BDM Example 6 - 20180101

EXAMPLE 6 - DECK DESIGN, INCLUDING COLLISION ON A TYPE 7 & TYPE 10M BARRIER 1
Design Example 6 APPENDIX A

EXAMPLE 6 - DECK DESIGN, INCLUDING COLLISION
ON A TYPE 7 OR TYPE 10 M BARRIER
EXAMPLE 6.1 - DECK DESIGN
GENERAL INFORMATION
Based on AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 9.6.1, there are three permitted methods of
deck analysis:
1. Approximate Elastic Method, or "Equivalent Strip" Method (AASHTO 4.6.2.1)
2. Refined Methods (AASHTO 4.6.3.2)
3. Empirical Design Method (AASHTO 9.7.2)
This design example uses the Approximate Elastic Method (Equivalent Strip Method), in which the
deck is divided into transverse strips, assumed to be supported on rigid supports at the center of the
girders.
MATERIAL AND SECTION PROPERTIES
Structure type CIP Concrete Deck
Girder spacing, maximum SGdr = 8.00 ft.
Number of girders NGdr = 3 ea.
Overall deck width W Deck = 24.00 ft.

Deck slab thickness tDeck = 8.00 in.
Overhang thickness (average) tOH = 9.00 in.
Concrete top cover cTop = 2.00 in. AASHTO T.5.12.3-1

Concrete bottom cover cBot = 1.00 in. AASHTO T.5.12.3-1
Wearing surface tWS = 3.00 in.
Concrete strength f'c = 4.50 ksi (Concrete Class D compressive strength)

Reinforcement strength fy = 60.00 ksi (Minimum yield strength of grade 60 steel)
Concrete density WC = 0.150 kcf
Deck overlay density WWS = 0.145 kcf Section 3.4.2
Allowance for future utilities WUtl = 0.005 ksf Section 3.4.3
Resistance factors φSTR = 0.90 (strength limit state) AASHTO 5.5.4.2
φEE = 1.00 (extreme event limit state) AASHTO 1.3.2.1
Correction factor for source aggregate K1 = 1.00 AASHTO 5.4.2.4
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement Es = 29000 ksi AASHTO 5.4.3.2
Modulus of elasticity of concrete Ec = 4435 ksi AASHTO 5.4.2.4
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Modular ratio n = ES / EC = 6.54
Girder type Bulb Tee - BT54
Girder web thickness web = 7.00 in.
Girder top flange width flange = 43.00 in.
Barrier type Type 7
Area of barrier section AB = 3.24 ft.2
Barrier weight WBarrier = 0.486 kip/ft.
(Refer to Example 6.3 and CDOT Bridge Worksheet B-606-7A for more details)
CDOT Bridge Design Manual January 2018

Typical Section
UNFACTORED DEAD LOADS

Dead Loads moments are calculated for a 1.00 ft. wide section of the bridge deck using approved
structural analysis methods. This includes continuous beam equations, moment distribution, simple
beam equations, or finite element analysis. Dead Load bending moments shown below are produced
by a continuous beam model in CSiBridge 2017 using a uniform load for deck and wearing surface and
a point load for barriers.
Dead Load calculation for analysis model:

DCDeck = WC tDeck * 1 ft. = 0.150 kcf * 8.0 in. / 12 in./ft. * 1.0 ft. = 0.100 klf
DCOverhang = WC tOH * 1 ft. = 0.150 kcf * 9.0 in. / 12 in./ft. * 1.0 ft. = 0.113 klf
DCBarrier = 0.486 kip at 6.84 in. from edge of deck (see Example 6.3)
DW WS = WWS tWS * 1 ft. = 0.145 kcf * 3.0 in. / 12 in./ft. * 1.0 ft. = 0.036 klf
DW Utl = WUtl 1 ft. = 0.005 ksf * 1 ft. = 0.005 klf
Where: DCDeck - self-weight of deck slab

DCOverhang - self-weigh of overhang
DCBarrier - weight of barrier
DW WS - weight of wearing surface
DW Utl - weight of utilities

Results of analysis:
Abbreviation : M100 - moment at girder 1
M150 - moment between supports
M200 - moment at girder 2
M100 M150 M200

Load
(kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft)
DCDeck 0.000 0.403 -0.795

DCOverhang -0.904 -0.230 0.444
DCBarrier -1.667 -0.425 0.818
DW WS -0.113 0.116 -0.231
DW Utl -0.040 0.010 -0.020
General Pattern of Moment Distribution Diagram in Deck
UNFACTORED LIVE LOADS

In general, Live Load effects can be calculated by modeling the deck as a beam supported on girders,
with one or more axles placed side by side. These loads are moved transversely to maximize the
moments. To determine Live Load moment per unit width of the bridge, calculated total Live Load
moment is divided by an equivalent strip width, calculated per equations from AASHTO LRFD Bridge
Design Specifications T.4.6.2.1.3-1.
In lieu of determining an equivalent strip width for bridges with decks supported on three or more
girders, Live Load moment can be determined using AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Appendix A4 T.A4-1. This table lists positive and negative Live Load moments calculated using the
Equivalent Strip Method. Table values include multiple presence factors and the dynamic load
allowance. Interpolation between given values is allowed. To use this table, distance from centerline of
girder to design section for negative moment has to be calculated first.
Deck superstructure type - k AASHTO T.4.6.2.2.1-1

Design section = min of 1/3 flange width or 15.00 in. = 14.33 in. AASHTO 4.6.2.1.6
Maximum Live Loads per unit width:
Positive Moment from LL +MLL = 5.69 kip-ft. AASHTO T. A4-1
Negative Moment from LL -MLL = -3.06 kip-ft. (interpolated) AASHTO T. A4-1

FACTORED DESIGN LOADS

Concrete decks must be investigated for strength, service and extreme limit states. Fatigue and
fracture limit states do not need to be investigated (AASHTO 9.5).
Mu = η [γDCMDC + γDWMDW + m γLL(MLL+ IM)]

η = 1.0 load modifier
γ - load factors specified in AASHTO T.3.4.1-1, T.3.4.1-2
m - multiple presence factor, included in values from AASHTO T. A4-1
IM - dynamic load allowance, included in values from AASHTO T. A4-1
Load Factors Design Moments

Load Combination M100 M150 M200
γDC_max γDC_min γDW_max γDW_min γLL
(kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft)
Strength I 1.25 0.90 1.50 0.65 1.75 -8.80 10.06 -5.59

Service I 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -5.78 5.56 -2.84
Note - it is conservative to use minimum load factors for positive values of M 100 and M200 and negative
values of M150.
Controlling positive factored moment +Mu = 10.06 kip-ft.

Controlling negative factored moment -Mu = -8.80 kip-ft.
DECK SLAB STRENGTH DESIGN

Design of deck reinforcement, including flexural resistance, limits of reinforcement, and control of
cracking is based on AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 5.7.3 (typical rectangular beam
design). The following design method can be used for normal weight concrete with specified
compressive strengths up to 15.0 ksi. Refer to Section 9, Deck and Deck Systems, of this BDM for
information about acceptable deck reinforcement sizes and spacing.
Width of the design section b= 12.00 in.

Resistance factor for tension-controlled section φSTR = 0.90 AASHTO 5.5.4.2
Positive Moment Capacity (bottom reinforcement)

Try Bar size # 5
Bar spacing s= 9.00 in.
Bar diameter db = 0.625 in.
Bar area Ab = 0.31 in.2

Area of steel per design strip

2
AS = b (Ab / s) = 12.0 in. * 0.310 in. / 9.0 in. = 0.41 in.2/ft.
Effective depth of section
dS = tDeck - cBot - 1/2 db = 8.0 in. - 1.0 in. - 0.625 in. / 2 = 6.69 in.
Depth of equivalent stress block

��
�� 0.41 in.2 * 60.0 ksi / (0.85 * 4.5 ksi * 12 in.) = 0.54 in.
��
�
Factored flexural resistance ��
2
2
= 0.90 * 0.41 in. * 60.0 ksi * (6.69 in. - 0.54 in. / 2) / 12 in./ft. = 11.84 kip-ft.
�� : 11.84 kip-ft. > 10.06 kip-ft. OK
Negative Moment Capacity (top reinforcement)

Try Bar size # 5
Bar Diameter db = 0.625 in.
Bar Area Ab = 0.31 in.2
Area of steel per 1.00 ft. design strip

2
AS = B (Ab / s) = 12 in. * 0.310 in. / 9.00 in. = 0.41 in.2/ft.
Effective depth of section
dS = tDeck - cTop - 1/2 db = 8.0 in. - 2.0 in. - 0.625 in. / 2 = 5.69 in.
�� 2
�� 0.41 in./ft. * 60.0 ksi / (0.85 * 4.5 ksi * 12 in.) = 0.54 in.
��
�
2
2
= 0.90 * 0.41in. * 60.0 ksi * (5.69 in. - 0.54 in. / 2) / 12 in./ft. = 10.00 kip-ft.
�� : 10.00 kip-ft. > 8.80 kip-ft. OK
Minimum Reinforcement AASHTO 5.7.3.3.2

Unless otherwise specified, the amount of prestressed and non-prestressed tensile reinforcement shall
be adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance, Mr = φMn, at least equal to the lesser of:
• 1.33 times the positive factored ultimate moment
• Cracking moment
��
Cracking moment �� AASHTO 5.7.3.3.2-1
��

When simplified by removing all values applicable to prestressed and noncomposite sections, this
equation becomes the following: ��
Where:
Flexural cracking variability factor γ1 = 1.60 (non-segmental brg.)
Ratio of specified min. yield strength to ultimate tensile strength γ3 = 0.67 (A615 steel)
Concrete density modification factor λ= 1.00 AASHTO 5.4.2.8
Modulus of rupture �� 0.51 ksi AASHTO 5.4.2.6

�
�� 2
Section modulus of design section �� 12.0in. * (8.0 in.) / 6 = 128.00 in.3
6 6
- Check Positive Moment reinforcement

1.33 (+Mu) = 1.33 * 10.06 kip-ft. = 13.38 kip-ft.
�� 3
Mcr = 0.67 * 1.60 * 0.51 ksi * 128.0 in. / 12 in./ft. = 5.83 kip-ft.
11.84 kip-ft. > 5.83 kip-ft. OK
- Check Negative Moment reinforcement

1.33 (-Mu) = 1.33 * 8.80 kip-ft. = 11.70 kip-ft.
�� 3
Mcr = 0.67 * 1.60 * 0.51 ksi * 128.0 in. / 12 in./ft. = 5.83 kip-ft.
10.00 kip-ft. > 5.83 kip-ft. OK
CONTROL OF CRACKING AT SERVICE LIMIT STATE

Cracking is controlled by the spacing of mild steel reinforcement in the layer closest to the tension face,
which shall satisfy the following (need not be less than 5.00 in.):
�� AASHTO 5.7.3.4-1
��
��
In which: γe = 1.00 - exposure factor (1.0 for Class 1 and 0.75 for Class 2) (assume
waterproofing membrane is used)
s - ratio of flexural strain at the extreme tension face to the strain at the centroid of the
reinforcement layer nearest the tension face
fss - calculated tensile stress in mild steel reinforcement at the service limit state
(≤ 0.60 fy ksi)
dc - thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of the
flexural reinforcement located closest thereto. For calculation purposes, dc need not
be taken greater than 2 in. plus the bar radius
- Check Cracking at the Bottom of Deck (spacing of Positive Moment reinforcement):

dc = cBot + 1/2 db = 1.00 in. + 0.625 in. / 2 = 1.31 in.
��
�� 1 + 1.31 in. / [0.7 (8.0 in. - 1.31 in.)] = 1.28
��
�� 2
Tension reinforcement ratio � � � 0.41 in. / (12 in. * 6.69 in.) = 0.0051
��

� � �� 0.23
� � � � �� 0.92
�� 2
�� 5.56 kip-ft. * 12in./ft. / (0.41 in. * 0.92 * 6.69 in.) = 26.44 ksi
��
��
�� 700 * 1.00 / (1.28 * 26.44 ksi) - 2 * 1.31in. = 18.06 in.
��
Spacing of positive moment reinforcement used in the design = 9.00 in.
�� : 9.00 in. < 18.06 in. OK
- Check Cracking at Top of Deck (spacing of Negative Moment reinforcement):

dc = cTop + 1/2 db = 2.0 in. + 0.625 in. / 2 = 2.31 in.
��
�� 1+ 2.31 in. / [0.7 * (8.0 in. - 2.31 in.)] = 1.58
��
�� 2
Tension reinforcement ratio � � � 0.41 in. / (12 in. * 5.69 in.) = 0.0060
��
Modular ratio n = ES / EC = 29000 ksi / 4435 ksi = 6.54
�� 0.24
� � � � �� 0.92
�� 2
�� 5.78 kip-ft. * 12in./ft. / (0.41 in. * 0.92 * 5.69 in.) = 32.32 ksi
��
��
�� 700 * 1.00 / (1.58 * 32.32 ksi) - 2 * 2.31 in. = 9.09 in.
��
Spacing of negative moment reinforcement used in the design = 9.00 in.
�� : 9.00 in. < 9.09 in. OK
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
Minimum reinforcement is required in all directions to accommodate shrinkage and temperature

changes near the surface of the slab. Longitudinal reinforcement on each face shall meet the following:
��
�� AASHTO 5.10.8-1
��
�� AASHTO 5.10.8-2
As,min = 1.3 * 12.0 in.* 8.0 in. / [2 (12.0 in. + 8.0 in.) 60.0 ksi] = 0.052 in. /ft.
2
As,min = 0.11 in.2/ft. - controls
Also, per Section 9.6 of this BDM, the minimum longitudinal reinforcing steel in the top of the concrete
bridge deck shall be #4 @ 6.00 in. Longitudinal reinforcement in the bottom of the deck slab can be
distributed as a percentage of the primary reinforcement for positive moment.

Top reinforcement try #4 @ 6.00" on center: AS = 0.40 in.2/ft.

�� OK
Effective span length � � �� 8.0 ft. - 7.0in. / 12in./ft. = 7.42 ft. AASHTO 9.7.2.3
Amount of reinforcement required in secondary direction in the bottom of the slab
220 220
� �� 81% Use - 67% AASHTO 9.7.3.2
� �
Area of primary reinforcement for positive moment = 0.41 in.2/ft.

2
Required area of bottom longitudinal steel: AS_Req = 67% * 0.41 in./ft.= 0.27 in.2/ft.
Bottom reinforcement try #5 @ 12.00" on center: AS = 0.31 in.2/ft.

�� OK
�� OK
Deck Section Summary
DECK SECTION SUMMARY

Deck Depth 8.00 in.
Top Transverse Reinforcement #5 @ 9.00"
Bottom Transverse Reinforcement #5 @ 9.00"
Top Longitudinal Reinforcement #4 @ 6.00"
Bottom Longitudinal Reinforcement #5 @ 12.00"

EXAMPLE 6.2 - OVERHANG DESIGN
GENERAL INFORMATION
Bridge deck overhang shall be designed for three separate design cases: AASHTO A13.4.1
• Case 1 - Horizontal and longitudinal forces from vehicle collision load (Extreme Event II limit state)
• Case 2 - Vertical force from vehicle collision load (Extreme Event II limit state)
• Case 3 - Vertical Dead and Live Load at the overhang section (Strength I limit state)
The deck overhang region shall be designed to have resistance larger than the resistance of the
concrete barrier. Therefore, resistance of approved barriers must be established first. Refer to Example
6.3 for detailed strength calculations for Barrier Type 7 and to Example 6.4 for Barrier Type 10M.
Barrier type Type 7 (Overhang design with Barrier Type 10M is

similar)
Width of barrier base WB = 18.00 in.
Barrier weight WBarrier = 0.486 kip/ft. (see Example 6.1, Deck Design)
Deck overlay density WWS = 0.145 kcf Section 3.4.2
Concrete density WC = 0.150 kcf
Barrier center of gravity XC.G. = 6.84 in.
Axial load per unit length TAxial = 7.18 kip/ft. (refer to Example 6.3)
Moment capacity of the barrier MC = 16.16 kip-ft./ft. (refer to Example 6.3)
Critical length of yield line LC = 10.74 ft. (refer to Example 6.3)
Overhang width SOH = 4.00 ft.
Edge of deck to edge of flange SGdr_Edge = 2.21 ft.
Overhang minimum depth tOH(min) = 8.00 in.

Overhang maximum depth tOH(max) = 10.00 in. (at exterior edge of flange)
Concrete top cover cTop = 2.00 in. AASHTO T.5.12.3-1
Concrete strength f'c = 4.50 ksi
Reinforcement strength fy = 60.00 ksi
DESIGN CASE 1: HORIZONTAL VEHICULAR COLLISION LOAD

The deck overhang is designed to resist an axial tension force from vehicular collision acting
simultaneously with the Dead Load moment. The design moment critical section shall be taken at one-
third of the flange width from the centerline of exterior girder (AASHTO 4.6.2.1.6). Loads can be
assumed to be distributed at a 45° angle starting from the face of the barrier.

Overhang Region - Design Case 1
1. Design Loads - Dead Load and Collision

Distance from edge of deck to design section K= 2.81 ft. AASHTO 4.6.2.1.6
Distance from barrier face to design section X= 1.31 ft.
Depth of the section under consideration hDesign = 8.00 in. (may add min haunch depth if needed,
conservative to use constant deck depth)
Bending moments from dead load of structural components and nonstructural attachments:
Barrier MDC-Barrier = W Barrier * (K - XC.G.) = 0.486 kip * (2.81 ft. - 6.84 in. / 12 in./ft.) = 1.09 kip-ft.
2
Deck MDC-Deck = W C * tOH(min) * K2 / 2 = 0.150 kcf * 8 in. / 12 in./ft. * (2.81 ft.) / 2 = 0.39 kip-ft.
Additional overhang concrete MDC-Add = 0.5 W C * SGdr_Edge (TOH(max) - TOH(min)) * (K - 2/3 SGdr_Edge) =
= 0.5 * 0.150 kcf * 2.21 ft. * (10.0 in. - 8.0 in.) / 12 in./ft. * (2.81 ft. - 2/3 * 2.21 ft.) = 0.037 kip-ft.
Total DC = MDC-Barrier + MDC-Deck + MDC-Add = 1.09 kip-ft.+0.39 kip-ft.+0.037 kip-ft. = 1.517 kip-ft.
Bending moments from wearing surfaces and utilities:

Deck overlay
2
MDW-WS = W C * 3 in. * X2 / 2 = 0.145 kcf * 3in. / 12 in./ft. * (1.31 ft.) / 2 = 0.031 kip-ft.
Both design bending moment and design axial tension are calculated based on the properties of the
barrier on the deck. See Example 6.3 for information about Barrier Type 7 and Example 6.4 for
information about Barrier Type10M. Per AASHTO A.13.4.2, live load collision moment is taken to equal
the flexural capacity of the barrier.
Bending moment from vehicular collision MCT = MC = 16.16 kip-ft.

Design factored moment (Extreme Event II) AASHTO 3.4.1, A13.4.1

Mu1 = 1.0MDC + 1.0MDW + 1.0MCT = 1.517 kip-ft. + 0.031 kip-ft. + 16.16 kip-ft. = 17.71 kip-ft.
Design axial tensile load TAxial = 7.18 kip/ft.
2. Resistance of the Section

Top transverse reinforcement: Bar size # 5 (see Example 6.1)
2
Area of steel per design strip AS = b (Ab / s) = 12 in. * 0.31 in. / 9.0 in. = 0.41 in.2/ft.
Effective depth of section dS = hDesign - cTop - 1/2 db = 8 in. - 2 in. - 0.625 in./ 2 = 5.69 in.
2
Maximum allowable tension in reinforcement T Reinf = ASFy = 0.41 in.* 60.0 ksi = 24.60 kip

��
�� 24.60 kip / (0.85 * 4.50 ksi * 12 in.) = 0.54 in.
��
� ��
2 2 2
= 1.0 [24.60 kip (5.69 in. - 0.54 in./ 2) - 7.18 kip (8.00 in./ 2 - 0.54 in./ 2)] /12 in./ft. = 8.88 kip-ft./ft.
�� : 8.88 kip-ft. < 17.71 kip-ft. FAILS *

* Top deck reinforcement is not sufficient to resist collision moment and tension. Increase size
of the top deck reinforcement or place additional bars in overhang region.
With additional overhang bars #5 @ 4.50" (one additional bar between top deck reinf.)
2
Area of steel per design strip AS = 12 in. (Ab / db) = 12 in. * 0.310 in. / 4.5 in. = 0.83 in.2/ft.
Effective depth of section dS = hDesign - cTop - 1/2 db = 8 in. - 2 in. - 0.625 in./ 2 = 5.69 in.
2
Maximum allowable tension in reinforcement T Reinf = ASFy = 0.83 in.* 60.0 ksi = 49.80 kip
��
�� 49.80 kip / (0.85 * 4.50 ksi * 12 in.) = 1.08 in.
��
� ��
2 2 2
= 1.0 [49.80 kip (5.69 in. - 1.08 in./ 2) - 7.18 kip (8.00 in./ 2 - 1.08 in./ 2)] /12 in./ft. = 19.30 kip-ft./ft.
�� : 19.30 kip-ft. > 17.71 kip-ft. OK

DESIGN CASE 2: VERTICAL COLLISION FORCE

Based on common practice, the case of vertical collision never controls the design of concrete
overhangs; therefore, it does not have to be checked.
DESIGN CASE 3: DEAD AND LIVE LOADS AT STRENGTH LIMIT STATE

The overhang is designed to resist gravity forces from the Dead Load of structural components and
attachments to the cantilever, as well as a concentrated Live Load positioned 12.00 in. from the face of
the barrier. This case rarely controls the design, except for decks with widely spaced girders that allow
the use of wider overhangs.
For decks with overhangs not exceeding 6.00 ft. measured from the centerline of the exterior girder to
the face of a structurally continuous concrete railing, the outside row of wheel loads may be replaced
with a uniformly distributed line load of 1.0 klf intensity per AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
3.6.1.3.4.
Overhang Region - Design Case 3
Distance from edge of deck to design section K= 2.81 ft.
Distance from barrier face to design section X= 1.31 ft.

Depth of the section under consideration hDesign = 8.00 in.
Distance from LL application to design section z = 0.31 ft.
Live Load multiple presence factor m= 1.20 AASHTO T.3.6.1.1.2-1
Dynamic load allowance IM = 33% AASHTO 3.6.2

Bending moment from Dead Loads (equal to the loads calculated for Design Case 1)
Barrier MDC-Barrier = 1.09 kip-ft.
Deck MDC-Deck = 0.39 kip-ft.
Add. overhang concrete MDC-Add = 0.037 kip-ft.

Deck overlay MDW-WS = 0.031 kip-ft.
Bending moment from live load MLL = 1.0 klf * 0.31 ft. = 0.31 kip-ft.
Design factored moment (Strength I) Mu3 = 1.25MDC+1.50MDW+1.75m(MLL+IM) =

= 1.25 * 1.52 kip-ft. + 1.50 * 0.031 kip-ft. + 1.75 * 1.20 * 1.33 * 0.31 kip-ft. = 2.81 kip-ft.
* Design moment for this case is smaller than the design moment in Case 1; therefore, Design Case 3
will not control the design.
DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
The additional bars placed in the top of the deck overhang must extend beyond the centerline of the
exterior beam into the first interior bay. The cutoff length will occur when the sum of collision and Dead
Load moments equals the negative moment strength of the typical deck reinforcement.
1. Location at Which Additional Overhang Reinforcement is no Longer Required

Assume that 50% of the bending moment experienced at the design section of the exterior girder
carries over to the next girder (conservative estimate, true for restrained rotation at first interior girder).
The design moment over the exterior girder is calculated assuming a 45° load distribution angle.
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‫ܯ‬௨ሺீௗ௥ଵሻ ൌ
‫ܮ‬஼ ൅ ʹܺ
ܺ ൌ ܵைு െ ܹ஻ ൌ 2.50 ft.
Bending Moment Along the First Interior Bay

Girder 1 10% 20% 30% 50% 70% 80% 90% Girder 2
Mu1 -12.08 -10.27 -8.46 -6.64 -3.02 0.60 2.42 4.23 6.04
Mu3 -1.92 -1.63 -1.34 -1.06 -0.48 0.10 0.38 0.67 0.96
Mu1 - Bending moment from Collision Load, Design Case 1 (Extreme event condition)
Mu3 - Bending moment from Live and Dead Load, Design Case 3 (Strength I condition)
Negative moment capacity of the section φMn = -10.00 kip-ft. (see Deck Design section)
This moment shall be reduced due to the axial tension force:

��
� � ��
��
��
�� 1.0 (-10.0 kip-ft.)(1 - 7.18 kip / (1.0 * 49.80 kip)) = -7.08 kip-ft.
��
Length of the first interior bay SGdr = 8.00 ft.

Distance from edge of deck to CL Ext. Girder SOH = 4.00 ft.
Distance from CL Ext. Girder to point of -M capacity = 2.21 ft. (28)%
Location where additional reinforcement is no longer required = 6.21 ft. (from edge of deck)
2. Embedment Length Beyond the Point Where no Longer Required

Extend additional overhang reinforcement beyond the point at which it is no longer required to resist
flexure for a distance of not less than the cut-off length or the development length, whichever is greater.
dS = 5.69 in. AASHTO 5.11.1.2.1

Cut-off length = max 15 db = 9.38 in.
1/20 LSpan = 4.80 in.
�� 9.38 in.
��

Development length, �� AASHTO 5.11.2.1
�
��
�� 2.4 * 0.625 in.* 60.0 ksi /√4.5 ksi = 42.43 in.
��
λrl = 1.00 λer = 1.00 (conservative)

λcf = 1.20 λ= 1.00
λrc = 0.40
�� 42.43 in.* 1.00 * 1.20 * 0.40 * 1.00 / 1.00 = 20.37 in. (controls)
Theoretical length of additional overhang bar = 6.21 ft. + 20.37 in. - 2 in. clr = 7.74 ft.
Use - 8.00 ft.

Overhang Section Summary
OVERHANG SECTION SUMMARY

Top Deck Reinforcement #5 @ 9.00"
Additional Overhang Bars 8.00 ft. #5 @ 4.50"
Bottom Longitudinal Bars in Overhang #5 @ 6.00"

EXAMPLE 6.3 - BARRIER TYPE 7 STRENGTH DESIGN
GENERAL INFORMATION
The CDOT Bridge Rail Type 7 design follows the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications A13.3.1
design procedure for concrete railings, using strength design for reinforced concrete. The Bridge Rail
Type 7 shall be designed for Test Level 4 (TL 4) as required by CDOT. See CDOT Worksheet B-606-
7A for barrier details. The following calculations show case of impact within barrier segment, assuming
that barrier will be extended past the limits of the bridge. For cases concerning impact at end of the
barrier, refer to AASHTO Appendix A13.
Overall barrier height HB = 35.00 in.

Concrete strength f'c = 4.50 ksi (Concrete Class D compressive strength)
Reinforcement strength fy = 60.00 ksi (Specified minimum yield strength of grade 60 steel)
Concrete cover c= 2.00 in.
Resistance factor φ= 1.00 (Extreme Event) AASHTO 1.3.2.1

Test level TL-4 AASHTO T A13.2-1
Transverse design force Ft = 54.00 kips
Impact force distribution Lt = 3.50 ft.
Barrier Dimensions
Section1 Section2 Section3
Section top width 10.50 13.00 18.00 in.
Section bottom width 13.00 18.00 18.00 in.
Section height 24.00 7.00 4.00 in.
Center of gravity from back face XC.G. = 6.84 in.
Barrier Type 7

BARRIER FLEXURAL CAPACITY
1. Determine M C : flexural resistance of cantilevered parapet about an axis parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the bridge. Flexural moment resistance is based on the vertical reinforcement in the barrier.
Front face vertical

reinforcement: #4 @ 8.00" Bar Diameter = 0.500 in.
Bar Area = 0.20 in.2
AS h(avg) dS b a=ASfy/k φMn MC

k=.85f'Cb
(in.2) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (kip-ft.) (kip-ft./ft.)
Section 1 0.30 11.75 9.50 12.00 45.90 0.39 13.96 9.57
Section 2 0.30 15.50 13.25 12.00 45.90 0.39 19.58 3.92
Section 3 0.30 18.00 15.75 12.00 45.90 0.39 23.33 2.67
Barrier MC = 16.16 kip-ft./ft.
AS - area of steel per design strip
h(avg) - average section width
dS - effective depth of design section
b- width of design strip
a- depth of equivalent stress block
�
��
2
�
��
�
2. Determine M W : flexural resistance of the parapet about its vertical axis.
Front and back face

horizontal reinforcement Size = #4 Bar Diameter = 0.500 in.
Bar Area = 0.20 in2
Stirrup Dia. = 0.50 in.
No. of AS h(avg) dS b a=ASfy/k φMW

k=.85f'Cb
Bars (in.2) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (kip-ft.)
Section 1 3.00 0.60 11.75 9.00 24.00 91.80 0.39 26.42
Section 2 1.00 0.20 15.50 12.75 7.00 26.78 0.45 12.53
Section 3 1.00 0.20 18.00 15.25 4.00 15.30 0.78 14.86
Barrier MW = 53.81 kip-ft.

3. Rail resistance within a wall segment.

2 ��
�� AASHTO A13.3.1-1
2��
�
��
�� AASHTO A13.3.1-2
2 2 ��
Additional flexural resistance at top of wall Mb = 0.00 kip-ft.

Critical length of yield line LC = 10.74 ft.
Nominal transverse load resistance RW = 118.97 kips
Capacity Check Check R W > F t : 118.97 > 54.00 OK
BARRIER INTERFACE SHEAR CAPACITY AASHTO 5.8.4
Evaluate the shear capacity of the cold joint to transfer nominal resistance RW between the deck and
railing. Neglect effects of barrier Dead Load and assume that the surface of the deck is not roughened.
Interface width considered in shear transfer bV= 18.00 in.

Interface length considered in shear transfer LV = 12.00 in.
Shear contact area ACV = bV LV = 216.00 in.2
Shear reinforcement at front face #4 @ 8.00" Bar Area = 0.20 in.

Area of shear reinforcement AVF = 12.0 in. * 0.20 in. / 8.00 in. = 0.30 in.2/ft.
��
�� 0.18 OK AASHTO 5.8.4.4-1
��
Permanent compression force from barrier weight (neglected) Pc = 0.00 kip
For concrete placed against clean concrete surface, free of laitance, but not intentionally roughened
Cohesion factor c= 0.075 ksi AASHTO 5.8.4.3
Friction factor μ= 0.6
Shear factor 1 K1 = 0.2 (Fraction of concrete strength available to resist interface shear)
Shear factor 2 K2 = 0.8 ksi (Limiting interface shear resistance)
2
�� 0.20 * 4.50 ksi * 216.0 in. = 194.40 kip AASHTO 5.8.4.1
Vn = min �� 2
0.80 * 216.0 in. = 172.80 kip
2 2
�� 0.075 ksi*216in.+0.60(0.30 in.* 60 ksi+0kip) = 27.00 kip

Resistance factor φ= 1.00 (Extreme Event) AASHTO 1.3.2.1

Factored Shear Resistance φVn = 27.00 kip
ܴௐ
Shear force acting on the barrier per 1.00 ft. strip ܸ௨ ൌ ൌ 11.08 kip/ft.
‫ܮ‬஼
Capacity Check Check φV n > V u : 27.00 > 11.08 OK
OVERHANG DESIGN DATA

Barrier Type 7 satisfies all checks outlined in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Appendix
13. Use the following data for Deck overhang design when Barrier Type 7 is used (Test Level 4):
TAxial = RW /(LC + 2HB) AASHTO A13.4.2
Axial Load Per Unit Length of the Deck TAxial = 7.18 kip/ft.
Moment Capacity of the Barrier Mc = 16.16 kip-ft./ft.

EXAMPLE 6.4 - BARRIER TYPE 10M STRENGTH DESIGN
GENERAL INFORMATION
CDOT Bridge Rail Type 10M consists of a concrete parapet and a metal rail. The resistance to
transverse vehicular impact loads shall be determined as specified in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications A13.3.3. Two failure modes shall be evaluated: single span (impact at midspan of the
rail) and two span (impact directly at the center post). The Bridge Rail Type 10M shall be designed for
Test Level 4 (TL 4) as required by CDOT.
See CDOT Worksheet B-606-10 for barrier details.
Overall barrier height HB = 35.00 in.

Concrete cover c= 2.00 in.
Resistance factors φEE = 1.00 (Extreme Event) AASHTO 1.3.2.1

φS = 0.80 (A325 bolts in shear) AASHTO 6.5.4.2
φT = 0.80 (A325 bolts in tension) AASHTO 6.5.4.2
Test level TL-4 AASHTO T.A13.2-1
Transverse design force Ft = 54.00 kips
Impact force distribution Lt = 3.50 ft.
CONCRETE PARAPET
Height HW = 13.50 in.
Average width d= 17.75 in.
f'c = 4.50 ksi
fy = 60.00 ksi
RAIL POST
Type W8x18
Steel grade ASTM A-572, Grade 50
Post spacing L= 10.00 ft. (max)
Effective height HR = 27.25 in.
Area of post APost = 5.26 in.2
Web depth D= 7.48 in.
Web thickness tW = 0.23 in.
Flange thickness tF = 0.33 in.
Fy (post) = 50.00 ksi Barrier Type 10M
Zx-x (post) = 17.00 in.3

RAIL TUBES
Type TS 5x5x5/16
Steel grade ASTM A-500, Grade B
Area of one tube ATube = 5.26 in.2
Number of tubes nTubes = 2.00 ea.
Fy (tube) = 46.00 ksi
Z (tube) = 9.16 in.3
BASE PLATE
Width of base plate Wb = 8.00 in.
Distance to bolts db = 6.875 in.
Bolt diameter Ø= 1.00 in.
Bolt area Ab = 0.79 in.2

Min tensile strength Fub = 120.00 ksi
Number of bolts nb = 2.00
Base Plate
CONCRETE PARAPET CAPACITY

1. Determine M W : flexural resistance of the parapet about its vertical axis. Positive and negative
moment strength must be evaluated but will be equal based on barrier longitudinal reinforcement.
Back face horizontal Size = #4 Bar Diameter = 0.500 in.

reinforcement Number of bars = 2.00 Bar Area = 0.20 in2
Stirrup Dia. = 0.50 in.
Design strip, b = 13.50 in.

Area of steel per design strip AS = Bar Area * NO. of bars = 0.40 in.2/ft.
Effective depth of section dS = d - c - 1/2 Bar Dia. - Stirrup Dia. = 15.00 in.
�� 2
�� 0.40 in. * 60.0 ksi / (0.85 * 4.50 ksi * 13.5 in.) = 0.46 in.
��
�
Flexural resistance ��
2
2
1.0 * 0.40 in. * 60.0 ksi * (15.00 in. - 0.46 in. / 2) / 12 in./ft. = 29.54 kip-ft.

2. Determine M C : flexural resistance of cantilevered parapet about an axis parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the bridge. Flexural moment resistance is based on the vertical reinforcement in the barrier
within L C (critical length of yield line failure pattern).
This is an iterative process, since MC and LC depend on each other. Start with calculating MC for a 1
foot section of the barrier, then revise the amount of reinforcement based on the calculated value of LC
(AASHTO A13.3.1-2).
Area of reinforcement for last iteration AS = 0.20 in2 * 6 bars / LC = 0.189 in.2/ft.
��
Depth of equivalent stress block �� 0.25 in.
��
�
Flexural moment resistance �� 14.80 kip-ft./ft.
2
�
��
Critical length of yield line failure pattern �� 6.34 ft.
2 2 ��
There is no additional resistance at the top of the parapet in addition to MW , Mb = 0 kip-ft.

Values of Lt (longitudinal length of distribution of impact force) are found in AASHTO Table A.13.2-1.
3. Determine R W (nominal railing resistance to transverse load) within a wall segment.
2 ��
�� 166.69 kip AASHTO A13.3.1-1
2��
4. Calculate applied collision moment M CT .
��
�� ∗ �� 19.34 kip-ft./ft. > MC = 14.80 kip-ft./ft.
��
5. Calculate tensile force per unit of deck length, T.
When M CT > MC, the concrete curb will fail at 54 kip TL4 transverse force (CT). Axial tensile force may
be reduced by (MC / MCT) for overhang deck reinforcing design.
�� ⁄�� 0.77
��
Axial load per unit length �� ∗ � 14.94 kip/ft.
�� 2��

ANCHOR BOLT CAPACITY AND PUNCHING SHEAR CHECK

Barriers similar to Bridge Rail Type 10M were crash tested and determined to be satisfactory for the
Test Level 4 loads. Therefore, it is assumed that anchor bolt shear and concrete punching shear are
not critical failure modes. These checks will be omitted for the purpose of this design example.
SUMMARY
Single span failure mode with impact between posts controls the strength design of the rail. Because
impact load on the rail will be transferred to the overhang through the post connection, results from this
failure mode will also control design of the deck overhang. Use the following values for deck overhang
design when Barrier Type 10M is used (Test Level 4):
Controlling Axial Load Per Unit Length of the Deck TAxial = 14.94 kip/ft.
Deck Overhang Moment Md = 14.80 kip-ft./ft.

BDM Example 6 - 20180101

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EXAMPLE 6 - DECK DESIGN, INCLUDING COLLISION ON A TYPE 7 & TYPE 10M BARRIER 1

Design Example 6 APPENDIX A

Overall deck width W Deck = 24.00 ft.

Overhang thickness (average) tOH = 9.00 in.

Concrete top cover cTop = 2.00 in. AASHTO T.5.12.3-1

Concrete strength f'c = 4.50 ksi (Concrete Class D compressive strength)

CDOT Bridge Design Manual January 2018

UNFACTORED DEAD LOADS

Dead Load calculation for analysis model:

Where: DCDeck - self-weight of deck slab

CDOT Bridge Design Manual January 2018

M100 M150 M200

DCDeck 0.000 0.403 -0.795

General Pattern of Moment Distribution Diagram in Deck

UNFACTORED LIVE LOADS

Deck superstructure type - k AASHTO T.4.6.2.2.1-1

CDOT Bridge Design Manual January 2018

FACTORED DESIGN LOADS

Mu = η [γDCMDC + γDWMDW + m γLL(MLL+ IM)]

Load Factors Design Moments

Strength I 1.25 0.90 1.50 0.65 1.75 -8.80 10.06 -5.59

Controlling positive factored moment +Mu = 10.06 kip-ft.

DECK SLAB STRENGTH DESIGN

Width of the design section b= 12.00 in.

Positive Moment Capacity (bottom reinforcement)

CDOT Bridge Design Manual January 2018

Area of steel per design strip

Depth of equivalent stress block

����� � ��� � ��� : 11.84 kip-ft. > 10.06 kip-ft. OK

Negative Moment Capacity (top reinforcement)

Area of steel per 1.00 ft. design strip

������ � ��� � ��� : 10.00 kip-ft. > 8.80 kip-ft. OK

Minimum Reinforcement AASHTO 5.7.3.3.2

CDOT Bridge Design Manual January 2018

Modulus of rupture �� � ����� ��� � 0.51 ksi AASHTO 5.4.2.6

- Check Positive Moment reinforcement

- Check Negative Moment reinforcement

CONTROL OF CRACKING AT SERVICE LIMIT STATE

- Check Cracking at the Bottom of Deck (spacing of Positive Moment reinforcement):

CDOT Bridge Design Manual January 2018

- Check Cracking at Top of Deck (spacing of Negative Moment reinforcement):

Minimum reinforcement is required in all directions to accommodate shrinkage and temperature

As,min = 0.11 in.2/ft. - controls

CDOT Bridge Design Manual January 2018

Top reinforcement try #4 @ 6.00" on center: AS = 0.40 in.2/ft.

Area of primary reinforcement for positive moment = 0.41 in.2/ft.

Bottom reinforcement try #5 @ 12.00" on center: AS = 0.31 in.2/ft.

Deck Section Summary

DECK SECTION SUMMARY

CDOT Bridge Design Manual January 2018

EXAMPLE 6.2 - OVERHANG DESIGN

Barrier type Type 7 (Overhang design with Barrier Type 10M is

Overhang minimum depth tOH(min) = 8.00 in.

DESIGN CASE 1: HORIZONTAL VEHICULAR COLLISION LOAD

CDOT Bridge Design Manual January 2018

Overhang Region - Design Case 1

1. Design Loads - Dead Load and Collision

Bending moments from wearing surfaces and utilities:

Bending moment from vehicular collision MCT = MC = 16.16 kip-ft.

CDOT Bridge Design Manual January 2018

Design factored moment (Extreme Event II) AASHTO 3.4.1, A13.4.1

Design axial tensile load TAxial = 7.18 kip/ft.

2. Resistance of the Section

�� : 11.84 kip-ft. > 10.06 kip-ft. OK

�� : 10.00 kip-ft. > 8.80 kip-ft. OK

Modulus of rupture �� 0.51 ksi AASHTO 5.4.2.6

�� : 8.88 kip-ft. < 17.71 kip-ft. FAILS *

�� : 19.30 kip-ft. > 17.71 kip-ft. OK

��