.6%
R 15.5 

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Note that uncertainties generally only have one significant figure, except when the first

significant figure is 1. In this case the uncertainty is generally expressed to 2 significant

figures, particularly when the second digit is close to 5.

(b) The best value for the resistivity is:

RA R( ( D 2)2 ) (15.5 )  (0.0050 m 2) 

2

    2.5 104 .m.

L L (1.234 m)
Note that we have retained 2 significant figures at this stage as the least precise meas-

urement used has only 2 significant figures.

(c) The uncertainty in this value can be found by adding the fractional or relative un-

certainties in the measurements. Note that the value for the diameter is used twice as D

is squared, so we include its uncertainty twice.

 L  D  R
  2   0.16%  2(4%)  0.6%  9%
 L  D  R
This gives an absolute uncertainty of

∆ρ = 0.09 × ρ = 0.09 × 2.5 × 10–4 Ω.m = 2 × 10–5 Ω.m.

Note that as the uncertainty in the diameter is an order of magnitude greater than that in

either the resistance or the length, we could have made the approximation that

  D 
 2  and arrived at the same result.
  D 

P1.23

(a) The best value for R is the average value of these measurements:

(15.5   15.3   15.6   15.5   15.4   15.5 )

R  15.47 
6
The uncertainty is best given by Equation 1.2 in this case, as there are fewer than 10

measurements:

R ( Rmax  Rmin ) 15.6   15.3 

   0.05 
R n 6

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(b) The best value for the resistivity is:

RA R( ( D 2)2 ) (15.47 )( (0.0050 m 2)) 2

    2.5 104 .m.
L L (1.234 m)

with an uncertainty of

 L  D  R 0.05 
  2   0.16%  2(4%)   8%
 L  D  R 15.47 
And we can write ρ = (2.5 ±0.2)× 10–4 Ω.m

So the uncertainty is reduced only very slightly as the dominating uncertainty, that in

the diameter, has not changed.

Section 1.7 Significant figures

P1.24

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2

P1.25

(a) 756  37.2  0.83  2  796.03  796

(b) 0.0032  2 s.f   356.3  4 s.f.  1.14016  1.1  2 s.f.

(c) 5.620  4s.f.     4s.f.  17.656  17.66  4s.f.

ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

P1.26

(a) A Google search yields the following dimensions of the intestinal tract:

small intestines: length  20 ft  6 m, diameter  1.5 in  4 cm

large intestines: length  5 ft  1.5 m, diameter  2.5 in  6 cm

Treat the intestines as two cylinders: the volume of a cylinder of diameter d and lengthL

is

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
V d 2 L.
4

The volume of the intestinal tract is

V  Vsmall  Vlarge

 
V  0.04 m    6 m    0.06 m   1.5 m   0.0117m3  102 m3.
2 2

4 4

Assuming 1% of this volume is occupied by bacteria, the volume of bacteria is

Vbac  102 m3   0.01  104 m3 .

Treating a bacterium as a cube of side L = 10–6 m, the volume of one bacterium is about

L3 = 10–18 m3. The number of bacteria in the intestinal tract is about

 1 bacterium 
104 m3  18   10 bacteria!
14

 10 m 
3

(b) The large number of bacteria suggests they must be beneficial otherwise the, body

would have developed methods a long time ago to reduce their number. It is well known

that bacteria in the intestinal tract are beneficial: they aid digestion, as well as prevent

dangerous bacteria from flourishing in the intestines.

P1.27

It is desired to find the distance x such that

x 1000 m

100 m x

(i.e., such that x is the same multiple of 100 m as the multiple that 1000 m is of x). Thus,

it is seen that

x2 = (100m)(1000m) = 1.00 × 105 m2

and therefore

x  1.00 105 m2  316m .

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P1.28

The scale factor used in the ‘dinner plate’ model is

 0.25m  6
S    2.5 10 m/light-years.
 1.0 10 light-years 
5

The distance to Andromeda in the scale model will be

D scale  Dactual S   2.5 106 light-years  2.5 10 –6 m/light-years   5.0 m .

P1.29

The volume of the galaxy is

 r 2t   1021 m  1019 m  ~ 1061 m3 .

2

If the distance between stars is 4 ×1016, then there is one star in a volume in the order

of  4  1016 m  ~ 1050 m 3 .
3

1016 m3
The number of stars is about 50 3
~ 1011 stars .
10 m /star

P1.30

(a) The fourth experimental point from the top is a circle: this point lies just above the
2
best-fit curve that passes through the point (400 cm , 0.20 g). The interval between
horizontal grid lines is 1 space = 0.05 g. We estimate from the graph that the circle
has a vertical separation of 0.3 spaces = above the best-fit curve.

(b) The best-fit curve passes through 0.20 g:

3
(c) The best-fit curve passes through the origin and the point (600 cm , 3.1 g).
Therefore, the slope of the best-fit curve is

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(d)

(e)

(f)

P1.31

ANS. FIG. P1.31

We imagine a top view to figure the radius of the pool from its circumference. We
imagine a straight-on side view to use trigonometry to find the height.
Define a right triangle whose legs represent the height and radius of the fountain. From
the dimensions of the fountain and the triangle, the circumference is and the
angle satisfies

Then by substitution

Evaluating,

When we look at a three-dimensional system from a particular direction, we may dis-

cover a view to which simple mathematics applies.

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CHALLENGE PROBLEMS

P1.32

The geometry of the problem suggests we use the Law of Cosines to relate known sides

and angles of a triangle to the unknown sides and angles. Recall that the sides a, b, and

c with opposite angles A, B, and C have the following relationships:

a2  b2  c2  2bc cos A

b2  c2  a2  2ca cos B

c2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C

For the cows in the meadow, the triangle has sides a = 25.0 m and b = 15.0 m, and angle

C = 20.0°, where object A = cow A, object B = cow B, and object C = you.

ANS FIG. P1.32

(a) Find side c:

c2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C

c 2  (25.0 m)2  15.0 m   2  25.0 m 15.0 m  cos  20.0 

2

 c  12.1m

(b) Find angle A:

a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A

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a 2  b 2  c 2  25.0 m   15.0 m   12.1m 

2 2 2

 cos A  
2bc 2 15.0 m 12.1m 

 A  134.8  135

(c) Find angle B:

b 2  c 2  a 2  2ca cos B

b 2  c 2  a 2 15.0 m    25.0 m   12.1m 

2 2 2

 cos B  
2ca 2  25.0 m 12.1m 

 B  25.2

d tan  tan 
 tan   tan  

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