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i. Alstom Grid
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
©
2011 ALSTOM GRID MAY 2011
ISBN: 978-0-9568678-0-3
All rights reserved. Celebrating 45 years of PRAG/NPAG and 54th APPS course.
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
-ii copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of Protection Practice
3 Fundamental Theory
4 Fault Calculations
Equivalent Circuits and Parameters of
5
Power System Plant
6 Current and Voltage Transformers
7 Relay Technology
8 Protection: Signalling and Intertripping
Overcurrent Protection for Phase and
9
Earth Faults
10 Unit Protection of Feeders
11 Distance Protection
12 Distance Protection Schemes
Protection of Complex Transmission
13
Circuits
14 Auto-Reclosing
15 Busbar Protection
Transformer and Transformer-Feeder
16
Protection
Generator and Generator-Transformer
17
Protection
Industrial and Commercial Power System
18
Protection
19 A.C. Motor Protection
20 System Integrity Protection Schemes
21 Relay Testing and Commissioning
22 Power System Measurements
23 Power Quality
24 The Digital Substation
25 Substation Control and Automation
Appendix A Terminology
Appendix B IEEE/IEC Relay Symbols
Typical Standards Applicable to
Appendix C
Protection and Control Numerical Devices
Appendix D Company Data and Nomenclature
Index
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
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copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Chapter 1
.
Introduction
Since 1966, the Network Protection and Automation Guide Michael Bamber
(formerly the Protective Relays Application Guide) has been
the definitive reference textbook for protection engineers and Michael Bergstrom
technicians. For 2011, Alstom has capitalised on its pool of Andrew Darby
experts at the St Leonards Centre of Excellence in Stafford UK
to launch a new edition. Susan Darby
New chapters treat topics such as system integrity protection Graham Elliott
and remedial action schemes, phasor measurements and wide
area schemes. The digital substation, including IEC 61850, Peter Harding
Ethernet station bus, GOOSE, process bus, and precision time Graeme Lloyd
synchronising is also detailed. Advancements in protection
and control application engineering have assisted the authors Alan Marshall
in exploring and integrating the new techniques and
Allen Millard
philosophies in this edition, whilst retaining vendor-
independence – as we continue to deliver the genuine, Andrew Myatt
impartial, reference textbook.
Philip Newman
This book is a précis of the Application and Protection of Power
Systems (APPS) training course, an intensive programme, Anthony Perks
which Alstom (and its predecessor companies at Stafford) has Steve Pickering
been running for over 50 years. This course, by the ingenuity
and dedication of the trainers, is vibrant and evolving. As Stephen Potts
APPS progresses, the Network Protection and Automation
Simon Richards
Guide advances too, whilst never losing sight of the key basic
principles and concepts. Beginners and experts alike will each Jack Royle
feel satisfied in their search for relaying, measurement,
communication and control knowledge. Peter Rush
In the list opposite, we name a mix of new authors for this Brendan Smith
edition, and key historical figures at Stafford who have Mark Stockton
contributed significantly to the advancement of APPS and
NPAG, and hence the quality and integrity of our book. We Paul Wilkinson
sincerely hope that this book assists your navigation through a
Alan Wixon
challenging and rewarding career in electrical power
engineering. Protection and control has long been termed an John Wright
art, rather than a precise science - this book offers a mix of
both.
We acknowledge and thank Alstom colleagues in the wider
Alstom Grid and Alstom Power organisations for photographs
used within this book.
Alstom Grid © 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
1-1
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Chapter 2
Fundamentals of Protection Practice
Alstom Grid © 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
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copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
T1 T2
380kV A
L2 L1A
L1B
380kV C 380kV B
L3 L4
T5 T6 T3 T4
GS G3 G4 GS GS G5 G6 GS G7 GS
R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
T10 T11 T7 T8 T9
T14
L6
380kV G
Grid
L7B L5
Substation
F
T15
T16 T17
T12 T13
L8
2-2 © 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Chapter 2Fundamentals of Protection Practice
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copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
In many cases, it is not feasible to protect against all hazards section between the current transformers and the circuit
with a relay that responds to a single power system quantity. breaker A is not completely protected against faults. A fault at
An arrangement using several quantities may be required. In F would cause the busbar protection to operate and open the
this case, either several relays, each responding to a single circuit breaker but the fault may continue to be fed through the
quantity, or, more commonly, a single relay containing several feeder. If the feeder protection is of the type that responds
elements, each responding independently to a different only to faults within its own zone (see section 2.5.2), it would
quantity may be used. not operate, since the fault is outside its zone. This problem is
dealt with by intertripping or some form of zone extension, to
The terminology used in describing protection systems and
ensure that the remote end of the feeder is also tripped. These
relays is provided in Appendix A. Different symbols for
methods are explained extensively in chapters 11 and 12.
describing relay functions in diagrams of protection schemes
are used, the three most common methods (IEC, IEEE/ANSI Busbar
and IEC61850) are provided in Appendix B. protection
Feeder
Zone 2 protection
(b)CTs on circuit side of circuit breaker
Figure 2.6: CT locations
The point of connection of the protection with the power
system usually defines the zone and corresponds to the
location of the current transformers. Unit type protection
Zone 3
results in the boundary being a clearly defined closed loop.
Figure 2.7 shows a typical arrangement of overlapping zones.
Zone 4
Zone 5 Zone 7
Figure 2.5: Division of power systems into protection zones Alternatively, the zone may be unrestricted; the start will be
defined but the extent (or ‘reach’) will depend on
For practical physical and economic reasons, this ideal is not
measurement of the system quantities and will therefore be
always achieved, accommodation for current transformers
subject to variation, owing to changes in system conditions
being in some cases available only on one side of the circuit
and measurement errors.
breakers, as shown in Figure 2.6(b). In this example, the
2-4 © 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.