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Comparison for the properties of ring spun yarns blended from cotton and
regenerated bamboo

Article  in  Academic Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University · June 2013

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 西安工程大学学报
Journàl of Xi' ari Polytechnic 'University
第 27 卷第 3 期(总 121 期) 2013 年 6 月 Vo l. 27 , No. 3(Sum. No. 12 1)

Article ID: 1674-649X(2013)03-0293-08

Comparison for the properties of ring spun yarns

blended from cotton and regenerated bamboo
ZAMIR Ahmed Abro , SOHAIL Yasin , ZHU Cheng-yan

(College of Materials and Textiles , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China)

Abstract: 1n order to overcome the shortage of cotton fiber and cotton fiber production in China
and Pakistan , the study on how to achieve the desired quality pa :rameters for yarn blended from
cottori and regenerated bamboö was carried out. 1n this paper , seven kinds of blended yarn with
different blended ratios and same linear density and twist levels were developed. It can be found
that the yarn unevenness characteristic was affected by the blended ratio of cotton and regener-
ated bamboo fiber. If the content of the bamboo fiber is increased , then the unevenness of the
yarns will decrease. For the tenacity and the tensile strength of the yarns , the affection of the fi-
ber content is not very obvious. The morphological structures of the blended yarns were also in-
dentified with different blended ratio of cotton and bamboo fibers. The thermal gravimetric a-
nalysis shows that the weight loss of the blended yarns decreases with the increasing of the
baniboö fiber portion. 1t can be further observed by the FR-1R spectrometers that the reflec-
tance percentage of yarns increases as deèreasing of the bamboo fiber portion.
Key words: blended yarn; cotton; bamboo; ring spun yarn
CLC number: TS 10 1. 922 Document code: A

Textile 'fibers demand incrèases from day by day with the changing textile fashion; the textile con-
sumer's preference persuades the demand for different types of fibres. The growth of demand for textile
fibres in the world is expected to continue not only due to increase in the world population but also due
to the living standards of human beings. Therefore , the focus of fibre research has shifted towards the
searching of the new fibres and their blending with the older ones.
The repeated technological analysis has proved that bamboo fibre has a thinness degree , whiteness
degree , strong durability , stability and tenacity. The bamboo fibre is option to be blended with cotton a
regenerated cellulosic fibre. Bamboo fibre and its blends with cotton fibres bear valuable properties , so at
present there are various products made of these fibres blends. These blends absorb and protect against
the sun ‘ s harmful Ultra Violet rays and other valuable properties are better than classic yarns. They may

Received Date:2012-12-07
Corresponding author:ZAMLR Ahmed Abro , master of zhejiang Sci-Tech University. E-mai1 .zamirabro@gmai1. com
 294 西安工程大学学报 第 27 卷

be used for clothing , underwear , socks , hygienic , text i1 e products as well as for composites. The yarns
produced from these blends may give comfort satisfaction to thewearer in term of warm , cool , easy feel
,

and touch in garments. The focus of present researcher was to optimize the quality of bamboo/cotton
blends. The importance of bamboo [1] crop has been increased due to its use in text i1 es as avegetablefi .,.
bre. The absorbent nature of bamboo fibre has lead to its various applications in textiles. Sömeresearch-
,

ers have recorded the influence of the blends ratios on the quality of the bamboo/ cotton ring spun yarns.
The moisture regain capacity of bamboo fiber is remarkably higher than that of cotton. However , with
the increasing of the bamboo fiber in the blended yarn , the tens i1e strength will decrease. It was found
that [2] yarn diameter reduced in proportion with the increase in bamboo fiber. As the bamboo fiber in-
creased , the variation tendency for the yarn tenacity and the yarn elongation was different. The physical
properties [3] of the bamboo/ cotton blended yarn were compared with similar 100 % cotton yarn.
It was also observed that for each ,count of yarns , which showed decreasing propertywith the in-
crease of bamboo in the blend. The quality characters depend upon the ratio of bamboo and cotton in the
blend. The unevenness ， tenacityμ-5] and breaking elongation of the yarns were measured. The results indi-
cated that the ratio of bamboo fibre in the blend had an effect on the properties of yarn. Nowadays , yarns
[6] made of natural and man-made or regenerated cellulose fibers are applied commonly in text i1 es. Ther-
mal comfort parameters [7] of new yarns generation were investigated. The natural fibers absorbed mois-
ture from the skin into the fabric. Synthetic fibers repel moisture and force it through the surface of the
garment , and then the moisture will evaporate quickly as the airflows across the fabric. The natural bam-
boo fibers [8] have advantages in terms of moisture absorption , drying rate and thermal property. So simi-
lar to flax and jute , bamboo fiber is more suitable to make summer text i1 es.
In this paper , the cotton and bamboo fibers were mixed in different proportions for producing sam-
ples yarns. The physical , morphological , FT-IR and thermal properties were examined to determine the
possible comparison of samples fibers with pure cotton fibers.

1 Experiment
1. 1 Samples prodnction
Both cotton 100% and bamboo 100% were bought from one firm of Chi皿 14 samples of 巾g spunyams
were spun , the blended ratios of Cotton: b缸nb∞ are 50: 50 , 70: 30 , 80: 20 , 90: 10. The y.町ns were produced in
spinning lab with same liner density and twist levels. Theaverage va1ues per length of ∞tton fiber was 27. 1mm ,
single fiber strength was about 7. 28cN/ dtex , and elongation percentage was 4% correspondingly. The average
values per length of bamboo fiber were 38mm , single fiber strength was about 6. 78cN/dtex and elongation p町­
centage was 20 %. For all kinds of ring spun yams , the production technology par.缸neters ~e:æ the same. The
roving count and twist were set up as O. 98s (600tex) and 1., 015 t., p. i (40 T. P. M) , respectively. The ring spin-
ning frame spindle speed were set at 8 OOOr/min and count as 60tex.
1. 2 Sampl臼 quality measurement
To assess the physical , thermal , morphological properties of yarns , these samples were tested. For
each yarn sample , five samples of ring spun yarn were selected at random. The evenness , hairiness and
coefficient of variations CV were tested on yarn electronic tester F B- 198. The single yarn tens i1e strength
was measured on electronic scanning tester XL-2. The electronic microscope was used to measure SEM
images of yarns and their blends on JSM-5610Lv by Jeo l. The Perkin Elmer's Paris 1GA thermal gravi-
metric analyzer was used to analyze the thermal propertiesof yarns. TheNicolet-5700 FTIR spectrometer
was used to measure FITR curves or peaks of yarns structure.
1. 3 Experimental p盯ameters

The experimerctal parameters are shown in Table 1.

第 3 期。mparison for 由e properties of 由19 spun yarns blended from cotton and r，唔:enerated bamboo 295

Table 1 Experlmerctal paramenters

Relative humidity
Parameters Rate
and temperature
Ca rding machines ,delivery speed/m • min- I 40 58 土 2 ， 20 土 2

Drawing frame , delivery speed/m • min- I

35 58 土 2 ， 20 土 2

Speed of roving frame/r • min- I 700 58 土 2 ， 20 士 2

Twist for roving 1.015

Speed of ring frame/r • min- I 80000 58 士 2 ， 20 士 2

Twist for yams 15.22

2 Result and discussions

2.1 Yarn evenn臼S

The comparison of the physical and mechanical properties of the yarns were given in Table 2.
Ta~Ie 2 Comparsion or physiæI properti剧。r rtng yarn blendωrrom cotton and bam阳"

、飞

Property 100% 100% 50/50 60/40 70/30 80/20 90/10

Cotton Bamb∞Cotton/&mboo Cotton/ Bam boo Cotton/ Bam boo Co tton/&mboo Co tton/&mb∞

Li near density of yam/tex 60.05 59.98 60.1 60.02 59.88 59.99 60.02
Twist/ t. p. m 40 40 、电可
40 40 40 40 40
Yam unevenness ,U/ % 10.97 9.37 11.34 9.25 10.88 9.75 11.19
Yam unev，田m国s ， CV/% • km- I 14.34 10.60 14.55 12.46 14.60 12.60 13.64
Thin places, - 50 %/km 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Thick place, +50%/km 40 16 213 106 293 213 26
Neps , +200%/km 80 36 320 133 240 266 80
Neps, +28Ò%/km 。 。 160 106 160 160 53
Note ,The experiments were under'taken in the spinning laboratory. AU tests are done only for the result analysis at labora-
tory scale. The data and results may v缸y with the type of machines, environment, regions , type of fibers , and process-
ing' s conditions.
The linear densities and twist levels were kept same in all samples of ring sp ì.m yarn. It indicates that the
unevenness.U and CVof the yarns are not similar for the yarns with different blended ratios. 已 g.50/50.60/40.
70/30.80/20 t 90/10. The percentage of bamboo fiber is incr四sed in every individual yi缸n 回rnple.and this shows
that the unevenness properties are affected by the portion of bamboo fiber. There are not thin place (-50/km)
for all the hlended ring spun yarns made of bamboo and ∞tton fibers bobbins section. The unevenness or U%
varied with inα回se or de臼臼se in the portion of bamboo fiber in ∞t臼n.

The 70/30 and 80/20 have shown more number of neps per km in the yarn. However90/10 cotton/
barnboo has less number of neps with in the yarn. The lesser variation can be seen in 90/10 cotton/bam-
boo. The unevenness or U% and coefficient ofvariation (C V) can be shown more in some samples and
can be shown within range in other samples.
2.2 Yarn tensile strength
The tensile strength properties of 100 % cotton.1 00 % bamboo and their blends were comparared in
Table 3. It can be observed that the tensile strength properties of cotton 100% and bamboo 100% are not
similar. The cotton 100% can be shown more single yarn strength and modulus whereas; the elongation
percentage is greater in 100 % bamboo spun yarn than in cotton 100 % spun yarn. The single yarn
strength and rnodulus increase as the decreasing of the percentage of bamboo fiber or portion of bamboo
fiber in yarn samples. Comparing to 50/50.cotton/bamboo.the single yarn strength and modulus values
are larger in the 90/10. cotton/Bamboo. The elongation percentage of all blends of cotton and bamboo
yarns change rnuch more exclusively when the portion of bamboo fiber increases or decreases.
 296 西安工程大学学报 第 27 卷

Table 3 Compari皿n of tensile strength properti圈。，C ring sPUIl Y町n blended Cromωt10n and bamboo

Property 100% 100.% 50/50 60/40 70/30 80/20 90/10

Co tton Ba mboo Cotton/ Ba mb∞Cotton/ Bamboo Cotton/ Bamb∞Cotton/ Bamboo Co tton/ Bamb∞

Linear density of yarn/tex 60.05 59.98 60.1 60.02 59.88 59.99 60.02
Twist/t. p. m 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
Force at Break/cN 809.39 770.2 605.2 739.4 850.73 867.83 912.32
Single y缸咀 strength/ cN • dt四-1 1. 35 1. 3 1. 02 1. 23 1. 41 1. 46 1. 53
Modulus/cN. dtex- 1 39.08 18.31 31. 29 34.37 37.54 37.24 46.57
Elongation/ % 3.43 7.1 3.2 3.55 3.78 3.86 3.37

2.3 Scanning electronic microscopy(SEM)

(a)SEM images of cotton 100% y缸E

(e) SEM images of 70/30 cotton/b amboo yarn (f) SEM images of 80/20 cotton/ bamboo yam

Fig.l Co mparison of SEM images of cotton 100% , bamboo 100% and their blends
The morphological structure of cotton and bamboo surfaces (cross-sectional) with their blends was
taken in Fig. 1. The SEM images of yarn samples were taken by utilizing JSM-5610Lv of Jeol. In order to
compare the morphological structures of yarn blends of bamboo and cotton fibers , the SEM images of the
yarn surfaces of cotton 100% and bamboo 100% were inspected at 500 times magnification and allother
blended yarns were inspected at 1 000 times magnification. These images were scanned to show the struc-
ture of the regenerated bamboo fiber/yarns with that of cotton fibers/yarns and blends made from them.
,

As we can see the main difference of both the fibers and can be distinguished easily in almost all the blen-
第 3 期Comparison for the properties of ring spun y;缸ns blended from cotton and regenerated bamboo 297

ded ratios. This also confirmed that there was portion of

bamboo fibers and cotton fibers in blended yarns. This magni-
fication showed that there was portion of bamboo fiber in-
creased continuously in SEM images. The morphological
structure of each blend of yarn was viewed in SEM. These
samples show different images under same Magnification.
This verified the presence of bamboo fiber and cotton cellu-
lose in yarn internal structure , as bamboo fiber portion increa-
ses , the longitudinal views of yarn also will be changed.
2.4 Thermal analysis (g) SEM images of 90/10 cotton!b amboo yam
Weight loss of the materials was determined by the ther-
mal gravimetric analyzer in which underweight were kept Fig.l Co mparison of SEM images of cotton
100 %, bamboo 100 % and their blends
from O. 1 to 1. 3 grams and temperature was kept from room
temþerature to 1 OOO'C , precision was ::l:: 2.

The comparison of thermal gravimetric analysis for cotton and bamboo fibers and their blends were
shown in Fig. 2. (1) Thermal analysis of 100% cotton (2) Thermal analysis of 100% bamboo (3) Ther-
mal analysis of 50/50 cotton/bamboo(4) Thermal analysis of 70/30 cotton/bamboo (5) Thermal analysis
of 80/20 cotton/bamboo (6) Thermal analysis of 90/10 cotton/bamboo (7) Thermal analysis of 60/40
cotton/bamboo. The thermal gravimetric analysis was done to observe the heat stability of cotton and
bamboo fibers and their blends. It can be seen that weight loss under the 100'C are/due to moisture abor-
tion of cotton and bamboo fibers. This part weight loss canbe seen in 1 , 2.3 and 4 , 5 , 6.7 of Fig. 2. The
weight loss of 100% cotton can be seen in 1 of Fig. 2.in which the weight loss starts at less than 100'C
and decreases continuously in onset Y=3. 956% and onset X=277. 71'C .respectively. The weight loss of
bamboo 100% also can be seen with the increase of temperature under onset Y=O. 677% and onset X=
277. 7C. Comparatively.the weight loss of bamboo and cotton blends also can be seen with the increase of
temperature in every individual sample of the yarns.
The picture 3 of Fig. 2 shows the weight loss of onset Y= 1. 182% , onset X=265. 26'C.
The picture 4 of Fig. 2 shows the weight loss of onset Y=6. 31% .onset X=259. 59'C.
The picture 5 of Fig. 2 shows the weight loss of onset Y= 5. 04 % .onset X = 26 1. 65'C.
The picture 6 of Fig. 2 shows the weight loss of onset Y=5. 54% onset X=257. 39'C.
The picture 7 of Fig. 2 shows the weight loss of onset Y=8. 59% .onset X=26 1. 88'C.
The thermal gravimetric analysis shows that the weight loss of bamboo and cotton blends will de-
crease with the increasing of bamboo portion and temperature for cotton/bamboo samples with 50/50 ,
70/10 , 60/40. In contrast , the weight loss of cotton/bamboo with 80/20 , 90/10 showed less loss with the
increase of bamboo portion.
2.5 Ff-IR spectrometry analysis and comparison of cotton 100% and bamboo 100% and their blends
The FT-IR Spectrometer is used to analyze the samples through infrared and unparaJlelized visible
light of microscopy(see Fig. 3). According to the absorption at 1 056. 6cm and 1 033. Ocmfor 100% cot-
ton and 1 024. Ocm and 1 156. 4cm for 100% bamboo yarns.it can be found that these cellulosic fibers
own covalent bonding in their chemical structure. Through further analysis in50/50 cotton and bamboo.
it can be found that there are
 298 西 安 工 程 大 学 学 报 第 27 卷

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cal structure of each blend of yam was viewed in SEM blends

第3期 Comparison for the properties of 由19 spun yarns blended from ∞口onand r唔enerated bamb∞ 299

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90
that the weight loss of bamboo and cotton
blends was decreased with the increase of bam- 砾。 3500 3000 2500 2000
Wavenumbers/ cm-'
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boo portion and temperature for cotton/bamboo

Fig.3 The comparison of FT-IR curves of diferent portion
samples with 50/50 , 70/10 , 60/40. In contrast ,
 300 西安工程大学学报 第 27 卷

the weight loss of cotton/bamboo with 80/20 , 90/10 showed less loss with increase of the bamböo por-
tion. It can be seen clearly that cotton had less reflection than bamboo in visible light spectrum. The FR-
IR spectrometers further identified that as portion of bamboo fibers were decreased , the reflectance per-
centage守 of yarns samples were increased.
Acknowledgment:
This research paper was made possiblethrough the help and support from everyone , including: par-
ents , teachers and in essence , all sentient beings , especially , please allow me to dedicate my acknowledge-
ment of gratitude toward the First and foremost , 1 would like to thank Prof. Zhu Chenyan , Vice Head
Dean , College of Material and Textiles , Zhejiang Sci Tech University , Hangzhou , P. R. China , for his
sponsorship , support &. encouragement.
Pro f. Zhu Chengyan kindly read my paper and offered invaluable detailed advices on grammar , or-
ganization , and the theme of the paper to read. Finally , 1 sincerely thank the key laboratories of theminis-
try of education of College of Material and Textiles , Zhejiang Sci Tech University , Hangzhou , P. R. C
China. The laboratory work would not be possible without them.

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棉/再生竹纤维环绽纺纱线的性能比较

ZAMIR Ahmed Abro , SOHAIL Yasin ，祝成炎

(浙江理工大学材料与纺织学院，浙江杭州 310018)

摘要:为了克服棉纱及棉纺织品在中国和巴基斯坦产量的缺乏，本文研究了如何提高棉竹混纺纱的质量参
数，开发了 7 种相同线密度及拴皮但具有不同混纺比的纱线.可以得出，纱线的不均匀性受混纺比影响.若
竹纤维的比例增加，则纱线的不均匀性降低;就纱线的强度及拉仲强力而言，混纺比的影响并不是十分明
显.热重分析显示，随着竹纤维成分的增加，混纺纱线的重量损失减少.这可以进一步通过 FR-IR 光谱仪
观测得到，随着竹纤维成分的减少，纱线反射率增加.
关键词:混纺纱 s 棉 F 竹 p 环绽纱
编辑、校对 z 武晖

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