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Abstract - This paper develops an effect.ive and, yet, prac- In t.lie past, considerable effort,s have been devoted to
tical solnt,ion met,hodology for optimal capacit,or placement, the snhject of capacitor placement in distrihntion systems.
replacement and cont.rol in large-scale nnhalhnred, general While most. works have been concentrated on capacitor
radial or loop dist.ribntion syst.ems. The solution methodol- placenirnt. in halanced dist.rihnt,ion syst.ems with radial nct-
ogy can optimally det,erniine (i) t.he locations 1.0 inst.all (or work strnctnres, very few research is related to capacitor
replace, or remove) capacit.ors, (ii) t,he t.ypes a n d sizes of ca- placement in nnhalanced distrihstion systems. Since most
pacit,ors t,o he inst,alled (or replaced) a n d , during each load dist.rihntion syst,ems are charact,erized by inherent. unhalance
level, (iii) the control schemes for ea.cli capacitor in the nodes and radial or loop network strnctnre, these physical realities
of a general three-phase unhalancrd dist.rihotion system snrh innst. he Laken int.0 acconnt. in t.lie design schemes for disl.ri-
that a desired ohject,ive hnct,ion is niininiized while the load hut.ion artt.otnat.ion.
constraints, network const.raints and operational constraints In [ 5 ] , we presented a new problem formulal.ion for t.he
at different load levels are sabisfied. The solut.ion met.liod- opt.iina1 capacit or placement,, replacement and cont.ro1 prob-
ology is based on a conihinat.ion of llie simnlatrd annral- lem i n large-scale nnbalanced, radial or loop distrihutiou net-
ing technique and t,he greedy search t.echnique in order 1.0 works. The problem formulation, fairly comprehensive, takes
achieve compnt.at.ional speed and high-qnalit.g o l solnt.ions. into acconnt the physical realities of distrihntion net.works
Bot.11 the numerical and iriiplenlent.at.iona1a$pect.s of t,lie so- snch as the inherent nnbalance and detailed modeli~~gs of
lotion methodology are det.ailed. Analysis of t.he compnt.a- each component, the load constraints, network consthints
t,ional comp1exit.y of the solnt.ion algorit.lim indicates t,liat. t.lie and operational constraints at different load levels. ?'Le o b
algorithm is also effect,ivefor large-scale dist.rihnt.ioo systems jective fnnct.ion in (.he prohlem formnlation attempts 1.0 re-
in terms of compnt,at.ional efforts. Test. res~~lbs on a realistic; flcct the realistic sit.eat.ion encountered in capacitor place-
nnbalanced distrihnt.ion net.rvork, a ?91-bns with 77 la.t.erals, itient; it consist,s of !,WO terms: cost for energy loss and cost
3n5 dist.ribnt,ion lines and f i t.ransfornters, wit.11 varying load- relat.et1 t.o capacit.or purchase, capacitor installation, capac-
ing condil.ions, are presented wit.li proinising resnlls. 'The it.or replacement. and capacitor removal. The problem for-
robustness of the solut,ion methodology under varying l o d - mnlat.ion can be snmmarized as follows: we consider a t.hree-
ing conditions is also invest,ignt,etl. phase nnhalanced dist,ribnt,ion system wit.li a main feedrr and
I lat.erals. Snppose there are n.< possible locations to place
Key Words : VAR/Volt. Control, C a p x i t o r Placement., Ca-
pacit.or Replacement, Loss Minimizat.ion, Sininlated An-
+
(or replace, or remove) capacit.ors and 1 nt different, load
levels. Let, C1 and Cz den0t.e the set of fixed and swit.chahle
nealing, Greedy Search, Unbalanced Dist ribnt.ion Systems, capacit.ors. Let NT = [a, 1,2, ...,n . ~ be ) t.he set of load lev-
Large-scale Syst.ems. els, and Ne= { 1.2, ...,. < ) . Let, ( u A , u B , u C )he the cont.rol
set,tings vector with u A , u B and tlC denoting the capacitor
cont,rol set.t.ings vector at. phases A, B and C respectively.
Introduction T h e general capacit.or placement, replacement and conl.ro1
problem can he matliemat.ically expressed as:
Capacitors are widely inst,alled in dist.rihnt.ion systtems for re-
act.ive power cotnpensat.ion 1.0 improve t.he eficiency of power
dist.rihut,ion via real power and energy red~~ct.ion. to improve
service qnalit,y via volt,age regulat.ion and 1.0 achieve deferral ",
#.
11c
of constrnct,ion, if possible, via syst.em capaci1.y release. The
ext.ent. of these benefits depends great.ly on how capacit.ors
ti) =
C(T, G'k up,ti:')+
(u t o * z' , ti"',
Ti Pioes( t i B i , uc
k=l i=O
are st,rategically placed in the syst,em.
Snhject t.o the following const,raints
(1) load flow and line flow capacit,y constraints:
F ( z i ,t a A ' , uB' , Uc i ) = 0, i E N r
This paper was presented at the 1994 IEEE PES Transmission and
Distribution Conference and Exposition held in Chicago, Illinois, G ( r ' , u A ' , i t R ' , u c '5
) 0, i E NT
April 10-15, 1994.
0885-8950/95/$04.00 0 1994 IEEE
364
zi : a I I P C ~ , of
~~ sfale irarinhtea
--
11:" = nr x U,,
Step 7: -
tiration ( i . e . discard tlie m o v e ) nnrl go to Step 4.
+
N N 1 and check t.he sl.op rrifcria /v 5 Nn,.
If the st.op criberia is not. sat.isfied(i.e. the nninber of
reject.ed and more moves are accepted compared with other-
wise.
N , = ( 1 . 2 ...., n,)
ARer Pcrlurbafion
1 N , = ( l , 2 . .... n.1
\,us #
kVAR 1
hus #
kVAR
I
1004
3000
1063
300
1 1013 1 1026
I 400
1068
450
I 400
1079
300
bus # 1128 1221 1282
kVAR 1200 900 300
Computational complexity
When an evhawtive search techniqne ir. used. t hr niimher load level and light. load level. Peak load demands are o b
of iterations required in the worse case is O((1 nt)"c-X"'), + taiuetl by uniformly mnltiplying normal load demands by a
where n2 is the total niimher of discrete capacitor taps. n, fact.or 1.3, and light load demands by 0.7. For a planning
is the total nnmber of capacitor hnses and n, is the total period indirat.ed i n Table 1, t,he time dnration for normal
numher of load levels load lcvel is longer t.lian t.lie ot.lier two load levels. This may
reflect the approxiinat.ioii to Llie flnctuation of load deinauds
For t.he proposed algorit.hm, the niiinher of temperatiire over a planning horizon.
seqnence is approxiinat.ely the t.ot,al nuinher of nieiiihrrs ill
Jfc. The total nnmber of moves N,,, is set. to he t.lie nninhrr Tables 3 and 4 have shown a summary of simulation re-
of (1iscret.e capacitor taps, n z . The nnniher of rrpeated I I I I I P snlts. I n Tahle 3, new capacit.or installation is presenkd. In
in Step 5 is n.t. I t is thus easy t.o show t.hat t.lie proposed addit,ion, in Tahle 4, total revenne resnlting from the new
algorithm rims in t,he worse case in O(n, XTI: x n , ) u n i t t.iine. capacit.or inst,allat.ion over t.he indicated planning period is
This indicates t.hab the algorit.hni is elTecbive for large-scale described. In Figure 3, a comparison between t,he total costs
distribution systems in t.erms of computational ellort.s. wit,li new capacitor installation and without new capacitor
installat.ion is shown. Not,e that the tothi saving has incliided
Nunierica.1 Results the cost of capacitor inst.allat.ion. pnrchase cost of new ca-
pacit.or hanks, replaceinent. and removal costs of capadors.
The porposed solnt.ioii algorithm has hrco implrmrnted i n The cost. figures reflect, realist.ir cost evalnation of inst.alling
G langnage under t,he Unix operating environment.. It. has the new capackor banks. It should be also not.ed that the
been extensively tested in a real dist.rihut.ioii network, a por- total net. revenue increases wit.h the total planning period
tion of NYSEG's dist,rihution system (sec Fig.2). To gain a since t.he cost. of capacitors is a one-time transaction while
general knowledge of t.he overall system, Tahle 6 presents a energy savings last,.
summary of t,he syst.em d a h and Fig. 3 provides a scheniat-
ical descript.ion of it.
# of biises # of
291
--laterals
I1
t.ot.al tiniiihcr of lines
305
# of line redions
254
# of t.ransformers
6
# of closed swit,clies # of open srvil.chcs total load at phase A t.ot.al load at. phase B t,ot,al load at phase C
30 15 +
(1.9?? jO.9186) x 10' ( 2 . 0 3 i + j 0 . 9 8 0 6 ) x 10' (1.985 +j0.9545) x IO'
368
. .
For visual inspect.ion, the real power losses at dillerelit.
<- Iota -1- $795216.65
loading condit.ions and different. phases are shown in Figure
4. In Figtires 5 and 6, the voltage profile i n the case of new ?:
capacitor installat,ion is compared wit.li the case of no capaci- 6-
tor installment. In both figiires, t h r maxiinnin and ininininin
c--total -1- $529057.40
volta.ge magnit,ndea at. thrre diflrrent, load lrvcls and t.lirre 5-
diflerent phases are presented.
4-
loa-& 0.7 1.0 1.3 whb-wllhoul lhed capkclorn
Although dehiled siinnlat,ion studies on fixed capacitor 3Jlms: 1830036600 18300 blackkwllh Ilxed cqaclws .
placement are not present.ed here, from simnlat.ion stndies of 0.M)$ per kWh energy k
bot,h fixed and'rwit.chahle capacit.or placeinent., it is observed 2-
that, switchaMe capacit.or inst~allat.innyirlds het,t,er volt.age
regnlat.ion and loss minimimtion when syst.ems are snhjert. 1.
to load changes. Several ohservat.ions also indicabe t.hat. t.he o ' . ' - ' " .
real power loss at peak load level is less than t.he one by
fixed capacitor inst,allat,ions. Tot,al net revcnne resu1t.s from
swikhable capacitor inst,allat,ion is bet.t.er than fixed capac-
itor inst,allation. T h e d d e d complexity of t.he solution al- Figure 4: A comparison ofoperational costs between two
gorit,hm for swit,cliable capacitor placrinen 1.s is tompensat.ed
caws, before capacit.or illstallation and after capacitor
by the improvement of overall net, revenue saving.
installa (.ion
kW real power losses a1 Ihrw load levels
Simulation rims are also perlorined when the objrcbive
fnnction is replaced hy a linear conihinntion of t.hr loth1 C I I -
ergy losses. It. is ohsrrvrd t.Iiat.. i l l gcnrral. i n n r ~raparit.nr whlle--wlhoW capacllms
banks are rrqnired iii tlir final soliit,iniis t.Ii;iii that. i l l tltc
original formnlation.
1. Compnt,at.ional performance.
I
C!onclusion swllchedcapadlor placBmenl
Figure 7: lowest voltage mngnitiitlr at three tlilTrrriit. Hsiao-Dong Cliiaiig received the P1i.D. degree in elrctri-
cal rngiiierriiig and conipiit.er sciciices from the Univrrsity
plinws A , D a i d C and I h r r r dilrrrrilt l o ; i ( l Irvrls.
of (kdiforiiin at I h k c l e y i i t 1986. Ile is corrent.ly an assc-
c i a k professor of elrct.rical engineering at Cornell 1Jiiiver-
sit.?.. Ile was a recipieiit. of t.lie Engineering Research Iirit.ia-
sizrs of capacit,ors 1.0 h r iiist.allcd (or irplacrcl) i ~ i i d diiriiig .
t . i o i i Award( 19RR) niicl nr t.lir- l’rrsi<lrntial Yniiiig 1iivrst.igiit.or
each laad Ievrl. ( i i i ) t . l i c s coiit rol s ~ l i c ~ i i i cl <~rsI mdi c;ip;icitor i u
Award( tD89) 1iot.h froiii 1 . 1 1 ~National Science Vonndation.
t,he nodes of a grneral three-phase ~ i n h a l a t i r r ~(list.ribiil.ioii l
He was a n Asrocia1.e Etlil.or of t.lie IEEE Transact.ion on Cir-
sysl,em siich t.liat. a desirrcl ol>jccf.ivefiiiictioii is mitiiiniicd
ciiits ancl Syst.e~ns(1890-1991). In 1990 he was select.rd I I ~
whit+ Lhe load const.ra.ints. nrt,work coiistraiiit.s a n d oprrx-
a Cornell hlerrill Presidenl.ial Scholar RS t,he facnlty member
tional const,raint.s at. difTerr,nt, load Irrrls arc satisfird. not11
who h a d t.lie inost. positive inflncnce on that, st,ndent’s rdn-
(lie. numerical and iiii~~lrinrnt.nt.iosnl a s p r d s of \.lie soliit ion
cat.ion at Cornell. Ile is cnrrent1.y Editor for express lel.ters
met,hodology are det.ailed. The soliit.ian nirt.ho~lologyhas t.he
of d i e IEEE Trans. on Circoibs and Syst~einsI: Fnndainen-
following fea.ttnrm:
t.xl ‘l‘hrory and Applicalhis. Iris rcscarcli inberests inrliide
it. is I)awl on a cniiiliiiat.inii of IIic siiitnla.t.rd animling powcr syst CIIIP. iioiiliiicxr syst.riiis, opt.iinizat,inn t,lirory ancl
techniqne and t.he grredy search fechniqiie i n order 1.0 neural net.works.
achieve coinpiit.at.ional speed anrl high-qiia1it.y of solw Jill-Clirng Wring rrceived t.he D.S. degree from Zhrjiang
tions. tJiii\vsit.y, Ilangzhon. 1’. 11. China in I%,ct.rical Engiiicw-
analysis of t.hc conipiit.at.iona1eoniplesitg of t.he s o l ~ ~ t i o ~ l ing i n 1985. Present.ly, he is coniplet.ing tlie P1i.D. drgree
algoribhni shows t.liat. the proposecl algoritliii~rnns ill iii (.lie School of Elecl.rica1 Engineering at. Cornell Universit,y,
t.he worse case i n O ( n , x i i i x 1 1 : ) unit. time, where It.llnca, N.Y. His cnrrrnt, research inkrests inclnde
n., is t.be t.ot.al niimber of discrete cal>acit.or taps, 11, is ideiit.ilication. distrihiit.ion system ant.omation, t,ransmir;sion
the total nnmber of capacit,or Iiiisrs a n d lit is t.hc tot.al system var planning. power syst.em harmonics, applied proh-
nnmher of loarl le\ds. This incliratrs t.liat. t.he algorit.liiii ability, opt.iniizat.ioir 1.hrory and cont.ro1 of large-scale sys-
is also eKect.ive for large-scale disl.riliiil.ioii syst.eins i n lellls.
lerms of compiit,at.ional efT0rt.s. Jinnzhong Tong received his B.S. in Electrical Engineer-
it has been ext.ensivclg t.est.rclon a rmlist.ic. nnhalanrcd ing from 2he.iiang Uiiiversit.y, PRC, in 1982; his M.S.from
dist,rihntion network. a. 291-hns will1 T i lal.rrnls. 305 clis- t.hr China Elrct.ricnl Power Research Insl.itnte i n 1981; and
t.ribnl.ion lines a n d G t.ransforniers. wil.li varying loading his P1i.D. from Zliejiang University iii 1987. He is prescnl.ly
a post.-doct,or at. Cornell Uiiiversit.y. flis research interests
conditions with promising rcsnlt,s,
incliiclr power syst,ein t.ransient. stal>ilit.y, volt.age st.aldit.y,
The rolmdness of t.lie soliil.ioii ~net.lio~lology iinder w r y - disl.ribiit ion syst.em aut.oniat.ion, opt.imizat.ion theory aiid its
ing loading condil.ions is revealed. applicnt.ion t,o power systems.
References
Graiiigrr, anrl t i . N . Clinard, I.. .I.
[ I ] A . A . El-ICib, .J. .I.
Gale, ’Plarc:ment. of Fisrtl and/or Noo-Finitill.an~~oiisly
switched Capacitors on 1liihalancrd ’JIirce-Pliase Fccd-
err Involving 1,a.f.rrals’. I R B E 7 i n t i . q . on Potwr .4pp~11n-
t o s ond Syrtc-.ma. Vol. 104, Nov. 19R.5. pp. 3298-33n5.
[2] S . Civanlar, J. J . Craingrr, ‘VnIl/Var c‘ontrol on 1%
t.rihut.ion Syst.eins wit 11 Lateral nranrlirs Using Slitint.
C a p a c h r s and \’olt.age RegnlaI.ors:Part. l,Part, 11, Part.