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Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 1
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 2
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Copyright Materials
Course Description
Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
March 5, 2018
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 3
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Learning Objectives
• Compare the various braced-frame
configurations.
• Describe the behavior of brace members in both
tension and compression.
• Describe the behavior of beam-column-gusset
connection assemblies that ensure inelastic drift
capacity.
• Describe the behavior of a BRBF and how it
differs from an SCBF.
Rafael Sabelli, SE
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 4
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Course objectives
• Understand the principles of seismic design of
steel structures.
• Understand the application of those principles to
two common systems:
o Special Moment Frames
o Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames.
• Understand the application of design
requirements for those systems.
Resources
10
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 5
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Other resources
11
Course outline
Part I: Concepts
1. Introduction to effective seismic design
2. Seismic design of moment frames
3. Seismic design of braced frames
4. Seismic design of buildings
12
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 6
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Course outline
Part II: Application
5.Planning the seismic design
6.Building analysis and diaphragm design
7.Design of the moment frames
8.Design of the braced frames
13
Session 3:
Seismic design of braced
frames
14
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 7
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Session topics
• Braced-frame systems
• Special Concentrically Braced Frames
• Buckling Restrained Braced Frames
• Gusset connections
• Additional topics (time permitting)
15
Braced-frame systems
16
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 8
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
17
18
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 9
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Special Concentrically
Braced Frames
19
SCBF
• Inelastic drift through brace axial ductility
o Tension yield
o Compression buckling
• Braces sized for compression
o High overstrength due to tension capacity
• Frame resistance due mostly to brace tension strength
• Braces must survive buckling and maintain tension strength
• Frame members designed for maximum brace forces
o Prevents unfavorable modes of behavior
20
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 10
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Post-Elastic Behavior
Unfavorable Modes: Connection Fracture
Connection fracture
must not be the
governing limit state.
21
Post-Elastic Behavior
Unfavorable Modes: Column Buckling
22
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 11
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Post-Elastic Behavior
Unfavorable Modes: Column Tension Fracture
23
Post-Elastic Behavior
Unfavorable Modes: Beam Failure
24
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 12
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Post-Elastic Behavior
Preferred Modes: Brace Tension Yielding
RyFyAg
Δ
Brace yielding should Consider maximum
be a governing limit effects due to brace force
state.
(RyFyAg)
25
Courtesy of R. Tremblay
26
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 13
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Post-Elastic Behavior
Preferred Modes: Brace Buckling (SCBF)
F >Pn
~0.3Pn
Δ
Brace buckling should Consider maximum
be a governing limit effects due to brace force
state. (sometimes P ~ RyPn,
sometimes P ~ 0.3Pn)
27
Brace Buckling
Courtesy of S. Mahin
U.C. Berkeley, 2004
28
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 14
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Column Flexure
29
Beam Flexure
30
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 15
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Design of SCBF
31
Design of SCBF
• Force-based design
o Design for basic load combinations
o Size braces
• Design beams and columns for maximum
forces from braces
o Consider expected strength
o Consider buckling behavior
o Plastic mechanism analysis
32
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 16
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Tension
Ry Ag Fy
33
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 17
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Brace Buckling
Flexural buckling (Compression)
Buckling: 3 hinges
1 1
1
1
3 2 Fixed end
Pinned end
3
2
35
Courtesy of S. Mahin
U.C. Berkeley, 2004
III-36 36
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 18
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Accommodating buckling
37
III-38 38
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 19
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Configuration
• Single diagonal
o Unequal response in
opposite directions
o Use in pairs
o AISC allows single
diagonals
• Design braces for ΩoE
39
F F
III-40 40
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 20
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Buckling Restrained
Braced Frames
41
Stress resisted
by steel core
Buckling
resisted by
sleeve
42
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 21
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Core
Bond
interrupter
Grout/
mortar
Sleeve
43
2
L
kl/ ~0
r
• Sleeve achieves Ag F y
π2EI/L2
o Stress is zero
o No material stress 0 1 2 3
44
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 22
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
ωRyFyAsc
RyFyAsc
βωRyFyAsc RyFyAsc
• Balanced Hysteresis • Hysteretic Stability
o Slightly Stronger in o Strength
Compression (β) o Stiffness
• Hysteretic Energy Dissipation • Long Fracture Life
45
Capacity design
Conventional braced
frames proportioned for
this capacity
Ag RyFy
RyFyAsc
Buckling restrained braced
frames proportioned for
this capacity
Pcre
46
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 23
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Post-Elastic Behavior
Preferred Modes: Brace Compression Yielding (BRBF)
βωRyFyAg
F
Δ
Brace yielding should Consider maximum
be a governing limit effects due to brace force
state. (βωRyFyAg)
47
Buckling-Restrained Brace
Types
Courtesy of
STAR Seismic
Courtesy of
K.C. Tsai
48
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 24
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Buckling-Restrained Brace
Types
49
Design of
Buckling Restrained
Braced Frames
50
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 25
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
51
Fuse concept
52
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 26
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Force-based design
53
54
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 27
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
βω = Cmax/Ag Fy
Typical 1.1≤ β ≤ 1.25
56
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 28
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
K~EAsc/Ly
= KF EAsc/Lwp
1.2 ≤ KF ≤ 1.8
ε~(δbr/Lwp)(Lwp/Ly)
57
Plastic mechanism
analysis
58
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 29
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Compression
Tension
HSS3x3x1/4
W14x370
W14x370
Interior column
seismic axial load
effect is zero
59
Interior column
seismic axial load
effect significant
60
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 30
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Force
Compression
Brace
Displacement
Force
Tension
Brace
Displacement
61
Compression
Brace
Displacement
Force
Tension
Brace
Displacement
62
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 31
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Design forces
SCBF BRBF
Force
Compression Compression
Brace Brace
Displacement
Force
Tension Tension
Brace Brace
Displacement
Size fuses
Design forces
63
Compression Compression
Brace Brace
Displacement
Force
Tension Tension
Brace Brace
Displacement
Maximum overturning
Size Columns
Gussets
Base plates
May not govern for SCBF
beams and interior columns
Condition 1 (SCBF and BRBF)
64
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 32
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Ry Fy Ag 1.14 Fcre Ag
1.14 Fcre Ag Ry Fy Ag
Ry Fy Ag 1.14 Fcre Ag
1.14 Fcre Ag Ry Fy Ag
If 1.14 Fcre Ag > Ry Fy Ag
Use Ry Fy Ag Case 1
65
Compression
Brace
Displacement
Force
Tension
Brace Force redistribution:
Compression braces
Displacement
participate less
Force zig-zags
66
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 33
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
0.342 Fcre Ag Ry Fy Ag
Ry Fy Ag 0.342 Fcre Ag
0.342 Fcre Ag Ry Fy Ag
Ry Fy Ag 0.342 Fcre Ag
Case 2 (SCBF)
67
Layout
• Post-elastic offsets
Configuration
Elastic condition
collector forces
Post-elastic
condition
collector forces
68
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 34
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
0.342 Fcre Ag
Ry Fy Ag
Ry Fy Ag
0.342 Fcre Ag
0.342 Fcre Ag Ry Fy Ag
Ry Fy Ag 0.342 Fcre Ag
69
Temperature method of
mechanism analysis
Equivalent to imposing strain
Redefine brace material properties
α = 1in./in./8F
E = 1 ksi
Apply temperature to braces:
T = − ωRyFy 8F/ksi
(RyFy 8F/ksi [SCBF])
C = ωβRyFy 8F/ksi
(1.14 Fcre 8F/ksi [SCBF case1 ])
(0.342Fcre 8F/ksi [SCBF case 2])
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 35
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Temperature method of
mechanism analysis
71
Connections
72
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 36
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
73
74
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 37
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Gusset buckling
Gusset design
76
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 38
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Connection Instability
Courtesy of R. Tremblay
77
Connections: Compression
if tβ < tg, the gusset will yield
before it buckle (Dowswell,
2006)
lb
c
= 1.5
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 39
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Connections: Compression
L2
if tβ > tg, K = 0.6 (Dowswell, 2006)
for conventional braces
L1 Dowswell (2006)
L = Max (L)?
L = CL (L)?
80
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 40
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Beam Instability
Courtesy of R. Tremblay
81
Base-plates
Connections: Base Plate
Shear
Tension
82
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 41
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
83
FR
Simple connection per Manual
+ gusset plate
Moment, M
Simple
Rotation, θ (radians)
84
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 42
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
85
Connection fixity
• Ductile moment
frames provide extra
resistance
o Lateral strength and
stiffness
o Resistance to story
mechanisms
• Ductile moment
connections difficult to
achieve
86
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 43
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Rigid Connection
Moments are accounted
for in design
87
Rigid Connection
Moments are implicitly
accounted for
88
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 44
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Flexible Connection
Rotations are accommodated
89
Additional topics
90
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 45
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Configuration
• Chevron
o V or inverted-V
o Formerly known as “K”
• Until 1970s.
o Two-story X
o Post-elastic vertical
forces on beams
91
Configuration
• K
o Post-elastic
horizontal forces on
columns
o Prohibited
• Tension-only braces
o Only allowed in
OCBF
92
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 46
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Configuration
• Cross bracing
o Tension-compression
o Increased (concentrated) brace
ductility demand
o Half-length can be used
o Not possible for BRBF Roof
provisions
93
OMF beam-to-column
connections (if used)
Column Splices
Base plates
94
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 47
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
SCBF 95
SCBF 96
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 48
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Courtesy of R. Tremblay
SCBF 98
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 49
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Brace near
connections
Brace midspan
Gussets
SCBF 99
Protected zones
• Areas of anticipated
inelastic strain
• Attachments
prohibited
o Assumed to create
fracture-initiation
points
• Area of ongoing
research
SCBF 100
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 50
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
SCBF 101
HSS availability
• A500
o Material is often dual certified
• Grade B/Grade C
o Grade C is preferred
o Many round shapes published but only available in
mill quantities
• Check AISC website
• Service centers
• New ASTM A1085
o Ry=1.25
SCBF 102
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 51
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Configuration
Braced-
• Overturning frame
column
Drag forces
(case 1 and
case 2)
SCBF 103
SCBF 104
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 52
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Direct-welded connections
• Provide full brace strength
• Provide fixity in both planes
o Provide load path for brace-buckling fixed-end
moments
• Investigate all geometrical conditions
SCBF 105
BRBF 106
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 53
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
1
stiffness for both
(ωRyAscFy)
½ (β−1)
braces
β+1
Initial gravity
β
load in
braces
BRBF 107
BRBF 108
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 54
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Frame Participation
109
Connection fixity
If moment frames
are needed,
consider locating
them in bays that
are free of braces
110
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 55
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Summary
111
Summary
• Braces provide inelastic drift through brace axial
ductility
• SCBF braces yield in tension and buckle in
compression
• BRBF braces have a core that yields in tension and
compression
• OCBF limit inelastic demand thorough higher strength
• Gusset-plate detailing and proportioning is necessary
to ensure inelastic drift capacity
112
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 56
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
End of session 2
Next:
Seismic design of
buildings
113
Additional resources
114
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 57
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Question time
115
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 58
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 59
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 60
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 61
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 62
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 63
AISC Night School Seismic Design in Steel
March 5, 2018 Session 3: Seismic Design of Braced Frames
Copyright © 2018
American Institute of Steel Construction 64