Manual Guide For PV

PV – 3
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT BUREAU
GUIDELINE
for
Application
of
Photovoltaic Power Generation System
June 2009
This guideline was developed by the Department of Energy (DOE) through the
technical assistance under the Project on “Sustainability Improvement of
Renewable Energy Development for Village Electrification in the Philippines”
which was provided by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 GENERAL ............................................................................................. 1
1.1 Fundamental Performance of PV system...........................................................1
1.2 Features of the PV System .................................................................................1
1.3 Type of PV Systems............................................................................................1
1.4 Favorable Conditions for a Photovoltaic Power Generation System .................4
2 SYSTEM DESIGN PROCEDURE........................................................ 5
2.1 General ................................................................................................................5
2.2 Design Procedure................................................................................................5
3 COLLECTION OF RELATED DATA .................................................... 6
3.1 Demand ...............................................................................................................6
3.2 Meteorological Data ............................................................................................7
4 SYSTEM DESIGN................................................................................. 8
4.1 Decision of the System Type ..............................................................................9
4.2 Estimation of the Power Demand .......................................................................9
4.3 Analysis of Meteorological Data..........................................................................9
4.4 Estimation of the Power Generation by PV System .........................................10
4.5 Selection of Components ..................................................................................14
5 INSTALLATION................................................................................... 16
5.1 Preparation of Procurement Specifications ......................................................17
5.2 Selection of Contractor......................................................................................18
5.3 Coordination Prior to Installation .......................................................................19
5.4 Execution of the installation work......................................................................19
6 6 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ............................................... 21
6.1 Inspection Method .............................................................................................22
6.2 Manual ...............................................................................................................24
6.3 Operation and Maintenance Records ...............................................................25
6.4 Replacement of Equipment and Materials........................................................25
6.5 User Training .....................................................................................................26
7 AMMENDMENT OF THE MANUAL ................................................... 27
i
LIST OF ANNEXES
ANNEX 1 : Solar Radiation
ii
1 GENERAL
In this guideline, the practical design, installation, inspection, and the
management methods of photovoltaic power generation systems, “hereafter call
PV system”, will be introduced.
1.1 Fundamental Performance of PV system
- No energy supply (fuel) is required after system installation.

- The user can design the required size of the PV system.
(Suitable system size should be discussed from various points of view.)
- PV system can be installed any place that receives a suitable amount of
sunlight.
- The installed PV system cannot control the energy supply. The energy source
of the system depends on the weather.
1.2 Features of the PV System
Merit Demerit (Weak point)

- Free energy source - Power supply depends on the weather
- Short work period - High initial cost (at present)
- Any size of system is applicable and can - Limitation of supply power
be set-up anyplace where there is ample - Limitation of useable electric appliances
sunlight.
- Use of conventional electric appliances.
- Easy maintenance
1.3 Type of PV Systems
Several kinds of PV systems, such as BCS and SHS, centralized PV systems, are
used for village electrification.
Small system
BCS(Battery Charge Station) For group
DC load
SHS (Solar Home System) For private use
PV System
SHS (Solar Home System) For private use
Large system
AC load Stand-alone PV system Centralized PV system
Grid-connected PV system Individual system

Centralized system
1
The general description of each system is outlined as follows.
1) BCS
BCS are composed of a PV array and a controller. The DC power generated by
the PV array is used for charging the user’s battery. One BCS is used in rotation
by five to ten users.
2) SHS
The PV array is installed individually on a house or public facility to supply
electric power. The SHS is composed of a PV array, a storage battery, a
controller, and DC electrical appliances, such as a FL lamp and indoor-wiring.
The DC power generated by the PV array is stored in the storage battery. The
controller controls the charge and discharge of the storage battery. DC power is
supplied to the indoor-wiring connected to all DC electric appliances.
3) Centralized PV Systems
PV arrays are centrally installed in one place in the village. A centralized PV
system is composed of a PV array, a storage battery, an inverter, a controller,
and a mini-grid for power distribution. The DC power generated by the PV
array is stored in the storage battery and converted into AC power by the
inverter when needed. AC power is distributed to all connected households by
the mini-grid.
4) Grid-connected PV Systems
PV arrays are installed in one place. Grid-connected PV systems are composed
of a PV array and an inverter. The DC power generated by the PV array is
converted into AC power, and then the AC power is supplied to grid.
Table 1-1 Standard components

Type of System BCS SHS Centralized Grid connection
1) PV Module 150 – 300Wp 50-500Wp More than more than 1kW

1kW
2) Junction Box - - Necessary Necessary
3) Support Structure Pole type Pole type Frame type Frame type
4) Storage Battery Necessary Necessary Necessary -
5) Battery Charge Controller Only HVD Small Large -

Necessary
6) Inverter - Self operation Grid connection
(In case of AC system)
7) Transmission Panel - - Necessary Necessary
8) Distribution Line - - Necessary -
9) Current Limiter / WH meter LVD - Necessary -
HVD: High Voltage Disconnect, LVD: Low Voltage Disconnect
2
PV panel
LVD
Fluorescent
light Switch
Battery
Battery
Radio/Cassette player
Fig. 1-1 Image of a Battery Charging Station
PV Panel
Controller
Fluorescent
light
Compact Switch
Fluorescent
Battery
B/W TV Radio/Cassette player
Fig.1-2 Image of a Solar Home System
PV Array
Junction Box
Charge control Inverter Distribution
Panel Storage Battery Panel Panel
Village
Fig.1-3 Image of a Centralized PV System
3
1.4 Favorable Conditions for a Photovoltaic Power Generation
System
1) BCS
A densely populated district has the advantage to apply a BCS. A well-
organized village may be favorable for sustainable system operation.
Common uses of electricity are for lighting and radio. For the promotion of
sustainable operation, users should understand that BCS has limitations
regarding useable energy and appliances due to limitations of the battery
capacity.
2) SHS
For districts with a dispersed population, solar home systems is favorable
compared with BCS. Small and well organized villages are deemed necessary
for sustainable system operation.
Common uses of electricity are for lighting and small appliance loads. For the
promotion of sustainable operation, users should understand that SHS system
has limitations regarding useable energy and appliances due to limitations of
the battery capacity.
3) Centralized PV system (Stand-alone system)

A centralized PV system is most applicable in densely populated areas. A well-
organized community usually results to the sustainable operation of the system..
Common uses of electricity are for lighting and TV. For the promotion of
sustainable operation, additional applications may be useful. If the system is
designed to supply enough power, a centralized PV system can supply power
to various appliances. For example, ice-making by a chest freezer is possible.
Storage of fresh food such as a fish and meat is also possible with a cool box,
chest freezer, etc. A small size well pump without a storage tank can also be
used. The new application of electricity may create small business opportunities
in the village.
4) Grid-connected PV systems
A grid-connected PV system can be applied to districts with grid electrification.
Special technicians are requested for sustainable system operation. A grid-
connected PV system can supply surplus power to the grid and receive power
from the grid in case of power shortages.
4
2 SYSTEM DESIGN PROCEDURE
2.1 General
Two methods are used to make village electrification plans. One is a demand-
side method, the others is a supply-side method. Design of a power generation
system is generally based on demand. Design of a PV system is similar.
However, PV system design it is not always suitable.
Supply-side design may be useful for the design of a small PV system such as
BCS and SHS. The standardization of small PV systems is possible in this way.
Otherwise, demand-side design is proper for the design of a large PV system.
2.2 Design Procedure
PV system design procedure is shown in bellows.
Selection of the site proposed for a PV system
Collection of related data
Analysis and evaluation of - Demand

collected data - Meteorological data
- Others
Creating a tentative system plan for user

- Estimate the power demand
- Analysis of the Meteorological data
- Estimate the power necessary for the PV panel
- Decide on the tentative specifications of the
main components
- PV support design
- Indoor wiring plan
- Estimate system cost, etc.
Review of the tentative plan
Create a final plan
5
3 COLLECTION OF RELATED DATA
Key Points for Collecting Data
1) Collection of appropriate data
As the design of PV system is carried out based on the collected data, it is
important that the appropriate and relevant data be sourced. This information
and data can generally be collected from the relevant authorities and agencies
within a country or region, however more site specific and demographic
information may require surveys and potential consumer group interviews
and questionnaire-style surveys.
2) Data Collection Period

At least five (5) years of meteorological data is required for the design process.
3.1 Demand
PV systems are utilized based on the type of electric appliances used by the
users. This information is gathered through a site survey. A total energy
requirement per day of (watt-hour per day) the loads is estimated by using the
calculation sheet.
1) DC load demand
As for DC loads, power consumption is calculated for each appliance and the
total power consumption for all appliances is summarized.
＜Example＞
Load Number Watt[W] Hour[h] [Wh]
TV B/W 14” 1 × 14 × 3 ＝ 42
FL lamp 8W 1 × 8 × 6 ＝ 48
FL lamp 20W 2 × 20 × 2 ＝ 80
Total ＝ 170
2) AC load demand
As for AC loads, power consumption [Wh] is calculated for each appliance, and
the total power consumption of all appliances is summarized. When only
apparent power (VA) is indicated, such as the case of motors, it is converted into
active power by the following equation.
Active power [W] ＝ apparent power [VA] × power factor
6
＜Example＞
Load No. Active Duration [Wh] Start
power [W] hour [h] (peak)[VA]
TV Color 28” 1 × 28 × 2 ＝ 56 56
FL lamp 20W 3 × 20 × 3 ＝ 180 180
Washing machine 1 × 360 × 1 ＝ 360 1,000
Total ＝ 596 1,236
3.2 Meteorological Data
Meteorological data is required as a basis for system design. In particular, this

data is necessary for deciding PV system capacity, the specification of
components, and the design strength for the PV array structure. This data is also
useful for site selection and planning the installation schedule.
1) Irradiation
Irradiation data is generally stated as a daily average per month. The unit used
for irradiation is mega joules per square meter per day (MJ/m2/day) or
kilowatt-hours per square meter per day (kWh/m2/day) and is measured using
a pyranometer. As there are many areas where irradiation data is not available,
this can be estimated based on the sunshine hours recorded at an established
site near to the location of the project area.
2) Temperature & Humidity

The average daily high and the low temperatures are necessary for PV system
design. Monthly average data of humidity is also taken into account to decide
the component specifications and installation points.
3) Wind speed & Direction

The average wind speed and the maximum wind speed data including their
direction are utilized in the design of strengths for the solar photovoltaic panel
support structure; poles, standards and braces; and foundations, with the unit of
wind speed being measured in meters per second [m/s]. In areas subjected to
tropical rotating storms (typhoons) it is also necessary to investigate their likely
return frequency within the project area.
4) Lightning
Lightning from thunderstorms and its frequency is useful. If considered
necessary, lightning protection should be installed and the systems properly
earthed.
7
4 SYSTEM DESIGN
System design determines the appropriate PV system to introduce to the project
being implemented based on the collected data.
Key Points for System Design

1) Standardization of the PV system
Standardization of the PV system for the project is important. Standardization
can reduce design costs and simplify procurement of system components,
materials, and replacement parts. In addition, the method for maintenance
management, the management system, and engineer training programs can be
unified as well.
2) Simple system Configuration

For PV system design, considerations such as user convenience and system
protection tend to increase the number of components, such as protective
devices and switches. However, increasing the number of connected
components increases the number of potential problems due to the slackness in
terminals and voltage drop. As a result, the number of inspection points
increase along with the complexity and cost of the inspection and maintenance
work.. Some controllers available in the market have necessary protective
functions. It is important to adopt controllers that have necessary protective
functions so as to reduce the number of components as much as possible and
create a simple system.
3) Clarification of Design Conditions

It is important to sort out and clarify all the design conditions used in system
design, such as load estimation and irradiation data. These conditions will be
used for the evaluation of operating conditions and for the review of the
system design. Moreover, these conditions are important for explaining system
characteristics to the users.
4) Selection of Appropriate Components and Materials

Components and materials that are used for PV system should be reliable and
economical. However, high reliability and economy has contrary characteristics
practically. Therefore, the reliability aspect will be covered through software
measures such as maintenance management and optimal points for both
aspects will be found for material selection. If local meteorological conditions,
transportation of components and materials, the installation site, etc. are
restricted, it is necessary to pay attention to the workability, material
specifications, and installation.
8
4.1 Decision of the System Type
As for system selection, the type of system can be roughly selected according to
the load demand and affordable fees of the users. Choosing between a
centralized type and an individual type can be decided by the location of houses
and the choice of either an individual type or a BCS is made by considering
factors such as the economy and the state of organizations in the village.
4.2 Estimation of the Power Demand
Demand assumption is to assume the type of loads to be used such as lights and
electric appliances to be used, the duration of use, and the patterns of use. Based
on this assumption, power consumption per day or peak load current is
calculated. This data is basic for determining the system capacity and system
operation.
1) Total Power Consumption (Ep)

Estimation of the total power consumption is used as basic data to decide
system capacity and system operation. The total power consumption [Wh] is
calculated from the calculation sheet used in the site survey.
2) Peak load current (Ilp)

Estimation of the peak load current is used as basic data to decide system
capacity. A rush current that is several times as large as the rating will flow into
a rotating machine, such as motor, at the start of operation. Therefore,
assumption of the rush current for a rotating machine is necessary to consider
the specification of the inverter, etc.
4.3 Analysis of Meteorological Data
Meteorological data is used to design PV systems and to consider the

installation method.
1) Irradiation (HA)
The unit of irradiation data used for PV system design should be converted to
kWh/m2/day. Generally the minimum irradiation data is used to
conservatively estimate the available energy from the sun.
The minimum monthly mean irradiation is used to calculate the capacity of PV
arrays and batteries to ensure a stable power supply throughout the year.
However, in areas where the monthly mean irradiation varies substantially
during a year, a PV system designed on the minimum irradiation data may not
be economical in some cases. For such cases, it is necessary to select irradiation
for design by considering characteristics of loads, the needs of users, and the
economy.
Generally, in areas of low latitude, the monthly mean insolation does not vary
largely during the year. Therefore, if the global insolation is used to design a PV
system, it does not result in large errors.
9
Table 4-1 Global & Total irradiation in Cebu
Month Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ave
Global Irr. MJ/m2/d 12.8 13.8 16.4 16.8 15.0 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.5 14.2 13.2 12.5 13.7
Global Irr. kWh/m2/d 3.56 3.83 4.56 4.68 4.18 3.46 3.46 3.50 3.46 3.95 3.66 3.48 3.81
Total Irr.
10deg kWh/m2/d 3.76 3.96 4.61 4.60 4.03 3.33 3.34 3.42 3.45 4.05 3.84 3.69 3.84
2) Days of Autonomy (Nd)

“Autonomy days” are the number of continuous cloudy or rainy days when the
level of irradiation is insufficient to provide adequate levels of radiation to the
panels in the solar photovoltaic system, hence charging levels are not sufficient
to provide power for the demand over that period. Data can generally be
extracted from daily irradiation or daily hours of sunshine data. If data for the
actual site is not available, then data recorded at an established site near to the
location of the project area can be used. Alternately and generally far less
reliable is an estimate of days, as provided from experiences from residents.
4.4 Estimation of the Power Generation by PV System
In order to design a PV system, it is important to know how solar energy is

converted into electricity. The following model is useful for understanding the
energy conversion process.
System Efficiency ηSYS = ηA nom x KB
Solar Energy
Modified performance ratio KB = KPV x KBC x ηB x KPA xηI
Average Array Conversion Battery

Battery Circuit Inverter Generation
Generation
Irradiation a Area
Area Efficiency Efficiency Loss Efficiency Power
Power
2
Efficiency
day (m2)
(m ) ofOf
PVPVηA (％ )
ηBB (%) Factor ηη per
perDay
Day
2
(kWh/m2/d)
(kWh/m /d)
× × × η × I (%)
I
η(％ )
A (%) KBC
K BC K PA (％ ) (kWh/day)
(kWh/day)
KPV
Loss AC Out
* Reflection *Conversion efficiency * Charging loss * DC circuit loss * Inverter loss
* Allay tilt angle * Module temperature * Charge control loss
* Azimuth * DC voltage mismatch
* Dirt of module
Fig. 4-1 Power generation model with battery
10
Table 4-2 Power generation model with battery
Efficiency or Factor BCS SHS Centralized Grid
ηA Conversion efficiency of PV (dirt, temperature etc.) 0.12-0.14 0.12-0.14 0.12-0.14 0.12-0.14
ηB Battery charging efficiency 0.80-0.90 0.80-0.90 0.80-0.90 1
ηI Inverter efficiency 1 1 0.85-0.95 0.85-0.95
KPV PV array loss factor 0.7-0.9 0.7-0.9 0.7-0.9 0.7-0.9
KBC Control factor in battery charging 0.9 0.9 0.9 1
KPA Circuit loss factor 0.90-0.95 0.90-0.95 0.90-0.95 0.90-0.95
K Performance ratio 0.60-0.70 0.60-0.70 0.60-0.70 0.65-0.80
GS
Ps = Ep ・ ─── ・ KS …………………………(1)
HA
where:
Ep ：generated electric power during a specific period [kWh/period]
PS ：rated output of the PV array [kW]
HA ：irradiation on the array surface during a specific period [kWh/m2/period]
(=1.0[kW/m2])
Gs ：irradiance at standard condition = 1 [kW/m2]
KB ：Modified performance ratio (KB = K * ηB * KBC)
Performance ratio K is defined as a ratio of the actual generated electric power

during a specific period and the calculated power (Rated output of the PV array
* same energy irradiated on the array surface).
The K includes all loss factors from the array surface to the output terminal of
the inverter or controller. Theoretically, it is difficult to account for these loss
factors, however the overall loss factor can be known empirically as
“Performance ratio K”. This is a practical way to introduce the factor K for
system planning.
The average value of K for a grid-connected system with power maximum

control is approximately 0.75 (0.65 – 0.8, mainly affected by module temperature
and inverter loss). If the system without maximum power control and/or the
quality is poor, the value of K will show lower value (0.6 – 0.7).
ηsys = ηAnom * K ………………………………..…(2)
where ηAnom : Rated conversion efficiency of PV array
In general, the system efficiency (ηsys) of a grid-connected PV system with

maximum power control is approximately 0.098 or less. This shows that
available solar energy is approximately 10% of the irradiated energy on the
array area.
11
4.4.1 Required PV Array Capacity
PV array output decreases under the influence of PV cell temperature, dirt and
dust sticking to PV module surface, and shadows of buildings and trees around
the PV array. A part of the power generated is consumed by the controller,
inverter, wiring cables, etc, and turned into loss. Hence, PV array capacity
should be calculated and determined by including such losses, which consider
correction coefficients.
When the power demand Ep is given, the required rated PV power PS can be
calculated with the equation 3.
Ps = Ep * Gs / (HA * KB) ……………………………(3)
Where:
PS ：Required output of the PV array [kW]
Ep ：Power demand at the output point of the system terminal during a day [kWh/day]
HA ：Irradiation on the array surface during a specific period [kWh/m2/period]
Gs ：Irradiance at standard condition = 1 [kW/m2]
KB ：Modified performance ratio
Example of system size design

Power demand at consumer EL (kWh): 80 kWh/day [Ep = EL]
Irradiation in Cebu (on the 10 degree inclined surface) : HA = 3.84 kWh/m2
PV array loss factor : KPV = 0.78
Inverter efficiency : ηI = 0.90
Circuit loss factor : KPA = 0.93
Performance factor : K = 0.65
Battery charging efficiency : ηB = 0.9
Control factor in battery charging Battery charging factor : KBC = 0.9
Ks = K *ηB * KBC = 0.65 * 0.9 * 0.9 = 0.53

Ps = Ep * Gs / (HA * KS)
= 80 * 1 / (3.84 * 0.53)
= 39.6 kW
From the result above, the total capacity of PV modules shall be more than39.6 kW.
PV capacity Ps >= 39.6 kW
12
4.4.2 Required Battery Capacity
The battery has a role of providing reserve power on rainy/cloudy days as well
as the role of supplying power for nighttime loads. Therefore, it must have a
capacity that can supply power stably even if rainy weather continues for
several days. However, placing emphasis on a stable supply of power may
result in the construction of excessive facilities in some cases. The battery
capacity must be determined by considering both reliability of the power supply
and the economy.
Battery storage capacity for a PV system can be calculated using the following
equation.
BkWh = ELBd * Nd * RB / ( CBD * UB * δBD ) ……………………(4)
where:
BkWh : Battery capacity (kWh)
ELBd : Power demand a day (kWh/day) (power depend on the battery : ELBd=EP /ηI )
Nd : Number of continuous no sunshine days (3 – 5)
RB : Design margin of a battery ( 1.0 - 1.3 )
CBD : Degradation factor ( usually CBD = 1.0 )
UB : Available depth of discharge ( 0.5 - 0.8 )
δBD : Ratio of voltage drop at discharge
Depth of discharge UB is the ratio of the discharged electric energy to the

battery capacity. It is zero when the battery is fully charged. It is 0.5 when one
half of the capacity is discharged. If over-discharging continues, the battery life
is shortened. Therefore, it is necessary to control the state of the battery charge
via the controller. Normally, the depth of discharge factor is about 0.5. The
control voltage that manages that depth of discharge is fixed for some
controllers.
Example of system size design

Power demand at consumer EL (kWh): 80 kWh/day
Inverter efficiency ηI (0.9 – 0.95): 0.9
Number of continuous no sunshine days Nd (3 – 5): 3
Design margin of a battery RB (1.0 - 1.3) : 1.0
Degradation factor (usually CBD = 1.0) : 1.0
Available depth of discharge UB (0.5 - 0.8) : 0.5
Ratio of voltage drop at discharge δBD : 1.0
BkWh = ELBd * Nd * RB / ( CBD * UB * δBD ) = 80 / 0.90 * 3 * 1.0 / (1.0 * 0.5 * 1.0)

= 533 kWh
Required battery capacity BkWh >= 533 kWh
13
4.5 Selection of Components
Materials are selected from available materials that meet the requirements and
the capacity of the PV system is fixed. When many appropriate materials are
available, the optimal materials are selected considering economy, design,
workability, etc. Selection of major components for PV systems will be described
here as an example.
4.5.1 Battery
1) Number of batteries in a series

The voltages of batteries available on the market are 2V, 6V, and 12V. When
battery voltage is insufficient for the circuit voltage, multiple batteries are
connected in a series to meet circuit voltage.
Number of batteries in series = circuit voltage / rated voltage of the battery selected
2) Battery system capacity

The calculated battery capacity (BkWh) is divided by the system circuit voltage to
determine the design Ah capacity. Then a battery or a combination of batteries is
selected to meet design Ah capacity. If the selected battery system considerably
exceeds this design Ah capacity, the reliability will improve, but the economical
efficiency will decrease. It is also necessary to pay attention that the number of
batteries in parallel is not excessive.
Design Wh capacity / system circuit voltage = design Ah capacity

Number of batteries in parallel ≧ design Ah capacity/Ah capacity of selected batteries
Total number of batteries = number of batteries in series*number of batteries in parallel

Battery system capacity [Wh] = battery unit capacity * total number of batteries
4.5.2 PV Module
1) Open circuit voltage of the PV array

To charge a battery sufficiently, it is necessary to charge the battery at a voltage
that is equal or greater than the full charge voltage of the battery. The voltage of
PV cells drop as temperature increases. Moreover, there are other factors that
cause voltage drop between the PV module and batteries. Therefore, such
factors are taken into consideration when selecting the PV module.
Series number (integer) ≧ circuit voltage ÷ open circuit voltage of selected module
Open circuit voltage of array ＞ Vbat + Vpv + Vp-b + Vc
Vbat : full charge voltage of battery [V]

(Vbat = [full charge voltage of unit battery] * [series number of batteries])
Vpv : voltage drop due to temperature increase of PV array [V]
14
(Vpv = ([cell temperature] - 25) * [temp. coeff.] * [module open circuit voltage] * [series number])
*Cell temp. : (When it is not clear, use 60℃.)
*Temp. coefficient : (When it is not clear, use 0.04 %/℃.)
V p-b : Voltage drop between PV and battery [V] (When it is not clear, use 1 V.)
(Vp-b = [cable length] * 2 * [cable resistance] x [maximum current])
V c : voltage drop in the controller [V] (When it is not clear, use 0.05% of Vbat)
2) PV array capacity
The maximum output operating current of a PV array should be greater than
the required operating current of the basic design. If the selected current
considerably exceeds the required operating current, the power supplied will be
large, but economic efficiency will deteriorate.
Parallel number of modules(integer) ≧ required current ÷ max. output operating

current of the selected module
Max. output operating current of array [A] = max. output operating current of module
[A] * parallel number of modules
Number of modules = series number of modules * parallel number of modules

PV Array capacity [W] = module capacity[W] * total number of modules
4.5.3 Other
1) Controller
The controller manages the charge and discharge of the battery and protects it
from being over-charged or over-discharged through pre-installed functions. In
some cases, over-current protection and reverse connection are installed.
The circuit voltage of the system is the same as the voltage of the controller.
The currents of the PV side and the load side are equal or lower than the
allowable current of the controller.
The controller has all the required functions.
The control voltage of the controller meets the characteristics of the batteries.
2) Inverter
The inverter is used to change DC power to AC power. Electric appliances
require AC power.
(a) The circuit voltage of the system is the same as the input voltage of the
inverter.
(b) AC output meets the load requirements.
(c) Peak capacity of the loads is satisfied.
(d) The inverter can apply to the rush power of the loads.
The inverter has all the required functions.
15
5 INSTALLATION
Installation is the actual work done to carry out the installation of the PV system.
In this document, installation is assumed to be executed by the consignment
contractor. The related processes are described in the following order:
preparation of procurement specifications, selection of the contractor,
coordination before installation, and execution of installation.
Key Points for Installation

1) Selection of an appropriate contractor
The installation of PV systems can be done by contractors who are not
specializing in installation of PV systems. However, if the quality of the
installation is inferior, it may result in service interruption or failure. Thus,
high quality installation work is required. On the selection of a contractor, it is
extremely necessary that a knowledgeable contractor is selected based on
previous experiences on PV system installations, the level learning on PV
Technology of the engineers/technicians, and presentation of an installation
management system by the prospective contractor.
2) Announcement of installation procedure to the related parties

To ensure smooth execution of installation, it is important to carry out careful
preliminary coordination with the parties concerned and make the installation
procedure known to all parties concerned. A manual of the installation
procedures must be developed and distributed to the concerned parties, in
particular, the parties concerned with fieldwork.
3) Give full attention to installation management

As for the installation work, it is necessary to ensure that high quality work be
required and the installation schedule be kept on track. Lack of components or
materials will delay installation work in rural areas. Therefore, due attention
should be paid for transportation and management of equipment and materials
at the site.
4) User Participation
Regarding installation work, it is important to seek cooperation from the users
by asking them to participate in the installation work. Through participation,
such as transportation and management of the materials, users will be able to
feel that the project is their own. Users can learn how to handle equipment and
materials through transportation and installation. Thus, such participation
serves as instruction and training for the users.
16
5.1 Preparation of Procurement Specifications
On the basis of the PV system design, system design drawings, equipment

specifications, and installation specifications equipment and materials are
procured and the contract for installation work is made.
5.1.1 System Design Drawings
System design drawings are prepared with due attention to the following
points:
(a) Clear indication of the PV module configuration and PV array installation method.
(b) Prepare drawings that outline the entire configuration of the PV system.
(c) Clearly indicate materials used.
Fig. 5-1 Example of System Design Drawing
5.1.2 Equipment Specifications
To indicate the equipment specifications based on system design drawings,

equipment specifications are developed including the capacity, voltage,
configuration, and quantity of equipment according to the appropriate
standards and materials supplied. As for selection of equipment and materials,
the specifications are made to pay due attention to the following points:
(a) Major components of PV system such as modules, batteries, and controllers are
selected based on delivery records and product performance in the past.
(b) Local procurement of equipment and materials is generally prioritized taking
maintenance of the equipment into consideration.
(c) If environmental conditions such as typhoons or salt damage exist, it is necessary to
consider the strength of the material with regard to wind load and salt-resistant coating.
17
5.1.3 Specification Sheets for Installation
To clarify the content for the contract, details regarding the following items
must be provided.
Table 5-1 Contents of Specification Sheets

Items Detail
Outline of work Indicate title, place, period, outline of the system, and scope of work.
Supplied components If there are supplied components or materials, indicate the name,
or materials specification, quantity, delivery date, and method of delivery of each
material.
Method of installation Specify whether the person in charge of management needs to stay at
management the site.
Items to be reported Specify items required to be reported periodically, such as the progress
periodically of the work schedule.
Inspection Clearly specify inspection dates. For example, after the installation of
equipment, before the wiring, and at the time of final completion.
Witnessing of work Witness the positioning of equipment and the items to be confirmed at
the site.
Guarantee conditions Specify the content of the guarantee under normal use and the
guarantee period.
5.2 Selection of Contractor

Execution of installation work should be open to the public. A quotation and
execution proposal for the project should be submitted by each contractor
bidding to work on the project.
1) Appraisal of contractor qualifications

Management conditions, capability, and installation results are collected from
contractors, and the suitability of the contractors is appraised through
examination of the obtained documents.
2) Explanation installation specifications

Installation specifications are shown and explained to the contractors.
3) Selection of the contractor

A quotation and an execution proposal are submitted by each contractor. The
content of the quotation and execution proposal are examined as to whether
they meet the required specifications. The contractor is selected by comparison
of the submitted documents.
4) Drawing up a contract
The contract is made and signed in agreement with the contractors regarding
the content of the work, payment conditions, etc.
[Items written in the contract]

* Title of the work, site, period, contracted amount, and payment method.
* Method of handling design change and change of work.
18
* Method of extending the schedule in case of a natural disaster or irresistible
force.
* Method of handling a case when a third party suffers damage, etc.
5.3 Coordination Prior to Installation

Before installation work commences, the content of the installation work is
explained to the residents of the area and coordinated with the parties
concerned.
1) Explanation to the local residents and request for cooperation

Prior to the execution of installation work, the content of the work is explained
to the local residents. Agreement of local residents is needed to start installation.
A cooperative relationship must be established.
2) Coordination among the parties concerned for installation

For installation efficiency and to maintain safety, it is necessary to gather the
administrator, equipment and material suppliers and the contractor to gain a
common understanding of the installation plan. Moreover, mutual confirmation
of essential items is necessary to the execution of the work, such as the schedule,
the delivery of equipment and materials, and the division of responsibility.
5.4 Execution of the installation work

The responsibilities of the administrator during the execution of installation
work are outlined as follows.
1) Document verification and approval

The necessary documents are submitted by the contractor and the content is
verified. Inappropriate points or content must be corrected by the contractor.
After this, the revised documents are resubmitted for verification and approval.
(a) Execution drawings according to the system design drawings are

checked so that the installation can be executed correctly.
(b) Delivery specifications are confirmed to be sure that they meet
equipment specifications.
(c) Implementation of installation work is being carried out according to
schedule or will not be completed within the work period.
(d) The contractor must periodically submit reports on the state of
conditions in the field. Inspection results and tests in the field are
reported to make sure the work meets the rules and regulations.
(e) Completion drawings are kept to carry out maintenance smoothly after
the installation of the facilities.
19
2) Installation management in the field
To carry out installation management in the field, it is necessary to visit the site
periodically and at the appropriate time.
(a) Witness inspection such as positioning of the system, assembling of

array structures, etc. is executed together with the field engineer at the
appropriate time.
(b) Progress, work safety, and storage of equipment and materials are
checked by visiting the site periodically. Instruction is given if
inappropriate practices are observed.
(c) If any uncertainty or design changes arise in the field, the superiors give
consultation and instruction.
(d) Establishment of an information network system in the case of an
emergency.
3) Completion inspection of installation work

At the time of completion, final inspection is carried out with the contractor to
verify that the work meets all the requirements.
20
6 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
PV systems are generally said to be maintenance-free. However, for rural
electrification projects, installation sites for such systems tend to be in remote
areas in many cases, and it may be difficult to respond quickly in the case of an
emergency. Therefore, it is important to inspect and maintain the systems
periodically, to detect faults earlier, and to improve operation methods. To
enhance operation and maintenance of the systems, it is effective to develop
manuals and keep records of operation by the technician. Moreover, it is
important to increase system reliability and to establish a system for the storage
and supply of equipment and materials, such as replacement parts.
Key Points for Operation and Maintenance

1) Execution of periodical inspection and maintenance
To operate PV system as long as possible, periodic inspection and maintenance
is executed. Faults and troubles should be detected as earlier as possible. Early
detection of faults and troubles helps improve operation methods. This
experience can also be applied to the introduction of other systems.
2) Preparation of manuals
PV operation and maintenance systems are compiled in a manual. The
maintenance level of each system is equalized. This manual helps minimize
differences in engineering skills and enhances the operation and maintenance
efficiency of the systems.
3) Preparation of operation and maintenance records

It is necessary to keep track of inspection and maintenance records and
problems encountered with the PV systems. Based on these records, the
recurrence of previous problems and the occurrence of new problems can be
prevented. Moreover, the findings are reflected in the manuals and engineer
trainings. Technology is improved to execute operation and maintenance
much efficiently.
4) Replacement of materials
The use of materials that can be procured from the local market is important.
However from an economic or reliability viewpoint, if it is difficult to obtain
imports or materials from the local market, a supply system must be
established that can deliver such items in a timely fashion.
5) Education of the users

The users are involved in operation and maintenance of PV systems directly
or indirectly. Therefore, education of the users is important. If an electrical
appliance is used incorrectly, it may cause an accident or degrade the battery.
21
6.1 Inspection Method
PV system inspection items are classified into items for visual inspection and
items for measurement. Inspections can be carried out on a daily and periodic
basis.
6.1.1 Inspection Items
Inspection items vary depending on the particulars of system configuration. It is

necessary to select essential items according to the system configuration.
1) Visual Inspection
Visual inspection is a method used to confirm the state of the inspection items in
regard to fault or damage. Visual inspection items and the troubleshooting
measures are listed in Table 6-1. Tools, such as a screwdriver, may be used to
check the terminals for slackness.
Table 6-1 Content of Visual Inspection

Objects Contents of inspection Example of countermeasures
Surface dirt Clean using a soft cloth
Module damage Replacement
Structural Damage Troubleshooting or replacement
PV array
Change of direction or tilt angle Adjustment to initial condition
Terminal Looseness Tighten
Cable Damage Troubleshooting or replacement
Looseness of fitting screw Tighten
Controller Terminal Looseness Tighten
/Inverter Unusual indication Ask to the expert engineer
Unusual sound, smell, Heat up Ask to the expert engineer
Refilling distilled water or clean
Decreasing solution
rainwater
Terminal rust or dirt Cleaning
Battery
Terminal Looseness Tighten
Installation situation
Reinstall to flat
(Inclination, Fall down)
Cables Cable Damage Troubleshooting or replacement
Fuse cut off Replacement
The others
Other damage to materials Troubleshooting or replacement
2) Measurement Tests
The condition of PV systems is also confirmed through measurement tests. The
measurement test items and methods for judging results are shown in Table 6-2.
Some inverters have pre-installed protective function. The manuals of such
equipment must be checked regarding the testing procedure of such equipment.
If a problem is detected during measurement testing, the PV system is inspected
in detail and necessary repair measures are taken.
22
Table 6-2 Content of Measurement Tests
Items Contents Estimated trouble
PV Array Disconnect PV array circuit and Measured voltage is low in the daytime
Open Circuit measure open circuit voltage * Damaged PV module.
Voltage between both ends of the output * Broken cable, short-circuit, or unusual
cables (+ and -) connection.
PV array Disconnect PV array circuit, Current is lower than the expected based
Short Circuit measure short-circuit current on the irradiation.
Current between both ends of the output * Damaged PV module, affected by
cables (+ and -) shadows.
* Broken cable, short-circuit or unusual
connection.
Battery Disconnect the battery from the Terminal voltage is low:
Terminal system and leave it for 5 minutes. * Battery is over-discharged.
voltage Then measure the voltage between * Battery life has ended.
the battery terminals.
Battery Measure the specific gravity of the Specific gravity is low:
Specific solution in each cell of the battery. * Battery is over-discharged.
Gravity * Battery life has ended.
Battery Measure battery solution Battery temperature is high:
Temperature temperature. * Inappropriate installation
* Battery is over-charged.
Insulation Use an insulation resistance tester Insulation resistance is low:
resistance to measure the insulation * Line-to-ground fault, leak.
resistance between the main circuit * Insulation degradation
and the ground.
Ground Use grounding resistance meter to Grounding resistance is higher than the
Resistance measure resistance of the standard:
grounding part. *Grounding is defective.
*Damage to the grounding conductor.
* Loose connection.
6.1.2 Inspection Methods
1) Daily Inspection
Daily inspection is executed by the person in charge of daily system operation
management. This inspection is for early detection of abnormality or trouble via
visual inspection. As for individual PV systems, users normally make daily
inspections. As for centralized PV systems and BCSs, an operator or a technician
usually makes daily inspections. Inspection of the PV systems once a week is
recommended.
2) Periodic Inspection
Periodic inspection should be carried out on the items that cannot be easily
examined on a daily basis. Periodic inspection includes visual inspection and
measuring tests. The measurement results are judged as to whether the data is
correct.
In the initial stage of the project, it is desirable to carry out inspections once a
month. When normal operation of the system has been confirmed, periodic
inspections once every two to six months is sufficient.
23
6.2 Manual
The content of the manuals differ depending on the system and the role of the
person who uses the manual. The content of the manuals for technicians in
charge of periodic inspection and the content of the manuals for the users will
be described separately as follows.
For manual preparation, proper introduction of the system is necessary.
Manuals used for similar projects or manuals provided by manufacturers serve
as appropriate references for the manual. Trouble experienced during operation
of the system and countermeasures should be included in the manual.
6.2.1 Manuals for Engineers
Manuals for engineers include the system installation methods, inspection and
maintenance, and troubleshooting.
1) Installation Methods
This manual includes the system configuration, lists of equipment and materials,
drawings and procedures, etc. Installation of the system can be executed
according to the manual. This manual can be utilized for new installations of
similar systems, for the removal or transfer of an existing system, and for PV
array repair.
2) Inspection and Maintenance Methods

This manual includes procedures for visual inspections and measurement tests
to be carried out by the engineer during the periodic inspection and
countermeasures to be implemented in the case of trouble or failure. Inspection
and maintenance can carried out according to the manual. Other engineers in
charge of the project or system can also use this manual.
3) Troubleshooting summarized
Regarding trouble that may occur during system operation, instances of trouble
from similar projects or anticipated problems are summarized and included in
the manual with the causes and countermeasures. Therefore, effective
countermeasures should be employed when trouble occurs. This manual
provides guidance in considering such countermeasures.
6.2.2 Manual for the Users
The items of the manual for users include the method of operation, method of
using electric appliances, and inspection and maintenance. It is important that
users who have little knowledge of electricity can easily understand the manual
with illustrations etc.
24
6.3 Operation and Maintenance Records
By keeping system operation and maintenance records, such as results of the

daily and periodic inspection, and the replacement condition of parts, early
detection of problems is facilitated, causes of the problems can be determined,
and countermeasures can be considered. Thus, operation records are important
documents for ensuring stable use of the system over the long-term. It is
important to understand the significance all the recorded operation and
maintenance data, and to keep records for system operation and management.
1) Daily and Periodic Inspection Records

Tables are prepared to record the result and judgment of the daily and periodic
inspection, respectively. Inspection records clearly indicate items to be checked
by the engineer at the time of inspection and also enable provision of standard
inspection and maintenance services. The inspection records are utilized to
prevent trouble and to discover repeated problems.
2) Replacement Part Records

For replacement part records, the part name, date and time, reason for
replacement, person replaced the part, cost, etc are described. These records can
be used for judging the effective life of each part, discovering problematic parts,
and for replenishing equipment and materials.
3) Trouble Records
The date and time of occurrence, kind of trouble, countermeasures etc. are
described in trouble records. Trouble is mainly caused by failures or
degradation of the systems themselves. Human errors such as improper
operation, negligent implementation of inspection and maintenance, etc are also
factors. Trouble records in relation to system operation can be used to
investigate the causes of trouble, consider preventive measures, and judge
whether a countermeasure is appropriate or not.
4) Electric Appliance Usage Records

The kinds of electric appliances owned, their capacities, mean durations of use,
etc are investigated and recorded. In case of frequent recurrence of stoppage or
trouble, such records can be used to judge whether trouble is caused by the
system itself or by the method of electricity use. If the method of electricity use
is inappropriate, countermeasures will be provided to the users through
technical instruction or by the application of countermeasures on the system-
side. Such records are also useful in considering the expansion of system
capacity in response to demand growth.
6.4 Replacement of Equipment and Materials
The expected life of a PV module is twenty years or more. The effective life of
other PV system components is shorter. Therefore, timely replacement of such
components is important for long-term stable operation of the system. The
25
replacement of major components and inspection particulars will be introduced
as follows. The method of storing spare parts will be described as well.
1) Component Replacement Period and Inspection Particulars

The condition of the components degrades year by year and eventually they fail
to function properly. The state of degradation of PV modules and batteries is
judged by measuring their characteristics. On the other hand, it is difficult to
judge the state of degradation of many other components. To maintain system
reliability, from the viewpoint of preventive maintenance, parts must be
replaces before failure actually occurs. For reference, recommended replacement
period and inspection content of the major components are shown in Table 6-3.
However, implementation of these recommendations may be costly for some
systems. Usually, it is recommended to establish an appropriate system to solve
problems as quickly as possible.
Table 6-3 Material Replacement Period and Inspection Content

Period of recommended
Kind of parts Inspection Content
replacement
PV modules 20 years Appearance and Voltage measurement
Controller 10 years Operation
Switch 10 to 15 years Operation
PV used battery 3 to 5 years Specific gravity of solution
Automobile battery 1 to 3 years and terminal voltage of battery
Chemical condenser 5 years Swelling, leakage of solution
Filter condenser 10 to 15 years Measurement of capacity
Cooling fan 2 years or 20,000 hrs Wind volume, unusual sound
Auxiliary relay 7.5 years Coil color change, contact corrosion
Fuse 7 years or 50,000 hrs Melt down
2) Spare Parts Storage

Damage or failure of a system component may directly lead to service
interruption in many cases. When trouble occurs, it is desirable to repair or
replace the component quickly. If components and materials for replacement are
stored near the site, the system can be restored quickly. However, it is costly to
store expensive spare parts at the site. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the
necessary quantity of spare parts based on the characteristics of the materials,
economics, and time required for recovery of the system.
6.5 User Training
Users include local technicians should be properly trained before and after the
introduction of PV systems. Training method and contents described in the
“User Training Manual for Photovoltaic System”
The PV project executes installation, tariff collection, maintenance and technical
education, among others. To manage PV systems appropriately, various works
are required. Without completing the appropriate work, the PV project will not
be successful.
26
Project evaluation will study whether a project is planned and implemented
properly according to its objectives, how the project affects the surrounding
environment, and judges whether a project is successful or not based on the
results of the study. It is important to evaluate the project during
implementation and reconsider the implementation plan accordingly.
Evaluated items are technology, management, the social environment and

economics. This guideline explains the content of the evaluation items and
methods.
7 AMENDMENT OF THE MANUAL

The DOE shall review this guideline annually, and amend it, if necessary,
according to the surrounding circumstances in rural electrification of the
country. The amended manual shall be fully authorized among the DOE and
approved by Director of Renewable Energy Management Bureau of the DOE.
27
ANNEX 1
Solar radiation
1) The location of the points of the solar radiation data
1
2) Solar radiation in the Philippines
Original data: Solar Radiation Map of the Philippines 1999 Update, by PAGASA,
Quezon City Philippines
Monthly Means of Daily Totals, Global radiation
LAOAG 18_10_48N / 120_31_48E Elev 5.0 m

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ave Min Max
2
Global irradiation (J/cm ) 1592 1897 2102 2301 2187 2058 1970 1820 1816 1756 1634 1541 1890 1541 2301
2
Global irradiation (kWh/m ) 4.42 5.27 5.84 6.39 6.08 5.72 5.47 5.06 5.04 4.88 4.54 4.28 5.25 4.28 6.39
2
Total irradiation <10°> (kWh/m ) 4.90 5.67 6.04 6.36 5.88 5.48 5.27 4.97 5.10 5.13 4.97 4.79 5.38 4.79 6.36
2
TUGUEGARAO 17_39_00N / 121_45_00E Elev 61.6m

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ave Min Max
2
2
2
2
BAGUIO 16 25 12N / 120 36 00E Elev 1500m

2
2
2
2
QUEZON CITY 14_39_00N, 121_03_00E Elev 42.0m

2
2
2
2
AMBULONG 14 04 48N / 121 03 00E Elev 10.6m

2
2
2
2
CATARMAN 12 30 00N / 124 40 12E Elev 5.0m

2
2
2
2
2
TACLOBAN 11 13 48N / 125 01 48E Elev 2.2m
2
2
2
2
VICTORIAS MILLING CO. 10 52 48N / 123 42 00E Elev 18.0m

2
2
2
2
PUERTO PRINCESA 9 45 00N / 118 43 48E Elev 14.9m

2
2
2
2
CAGAYAN DE ORO 8 25 48N / 124 37 12E Elev 182m

2
2
2
2
DAVAO 7 07 12N / 125 39 00E Elev 18.0m

2
2
2
2
ZAMBOANGA 6 54 00N / 122 04 12E Elev 6.9m

2
2
2
2
The source; Solar Radiation Map of the Philippines 1999 Update

The publisher; Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA) Quezon City
3
3) Graphs of Monthly Means of Daily Global radiation
LAOAG Global irradiation (kWh/m2)

Total irradiation (kWh/m2)
7.0
6.0
Irradiation (kWh/m2/day)
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
TUGUEGARAO Total irradiation (kWh/m2)

7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
BAGUIO Global irradiation (kWh/m2)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
4
QUEZON CITY Global irradiation (kWh/m2)
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
AMBULONG Global irradiation (kWh/m2)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
CATARMAN Global irradiation (kWh/m2)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
5
TACLOBAN Global irradiation (kWh/m2)
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
VICTORIAS MILLING CO. Global irradiation (kWh/m2)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
PUERTO PRINCESA Global irradiation (kWh/m2)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
6
CAGAYAN DE ORO Global irradiation (kWh/m2)
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
DAVAO Global irradiation (kWh/m2)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
ZAMBOANGA Global irradiation (kWh/m2)

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
7
１
Department of Energy
Energy Complex
Merritt Road, Fort Bonifacio,
Taguig City, Metro Manila
TEL: 479-2900
FAX: 840-1817

Manual Guide For PV

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PV – 3

Photovoltaic Power Generation System

ANNEX 1 : Solar Radiation

1.1 Fundamental Performance of PV system

- No energy supply (fuel) is required after system installation.

1.2 Features of the PV System

Merit Demerit (Weak point)

1.3 Type of PV Systems

Grid-connected PV system Individual system

Table 1-1 Standard components

1) PV Module 150 – 300Wp 50-500Wp More than more than 1kW

2) Junction Box - - Necessary Necessary

4) Storage Battery Necessary Necessary Necessary -

5) Battery Charge Controller Only HVD Small Large -

7) Transmission Panel - - Necessary Necessary

8) Distribution Line - - Necessary -

9) Current Limiter / WH meter LVD - Necessary -

HVD: High Voltage Disconnect, LVD: Low Voltage Disconnect

Fig. 1-1 Image of a Battery Charging Station

Fig.1-2 Image of a Solar Home System

Fig.1-3 Image of a Centralized PV System

3) Centralized PV system (Stand-alone system)

2.2 Design Procedure

PV system design procedure is shown in bellows.

Selection of the site proposed for a PV system

Collection of related data

Analysis and evaluation of - Demand

Creating a tentative system plan for user

Review of the tentative plan

Create a final plan

2) Data Collection Period

Active power [W] ＝ apparent power [VA] × power factor

3.2 Meteorological Data

Meteorological data is required as a basis for system design. In particular, this

2) Temperature & Humidity

3) Wind speed & Direction

Key Points for System Design

2) Simple system Configuration

3) Clarification of Design Conditions

4) Selection of Appropriate Components and Materials

4.2 Estimation of the Power Demand

1) Total Power Consumption (Ep)

2) Peak load current (Ilp)

4.3 Analysis of Meteorological Data

Meteorological data is used to design PV systems and to consider the

2) Days of Autonomy (Nd)

4.4 Estimation of the Power Generation by PV System

In order to design a PV system, it is important to know how solar energy is

Average Array Conversion Battery

Fig. 4-1 Power generation model with battery

Performance ratio K is defined as a ratio of the actual generated electric power

The average value of K for a grid-connected system with power maximum

ηsys = ηAnom * K ………………………………..…(2)

where ηAnom : Rated conversion efficiency of PV array

In general, the system efficiency (ηsys) of a grid-connected PV system with

Ps = Ep * Gs / (HA * KB) ……………………………(3)

Example of system size design

Ks = K *ηB * KBC = 0.65 * 0.9 * 0.9 = 0.53

PV capacity Ps >= 39.6 kW

BkWh = ELBd * Nd * RB / ( CBD * UB * δBD ) ……………………(4)

Depth of discharge UB is the ratio of the discharged electric energy to the

Example of system size design

Ks = K ηB KBC = 0.65 * 0.9 * 0.9 = 0.53