Problem 1.Calculate the value of d200 and d111 in lead . Lead has a fcc structure and a=4.

95Å
. [1]

Solution-

a=4.95Å For (200) planes

h=2, k=0, l=0

𝑎 4.95
d200 =√22 =
+0+0 2

=2.475Å

𝑎 4.95
d111 = √12 =
+12 +12 √3

= 2.857Å

Problem 2.In a tetragonal lattice a=b=2.5Å ,c=1.8Å . Calculate the lattice spacing between
(111) planes. [1]

Solution-

1
dhkl= 2 2 2
√ℎ2 +𝑘2 + 𝑙 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Here h=1, k=1, l=1

a=2.5Å, b=2.5Å, c=1.8Å

1
d111= 1 1 1
√ + +
2.52 2.52 1.82

1
= Å
√0.16+0.16+0.31

=1.26Å
Problem 3. A paramagnetic material has 1028atoms/metre3 . The magnetic moment of each
atom is 1.8×10-23 ampere metre 2 . Calculate the paramagnetic susceptibility at 300K.What
would be the dipole moment of a bar of this material 0.1 metre long and 1 sq. cm cross
section placed in a field of 8×104 amperes/metre ? [1]

Solution:

The paramagnetic susceptibility is given by

𝑛𝜇0 𝜇 2 𝑚
X= 3𝐾𝐵𝑇

Given that:

n=1028 atoms/metre3

𝜇0 =4π×10-7 H/m

𝜇𝑚 =1.8×10-23 A-m2

𝐾𝐵 =1.38×10-23 J/K

T=300K

1028 ×4𝜋×10−7 ×(1.8×10−23 )2

(i) X= =3.28×10-4
3×1.38×10−23 ×300

(ii) As M=XH
=3.28×10-4×8×104
=26.24A/m
Magnetic moment of the bar is
𝜇𝑚 = M×Volume
= 26.24×10-5 = 2.62 A/M2

Problem 4. Calculate the thermal conductivity for a metal assuming 𝜏=3.0×10-14sec T=300K
and electron density n=2.5x1022 electrons per cm3 . [1]
Solution:

𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏 2.5×1022 ×(1.6×10−19 )×3×10−14

𝜎= =
𝑚 9.1×10−31

= 21.09x106

𝐾𝑡
= 2.44x10-8 Ω -W/K2
𝜎𝑇

Kt = 𝜎𝑇x2.44x10-8

= 21.09x300x2.44x10-8x106 W/m-K

= 154.37 W/m-K

Problem 5. The densities of three iron oxides are as follows :

FeO= 5.70 Mgm/m3

Fe3O4= 5.18 Mgm/m3

Fe2O3= 5.2 Mgm/m3 for Fe = 7.87 Mgm/m3

Comment on the nature of oxides? [1]

Solution:

𝑀(𝐹𝑒𝑂)×𝑑(𝐹𝑒)
For FeO: a=1 PBR = 𝑎×𝑚(𝐹𝑒)×𝐷(𝐹𝑒𝑂)

72×7.87×106
= 1×56×5.70×106

= 1.775

232×7.87
For Fe3O4: a=3 PBR = 3×56×5.18

= 2.1

160×7.87
For Fe2O3: a=2 PBR = 2×56×5.2

= 2.16
FeO oxide layer is very protective as compared to Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 because PBR(FeO) I
is near to 1
∴ FeO > Fe3O4 > Fe2O3 ( In protection)

Problem 6 Calculate the Pilling-Bedworth ratio for the oxidation of aluminium to aluminium
oxide Al2O3 . The density of aluminium = 2.70gm/cm3. [1]

Solution:

Volume of 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3
PBR= Volume of AL

𝑀ass
𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙2 O3
density
= Mass where a=2
𝑎× of Al
density

(2×26.98+16×3) 2.70
= × 26.98
2×3.70

53.96+48 2.70
= × 26.98
2×3.70

2.75
= = 1.38
2

The PBR is close to 1 so that Al2O3 layer is protective.

Problem 7 A piece of wood containing moisture weight 160.4gm and after oven drying to a
constant weight, weight 130.0gm. what is the percentage moisture content ? [1]

Solution:

The weight of the water in the wood sample is equal to the weight of the wet wood sample
minus its weight after oven drying to a constant weight . thus

%moisture content

wight of wet wood−wight of dry wood

= × 100%
weight of dry wood

160.4gm−139.0gm
= 139.0gm
x100%
= 0.1539x100 % = 15.4 %

The moisture condition of wood in the living tree is termed as green condition.

Problem 8. The resistivity of a semiconductor is 0.00893 ohm-m at room temperature . The

flux B in the Hall model is 0.5 weber/m2. Calculate the Hall angle for a Hall coefficient of
3.66x10-4 m3/C. [1]

Solution:

Given are:

𝜌 = 0.00893 ohm-m

B = 0.5 weber/ m2

𝜃𝐻 = ?

RH= 3.66x 10-4 m3/C

As Hall angle

𝜃𝐻 = tan-1 (𝜇B)

Where 𝜇= RH𝜎

𝜇 = RH/𝜌

3.66×10−4
= = 0.0410 m2V-1s-1
0.00893

𝜃𝐻 = tan-1(0.0410 x 0.5) = tan-1 ( 0.0205)

= 1.1744°

Problem 9.Calculate the electronic polarizability of argon atom whose dielectric constant is
1.0024 at NTP and the number of molecule per unit volume is 2.7x1025 atom/m3. [1]

Solution:
P = 𝜀0 (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝐸

P = nαe 𝐸

nαe 𝐸 = 𝜀0 (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝐸

αe = 𝜀0 (𝜀𝑟 − 1)/𝑛

(8.85×10−12 )×(1.0024−1)
= 2.7×1025

= 7.9 x 10-40 Fm2

Problem 10. The number of atoms in one cubic metre hydrogen gas is 9.8 x1026 The radius
of the hydrogen atom is 0.53Å . Calculate

(a) Polarizability (b) relative permittivity [1]

Solution:

We know that polarizability is

(a) 𝛼𝑒 = 4π𝜀0 R3

= 4x3.14x(8.85x10-12)x(0.53x10-10)3

= 1.66 x10-41Fm2

(b) 𝜀𝑟 = 1+4πnR3
= 1+ 4x3.14x(9.8x1026)x(0.53x10-10)3
= 1.0018

Problem 11. The atomic weight and density of sulphur are 32 and 2.08gm/cm3 respectively.
The electronic polarizability of the atom is 3.28x10-40Fm2 . If sulphur solid has cubical
symmetry determine its relative dielectric constant? [1]

Solution:

Using Clausius-Mossotti relation:

εr −1 nα
=
εr +2 3ε 0

𝑁𝐴 𝜌𝛼
in which n = 𝑀

A N αρ
= 3Mε
0

103 Kg
(6.023×1026 )(2.08× )(3.28×10−40 )
m3
= 10−12 F
3×32(8.85× )
m

1.966
𝜀𝑟 = 0.517

= 3.8

Problem 12.Determine the percentage of ionic polarizability in the sodium chloride crystal
which has the optical index of refraction and the static dielectric constant 1.5 and 5.6
respectively. [1]

Solution:

Clausius-Mosstti relation gives :

εr −1 n(𝛼𝑒 −𝛼𝑖)
=
εr +2 3ε0

At optical frequencies:

𝜀𝑟 = n2

𝑛𝑅 2 −1 nαe
∴ = [where nR is the index of refraction ]
𝑛𝑅 2 +2 3ε0

αi 𝛼𝑒
Hence [ α ] x 100 = [ 1-𝛼 ] x 100
e +αi 𝑒 +𝛼𝑖

(n2 −1)(ε +2)

= [ 1- (n2 −1)(εr +2) ] x 100
r

= 51.4 %
Problem 13.Calculate the frequency of the fundamental note emitted by a quartz crystal of
5.5 mm thickness . young’s modulus of crystal=80Gpa and density is 2650 gm/m3. [1]

Solution:

As the frequency of the thickness vibration is given by

𝑛 𝐸
f = 2𝑡 [𝜌]1/2

1×(80×109 N/m2 )1/2

= 103 Kg 1/2
2×5.5×10−3 m( 2.65× )
m3

f = 499Hz

Problem 14. In the Pb-Sn system , calculate the alloy composition at which the fraction of
total 𝛼 is 2.5 times the fraction of the 𝛽 phase at 182°C . [1]

Solution

Given that 𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝛼 = 5/2 𝑥𝛽 at 182°C

Cβe −C0 5 C0 −Cαe

=2x
Cβe −Cαe Cβe −Cαe

97−C0 5 0C −18
= 2 x 97−18
97−18

2(97-C0) = 5(C0-18)

194 -2C0 = 5C0 – 90

C0 = 40.6% Sn

Problem 15.A hydrogen atom exists with its electron in n=4 state. The electron undergoes a
transition to the n=3 state.Determine (a) the energy of the photon emitted,(b) its
frequency,(c) its wavelength. [2]

Solution. (a) As E= -13.6/n² ev

ΔE=E3 – E4 = (-13.6/(42) – (-13.6/(32)

=.66 ev ×1.6 × 10-19 joule
ΔE=1.056 × 10-19 joule
(b) the frequency of photon is obtained as
f = ΔE/h = (1.056×10-19 )j / (6.62×10-34)j sec
=2.595×1014 s-1
=1.595 × 1014 Hz
(c) the wavelength of photon is found as
λ= c/f = (3×108)m/s / (1.595×1014)s-1
= 18800 Ά
Problem 16.Calculate the longest wavelength present in the balmer series of hydrogen
corresponding to n=3 line [2]

Solution. 1/ λ = R ( 1/ ni2 - 1/nf2 ) = R(1/22 - 1/32)

1/ λ =0.139 R
λ = 1/ (.139×1.097×107)m-1 = 6.56 ×10-7 = 6560 Ά
problem 17. Find the kinectic energy of photon whose de-Broglie wavelength is 1.0 fermi .
Given that rest energy of photon E0=.938 ev. [2]

Solution. In case pc>E0 a relativistic calculation is required. Hence first we calculate pc

Thus, pc=(mv)c = hc/ λ = (4.136×10-15eV.s)(3×108m/s) / (1.0×10-15m)
=1.24×109eV = 1.24 GeV
As pc>E0,
Hence the total energy of photon is
E=√ (E02 + p2c2)
=√ (0.9382 + 1.242 )= 1.555GeV
Kinetic energy is
K.E=E – E0 = 1.555GeV – 0.938GeV
=0.617GeV = 617MeV
Problem 18.Calculate the value of kinetic, potential and total energy of an electron revolving
in Bohr’s first orbit in a hydrogen atom. [2]

Solution:(i) K.E. = mZ2e4/8𝜀 02n2h2 (Z=1 for hydrogen atom)

= me4/8𝜀 02n2h2

= 9.1×10-31× (1.6×10-19)4/8 × (8.85×10-12)2 × 12 × (6.625×10-34)

 Now 1eV=1.6×10-19J

K.E. = 21.7×10-19/1.6×10-19

= 13.6 eV

(i) Potential energy is twice the kinetic energy in magnitude but is negative.
P.E. = -2×K.E.
= -2×13.6
= -27.2 eV
(ii) total energy = K.E. + P.E.
= 13.6 -27.2
= -13.6 eV

Problem 19. For intrinsic gallium arsenide,the room-temperature electrical conductivity is10-
6
(Ω-m). The electron and hole mobilities are, respectively, 0.85 and 0.04m2/V-s.Compute the
intrinsic carrier concentration at room temperature. [3]

Solution . Since the material is intrinsic, carrier concentration may be computed as

Ni=σ/(|e|(µh+µe))

=10-6 /(( 11.6 × 10-19 C) (0.85+ 0.042) m2/V-s4)

= 7.0 × 1012 m3

Problem 20. The electrical conductivity and electron mobility for aluminum are 3.8× 107Ω-
m and 0.0012 m2/V-s, respectively. Calculate the Hall voltage for an aluminum specimen
that is 15 mm thick for a current of 25 A and a magnetic field of 0.6 tesla (imposed in a
direction perpendicular to the current)
[3]

Solution. The Hall voltage may be determined using Equation 18.18. However, it first
becomes necessary to compute the Hall coefficient from Equation 18.20b as

Rh= -( µe/ σ)

=(0.0012 m2/V-s)/( 3.8 × 107)

 =3.16 × 10-11 V-m/A-tesla

Problem 21. Consider a parallel-plate capacitor having an area of 6.45× 10-4 m2 and a plate
separation of 2× 10-3 m2 across which a potential of 10 V is applied. If a material having a
dielectric constant of 6.0 is positioned within the region between the plates, compute the
capacitance. [3]

Solution (a) Capacitance is calculated using C= ɛA/d

Where , A is the cross-sectional area,

d is the distance between plates,

however, the permittivity ɛ of the dielectric medium must first be determined as

ɛ = ɛ0 ɛr

=(6.0)× (8.85× 10-12)F/m

=5.31× 10-11 F/m

Thus, the capacitance is C = ɛA/d

=(5.3× 1011)(6.45× 10-4)/(2× 103)

=1.71× 10-11 F

Problem 22. Calculate (a) the saturation magnetization and (b) the saturation flux density for
nickel, which has a density of 8.90 g/cm3. [3]

Solution (a) The saturation magnetization is just the product of the number of Bohr
magnetons per atom (0.60 as given above),the magnitude of the Bohr magneton µb and the
number N of atoms per cubic meter, or

Ms=.60 µb N

Now, the number of atoms per cubic meter is related to the density the atomic weight and
Avogadro’s number as follows:

N= ρ nA / Ani
(18.9× 106 g/m)(6.023 × 1023 atoms/mol)/( 58.71 g/mol)

=9.13× 1028atom/m3

Ms= (0.6 Bohr magneton/atom) (9.27× 10-24A-m2/ Bohr magneton) (9.13 × 1028 atom/m3)

= 5.1× 105A/m

Problem 23 The fraction of nonreflected light that is transmitted through a 200 mm thickness
of glass is 0.98. Calculate the absorption coefficient of this material. [3]

Solution This problem calls for us to solve for in Equation 21.18.We first of all rearrange this
expression as

It|/I0 = e-ßx

Now taking logarithms of both sides of the above equation leads to

ln(It|/I0 )= -ßx

And, finally, solving for ß , realizing that It|/I0 =0.98 and x=200 mm, yields

ß = -(1/x) ln(It|/I0 )

= (1/200)ln(0.98)

=1.01× 10-4 mm-4

Problem 24. A piece of copper originally 305 mm (12 in.) long is pulled in tension with a
stress of 276 MPa (40,000 psi).If the deformation is entirely elastic,what will be the resultant
elongation? [3]

Solution. Since the deformation is elastic,strain is dependent on stress

σ=ɛE = (Δl/l0)E

.Furthermore,the elongation is related to the original length

Δl = σlo/E

The values of and are given as 276 MPa and 305 mm, respectively, and the magnitude of E
for copper is 110 GPa ( psi).Elongation is obtained by substitution into the expression above
as
 276∗305
Δl= 110∗1000 mm = 0.77mm

Problem 25. Compute the strain-hardening exponent n for an alloy in which a true stress of
415 MPa (60,000 psi) produces a true strain of 0.10; assume a value of 1035 MPa (150,000
psi) for K. [3]

Solution. This requires some algebraic manipulation so that n becomes the dependent
parameter. This is accomplished by taking logarithms and rearranging. Solving for n yields

log σ − log k
n= log ɛ

log(415) − log(103.5)
= log(0.1)

=0.40

Problem 26. Copper has an atomic radius of 0.128 nm, an FCC crystal structure, and an
atomic weight of 63.5 g/mol. Compute its theoretical density and compare the answer with its
measured density. [3]

Solution. Since the crystal structure is FCC, n, the number of atoms per unit cell, is 4.
Furthermore, the atomic weight is given as 63.5 g/mol. The unit cell volume for FCC was
3
16R √2 as where R, the atomic radius, is 0.128 nm.

Substitution for the various parameters into Equation yields

𝑛𝐴 𝑛𝐴
ρ = 𝑉𝑁 = 3
(16𝑅 √2)

substituting the values A=63.5, n=4 , Na=6.023× 1023

ρ=8.89 g/cm3

problem 27. For BCC iron,compute the interplanar spacing,for the (220) set of planes.The
lattice parameter for Fe is 0.2866 nm.Also, assume that monochromatic radiation having a
wavelength of 0.1790 nm is used, and the order of reflection is 1. [3]

Solution. (a) The value of the interplanar spacing is determined using Equation 3.14, with
nm, and and since we are considering the (220) planes.

Therefore, dhkl = a/ √(h2+k2+l2)

 = 0.286/√(22+22+02)

=0.1013

Problem 28. Steel gear, having carbon content of 0.2% is to be gas carburized to achieve
carbon content of 0.96% at the surface and 0.4% at 0.5 mm depth from the surface. If the
process is to be carried out at 927°C, find the time reProblemuired for carburization. Given,
diffusion coefficient of carbon in given steel = 1.28×10–11m2 /s.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 , page-
207)

Solution. We have dc/dt = D×d2c/dx2 . . . . (1)

The solution of EProblem. (1) can be written as

(cs-cx)/(cs-c0)=erf[x/2√Dt] . . . . (2)
Here,
x = 0 .5 mm = 0.5 ×10–3 m
D = 1.28 × 10–11 m2 / s
cs = Surface concentration of diffusion element in the surface = 0.9%
co = Initial uniform concentration of the element in the solid = 0.2%
cx = Concentration of the diffusing element at a distance x from the surface = 0.4%
Substituting the proper values in EProblem. (2), we have
(0.9-0.4)/(0.9-0.2)=erf[0.5×10-3/(2×√(12.8 ∗10-12t )
0.7143 = erf[69.88/√𝑡]
Let z = 69.88/√t
erf z = 0.7143 ..... (3)
From table, we find the erf z lies between 0.7112 and 0.7421 for which z lies between 0.75
and 0.80. One can find the number z by interpolation.
z = 0.755
From eProblem. (3)
t = (69.88)2/0.7552
t = 8566.35 = 142.8 min.
Problem 29. X-rays with wavelength of 0.58 Å are used for calculating d200 in nickel. The
reflection angle is 9.5°. What is the size of unit cell?
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
113)

Solution. Given :- θ=9.5° , wavelength λ= 0.58 Å

d=a/√( h2+k2+l2)

d200=a/√(22+0+0) =a/2=0.5a

Now, from Bragg’s law , 2d sin θ = nλ,

we have 2×d200×sin9.5°=1×0.58

2×0.5a×0.165=0.58

a = 0.58/1.165

a=0.52 Å

Problem 30. Calculate the line energy of dislocations in BCC iron. Given, the Burgers vector
in iron is of the ½ <1 1 1 > type and shear modulus of iron is 80.2 GN/m2.

(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 , page
109)

Solution. For BCC iron, the lattice parameter, a = 2.87 Å.

shear modulus of iron , G= 80.2 GN/m2.

Magnitude of Burgers vector, b = 2.87 √3/2 = 2.49 Å.

We have the relation for the line energy of the dislocation,

1
E =2 Gb2 = {80.2×109×(2.49)2 ×10-20}/2

E= 2.49× 10-9 J/m

Problem 31.The diffusion coefficient for copper in aluminium at 500 °C and 600 °C are
4.8×10–14 and 5.3 ×10–3 m2 /s respectively. Determine the approximate time at 500°C that
will produce the same diffusion result (in terms of concentration of copper at some specific
point in aluminium) as 10–h heat treatment at 600°C.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 , page-
210)

Solution. The composition in both diffusion situations will be at the same position, i.e.

x is also a constant. Thus

Dt = constant

Now, D500 t500 = D600 t600 Or

t500 = D600× t600 / D500

t500 = (5.3 × 10 -13 m2 /s) (10 h ) /( 4.8 × 10 -14 m2 /s)

t500 = 110.4 h

Problem 32.To obtain a p-type semiconductor, boron (an element from third column) is
doped in pure silicon. This doped is carried through a B2O3 vapour phase of partial pressure
eProblemual to 1.5 N/m2 . This atmosphere is eProblemuivalent to a surface concentration of
3 ×1026 boron atoms per m3 . Show that the time reProblemuired to get a boron content of
1023 atoms per m3 at a depth of 2 µm is 3845 s. Given: the doping temperature = 1100°C and
DB in Si at this temperature = 4 × 10–17 m2/s.

(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 , page-
208)

Solution.

We have

c1 = 0 , cs = 3 ×1026 atoms , c(x) = 1023 atoms

x = 2 ×10–6 m , D = 4 ×10–17 m2/s

c(x, t) = A – B erf (x /2√Dt )

Using appropriate values, we obtain

erf (x/2 √Dt ) = 0.99967

Using table , we obtain

x/2 √Dt = 2.55

t = (22×10-12) / ( 2.552 ×4 ×2 ×10 -17)

t= 3845 sec

Approximate calculations can be made using x = √Dt . c1 is negligible compared to c2 and for
the diffusion couple set up, this approximation yields the concentration at x as c(x) = 0.24 c2.

Problem 33.The Young’s modulus of a certain material is 180×103 mega Newton/m2 and its
true surface energy is 1.8 J/m2 . The crack length is 5 µm. Show that its fracture strength is
273×106 N/m2 . Interpret your result.

(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
270)

Solution. Given data is -

ϒ= 1.8 J/m2 , E = 180 × 109 N/m2 , c = 2.5× 10–6

2ϒ𝐸
The fracture strength is σf = √ 𝜋𝑐

2∗1.8∗180
σf = √ 5 ×107.5
3.14∗
2

σf =273×106 N/m2

We note the above calculated strength is approximately ¼ of the actually observed value. The
reason for the difference between the two values is as follows. When the material is deformed
plastically and the crack propagate, then the plastic work is done by the crack. When the
crack is plastically deformed, energy is also consumed. Since we have not taken into account
the plastic work reProblemuired to propagate the crack and hence the calculated value is
lower. One can calculate the amount of plastic work reProblemuired to propagate the crack
by the eProblemuation.

σg = [2E(𝛾 + 𝑝)/𝜋𝑐]1/2

where σg is actual fracture strength and p is the plastic work reProblemuired to propagate the
crack.

2∗180∗(1.8+𝑝)
1000 = ×1015
3.14∗2.5

p = 25.32 J/m2 = 12.4∗ 𝛾

which is 12.4 times the surface energy. This shows that the effective surface energy that
includes plastic work is 12.4 times higher than its true surface energy.

Problem 34. A tensile test specimen having a diameter of 12.7 mm was loaded upto a load of
76 kN and its diameter was measured as 12 mm. Compare true stress and strain with
engineering stress and strain.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 , page-
270)

Solution. Given data is -

d0 = 12.7 mm , d = 12 mm , p = 76 KN

Initial area of cross-section (A0) =3.14×(12.7)2/4 = 126.6 mm2

The area of cross-section after load of 76 kN , (A) = 3.14×122/4 = 113.04 mm2

Engineering stress (σ) = P/A = 76000 / 126.6 = 600.3 N/mm2

True stress (σ’) = P / A = 76000 / 113.04 = 672.33 N/mm2

True strain ϵ’= log( A0/ A) = log (126.6 /113.04) = 0.113

Also ϵ’= log (1 + ϵ ) = 0.113

1 + ϵ = e0.113 = 1.12

So ϵ = 0.l2
Problem 35. A piece of copper originally 305 mm long is pulled in tension with a stress of
276 MPa of 110 GPa young’s modulus. If the deformation is entirely elastic, find the
resultant elongation?
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
271)

Solution. Given :- σ = 276 MPa , l0 = 305 mm , E=110 GPa

Since the deformation is elastic, strain is dependent on stress,

σ=ϵE

Moreover, the elongation l is related to original length l0 as, ϵ = 𝑐𝑙/l0

Combining (i) and (ii) and solving for ∆l,

we have ∆l = σl0/E = (276 MPa) × (305 mm) / (110 × 103) MPa

∆𝑙 = 0.765 mm

Problem 36.A diffraction pattern of a cubic crystal of lattice parameter a = 3.16 Å is obtained
with a monochromatic X-ray beam of wavelength 1.54 Å. The first line on this pattern was
observed to have θ = 20.3°. Obtain the interplanar spacing and Miller indices of the reflecting
plane.

(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
115)

Solution. Now, from Bragg’s law , 2d sin θ = nλ,

d=nλ/(2sinθ)

Here, it is given:-

θ = 20.3° , λ=1.54 Å

n = 1 , a = 3.16 Å
d = 1.54/(2×0.3469)

d = 2.22 Å

For cubic crystal, we have

d=a/√( h2+k2+l2) or

( h2+k2+l2) = a2/d2 =3.162 / 2.222 =2

Since (h2 + k2 + l2 ) = 2 and hence the Miller indices are (110) or (101) or (011).

Problem 37. The axis of a cylindrical crystal of copper lies in the (111) plane. A tensile
stress σ is applied along the axis of the crystal. Show that the resolved shear stress 𝜏 in any
direction on this plane is zero. What inference will you draw from this?
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
370)

Solution. We have 𝜏R = σ cos ∅1 cos ∅2 ......(1)

Here, the angle ∅1 = 90° for the plane (111) and hence cos ∅1 = 0. Obviously, from
EProblem. (1), the resolved shear stress 𝜏R for any value of ∅2 is zero. Since all planes in the
family of {111} are not parallel to each other and hence we cannot conclude that the crystal
will not deform plastically. There are planes other than (111) and definitely they will have a
finite resolved shear. As soon as this will attain the critical value, plastic deformation will be
initiated.

Problem 38. A brass rod is to be used in an application reProblemuiring its ends to be held
rigid. The rod is stress free at 20°C. Determine the maximum temperature to which the rod
may be heated without exceeding a compressive stress of 172 MPa. Given, modulus of
elasticity = 100 GPa for brass and 𝛼= 20 × 10–6 /°C.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
417)
Solution. Given T = 20°C , 𝛼 = 20 × 10–6 /°C and σ = – 172 MPa

We have eProblemuation

σ = E 𝛼 (T – Tf)

Tf = T – σ /E 𝛼 = 20° –[172/ (100 ×103 ×10-6 ) ]

Tf =20°𝐶 + 86°𝐶

Tf= 106°C

Problem 39.Aluminium has FCC structure. Its density is 2700 kg/m3 . Find the unit cell
dimensions and atomic diameter. Given at. weight of Al = 26.98.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
91)

Solution. Density =( nm /a3 )×NA

Density = 2700 kg/m3 = 2.7 gm/cm3

Density = 4 × 26.98 / (6.023 × 1023 × a3 )

a3 = 6.6 × 10–23 /cm3

a = 4.048 × 10–10 m = 4.048 Å

For FCP structure,

r = a / ( 2 × 1.414 ) = 4.048 / ( 2 × 1.414 ) = 1.43 Å

Diameter = 2 r =2.86 Å

Problem 40. find the interplaner distance of (200) plane and (111) plane of nickel crystal.
The radius of nickel atom is 1.245 Å.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
92)

Solution. Nickel has FCC structure. Given radius of Nickel = r = 1.245 Å

Lattice constant = a = 4 r / √2 = 4 × 1.245/1.414 = 3.52 Å

d200 = 3.52 / √( 22+ 0 + 0 ) =1.76 Å

d111=3.52 / √( 12 +12 +12 ) = 2.03 Å

Problem 41.A tensile-testing apparatus is to be constructed that must withstand a maximum

load of 220,000 N (50,000 lbf). The design calls for two cylindrical support posts,each of
which is to support half of the maximum load.Furthermore, plain-carbon (1045) steel ground
and polished shafting rounds are to be used; the minimum yield and tensile strengths of this
alloy are 310 MPa (45,000 psi) and 565 MPa (82,000 psi), respectively. Specify a suitable
diameter for these support posts.
(Materials Science and Engineering, William D. Callister, Jr. , Seventh Edition, John Wiley &
Son,page-164)

Solution.

The first step in this design process is to decide on a factor of safety, N, which then allows
determination of a working stress according to EProblemuation(1) . In addition, to ensure that
the apparatus will be safe to operate, we also want to minimize any elastic deflection of the
rods during testing ; therefore ,a relatively conservative factor of safety is to be used, say
Thus, the working stress σw is just

σw= σy / N

σw = 310 / 5 = 62 MPa (19000 psi)

From the definition of stress,

A0 = (d/2)2 × π = F / σw

where d is the rod diameter and F is the applied force; furthermore, each of the two rods must
support half of the total force or 110,000 N (25,000 psi).

Solving for d leads to

d = 2 √(F / π×σw )

d = 2 √(110000 / π×62×106)
d = 4.75 × 10-2 m

Therefore, the diameter of each of the two rods should be 47.5 mm .

Problem 42. The yield strength of a polycrystalline material increases from 120 MN m–2 to
220 MN m–2 on decreasing the grain diameter from 0.04 mm to 0.01 mm. Calculate the yield
stress for a grain size ASTM 9.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 , page-
370)

Solution. Hall patch formula is-

σy =σ i + Kd–1/2 ..............(1)

Now, substituting the two yield stresses and the two grain diameters in EProblem. (1), one
obtains

120 = σ i + K (0.04 × 10–3 ) –1/2 .................(2)

220 = σ i + K (0.01 × 10–3 ) –1/2 ............... (3)

Solving (2) and (3), we obtain σ i = 20 MN m–2 and K = 0.633 MN m–3/2

Grain diameter for ASTM 9 is

d = 1 / √ (104 × 256 / 645) = 0.0159 mm

since Yield stress for this grain size is σ y = 20 + 0.633 × (0.0159 × 10–3 ) – ½

Hence σ y = 179 MN m–2

Problem 43. At steady state and when the inner and outer walls of a long hollow cylinder are
kept at two different temperatures. the unidirectional temperature variation along the
thickness of the wall is: [3]

Solution :

It is because, at steady state condition, ∇2T = 0

1 𝛿 𝛿𝑇 1 𝛿 𝛿𝑇 𝛿 𝛿𝑇
And ∇2T = 𝑟 𝛿𝑟 (𝑟 𝛿𝑟 ) +( 𝑟 )2𝛿θ (𝛿θ) + 𝛿z ( 𝛿z )
Since, the cylinder is infinitely long and symmetric, the partial w.r.t z and θ is zero, so the
equation reduces to:

1 𝛿 𝛿𝑇
(𝑟 𝛿𝑟 ) = 0
𝑟 𝛿𝑟

Solving this equation with boundary conditions:

At r=R1, T = T1

At r=R2, T = T2

𝑟2
So, T(r) = ((T2 - T1 )/ln(𝑟1) )×(ln(r) – ln(R1)) + T1

Problem 44. The third peak in tile X-ray diffraction pattern of a polycrystalline BCC metal is
[3]

Solution:

From Extinction rules,

For BCC, VALUES of (h2 + k2 + l2) will be 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14

For reflections,

So, third peak will be: (211)

Problem 45. Brass has a peritectic reaction at a temperature of 9030C, with 36.8% Zn (β
phase) in the middle and 32.5% Zn at α-phase end and 37.5 Zn at liquidus end. Find out the
percentages of liquid phase and α-phase present at the peritectic point. [3]

Solution:

𝑋𝑍
Percentage of liquid phase = × 100
𝑋𝑌
XZ = 37.5-36.8
Or, XZ = 0.7
XY = 37.5-32.5
Or, XY = 5
0.7
Liquid phase percentage= ×100= 14%
5
When the liquid reacts with the crystals precipitated out of liquid and forms new type of
crystals.
Problem 46. Consider an abrupt PN junction (at T = 300 K) shown in the figure. The
depletion region width Xn on the N-side of the junction is 0.2 µm and the permittivity of
silicon (εsi) is 1.044×10-12 F/cm. At the junction, the approximate value of the peak electric
field (in kV/cm) is [3]

Solution :

Given Xn= 0.2 μm, εsi =1.044 × 10-12 F /μ n

ND=1016/cm3

Peak Electric Field E= qNDXn/ε= 1.6×10-19×1016×0.00002/1.044×10-12= 30.66 KV/cm

Problem 47. When a silicon diode having a doping concentration of N A = 9 × 1016 cm-3 on
p-side and ND = 1 × 1016 cm-3 on n-side is reverse biased, the total depletion width is found
to be 3 µm. Given that the permittivity of silicon is 1.04 × 10–12 F/cm, the depletion width on
the p-side and the maximum electric field in the depletion region, respectively, are: [3]

Solution :

Given NA = 9 × 1016/cm3 ; ND = 1016/cm3

Total Depletion Width x = xn + xp = 3 µm

ε =1.04 × 10-12 F/cm

xn/xp = NA/ND = 9× 1016-16 = 9×1
xn = 9xp (1)
 Total Depletion Width, xn + xp = 3 µm

9xp + xp = 3 µm

xp = 0.3 µm

Max. electric field E = qNAxp / ε = (1.6 / 1.04)× 10-19+12 × 9×1016× 0.03 µm.

So, maximum electric field E =4.15×105V/cm.

Problem 48. Determine the value of young’s of a composite containing 65 vol % of glass
fibre ( Ef = 70GN/m2 ) in a matrix of epoxy resin ( Em=3GN/m2 ) under isostress condition.
[3]

Solution. Volume fraction of glass,

Vf = 65% or 0.65

∴ Volume fraction of matrix,

Vf = 1-0.65 = 0.35

We know that young’s modulus of composite is given by

Ec = Ef Vf + EmVmֶֶֶֶ

∴ Ec = 70×0.65 + 3×0.35

Ec = 46.55GN/m2 ( Ans.)

Problem 49. Calculate the tensile modulus of a composite consisting of 60% of volume of
glass fibre having tensile modulus of 84kN/mm2 in a polyester matrix of tensile modulus
6.25kN/mm2. [3]

Solution. Given : Vf = 60% = 0.6 ; Ef = 84kN/mm2 ; Em = 6.25kN/mm2

Tensile modulus of composite, Ec :

Tensile modulus of composite = (Modulus of fibre × % area of fibre) + (modulus of matrix

× % area of matrix)

Ec = 84× 0.6 + 6.25 (1- 0.6)

= 52.9kN/mm2 (Ans.)
Problem 50. Calculate the number of atoms per unit cell of a metal having the lattice
parameter 2.9A֯ and density 7.87g/cm3. Atomic weight of the metal is 55.85 and Avogadro’s
c onstant is 6.0238 × 1023 . [3]

Solution. Let , a = Edge of unit cell = lattice parameter of a cube cell,

M = Mass of element per mole = atomic weight of the element,

ρ = Density of the metal,

NA = Avogadro’s number; number of atoms per mole, and

n = Number of atom per unit cell

Given : a = 2.9A֯ = 2.9 × 10-8 cm

M = 55.85

ρ = 7.87g/cm3

NA = 6.0238 × 1023

Number of atoms per unit cell, n :

Using the relation,

𝑛𝑀
𝜌a3 = 𝑁𝐴

𝑁𝐴 𝜌𝑎3
n= 𝑀

6.0238×1023 ×7.87×(2.9×10−8 )3
n= 55.85

n = 2. (Approx.)
References :

1. R.K. Rajput , “material science”, S.K. kataria & sons , new delhi 2006.
2. Navneet gupta ,”principal of material science and engineering”,dhanpat rai &co. new
delhi 2008.
3. William D. Callister,” Materials Science and Engineering”, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.,new york 2007.