Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Experimentación: Parte 1
Grupo de Trabajo: Mrs Bryony Close (Presidencia), Dr. Keith
Banister, Dr. Vera Baumans, Dr. Eva-Maria Bernoth, Dr. Niall
Bromage, Dr. John Bunyan, Profesor Dr. Wolff Erhardt, Profesor Paul
Flecknell, Dr. Neville Gregory, Profesor Dr. Hansjoachim Hackbarth,
Profesor David Morton y Mr Clifford Warwick
Envío de correspondencia a: Mrs B Close, Battleborough Croft, Battleborough Lane,
Brent Knoll, Highbridge, Somerset TA9 4DS, UK
Este documento fue elaborado para la DGXI de la Comisión Europea, para ser utilizado con la Directiva
86/609/EEC del 24 de Noviembre de 1986, relativa a la aproximación de las disposiciones legales,
reglamentarias y administrativas de los Estados miembros respecto a la protección de los animales
utilizados para experimentación y otros fines científicos (Nº L358, ISSN 0378-6978). Se refiere
especialmente al Artículo 2(1) publicado por la Comisión Europea en Octubre de 1995, que define “el
método de sacrificio humanitario” como “ el sacrificio de un animal con el mínimo sufrimiento físico y
mental , dependiendo de las especies “.
La congelación rápida se ha utilizado para Este método, descrito por Lord, (1989, 1991)
minimizar la actividad enzimática, para consiste en la inyección intraperitoneal en
posteriores estimaciones bioquímicas de tejidos. ratones de 500 µl de etanol al 70%. El etanol
Las técnicas implican: (a) inmersión del animal produce depresión del sistema nervioso central.
intacto en nitrógeno líquido; (b) decapitación e Los ratones manifiestan una gran pérdida de
inmersión inmediata de la cabeza en nitrógeno control muscular, antes de entrar en coma,
líquido; (c) congelación forzada; congelación in seguido de una parada respiratoria. Puede haber
situ y túnel congelador. Antes de cualquier irritación del peritoneo. Wallgren y Barry III
método de congelación hay que dejar a los (1970) establecieron que es irritante a
animales totalmente anestesiados, concentraciones superiores al 10%
insensibilizados o decapitados, ya que se ha peso/volumen y que la mortalidad se debe a
visto que se puede tardar de 10 a 90 segundos trauma inespecífico. No es aceptable para la
en congelar las estructuras profundas por la baja eutanasia en vertebrados, a menos que estén
conductividad térmica de los tejidos que rodean anestesiados.
al cerebro. Sólo es aceptable bajo determinadas
circunstancias cuando el diseño experimental 2.2.6 Hidrato de cloral
necesita este tratamiento en animales muy
pequeños, como embriones, roedores y conejos Actúa por depresión lenta del sistema nervioso
neonatos (Green 1987, Van Zutphen et al. central. No es aceptable su uso por si solo, ya
1993). El personal que realice estas técnicas que carece de efectos analgésicos, tarda mucho
debe estar bien entrenado y necesita en hacer efecto, produce movimientos en el
equipamiento especial. animal estéticamente cuestionables, se necesitan
grandes volúmenes y causa irritación en el
2.2.3 Exanguinación peritoneo (Breazile & Kitchell 1969, Hatch
1982). Se puede utilizar para grandes animales
Sólo se llevará a cabo la exanguinación total por vía intravenosa bajo anestesia, (Lumb 1974)
después de dejar insensible al animal por otro
o en combinación con sulfato magnésico o ningún animal. Sólo se pueden utilizar los
pentobarbital sódico (Olfert et al. 1993). ultracongeladores para asegurar la muerte una
vez que el animal este totalmente inconsciente y
2.2.7 Cloruro potásico sea improbable que se recupere (Summerfelt &
Smith 1990).
El ión potasio es cardiotóxico. El cloruro
potásico produce jadeo, vocalizaciones, 2.3.3 Hipertermia
espasmos musculares y episodios convulsivos
(Lumb 1974). Además no es agradable para el Se ha sugerido para algunos vertebrados
observador. No es aceptable para eutanasia a poiquilotermos la elevación de la temperatura
menos que el animal este totalmente con el fin de sacrificarlos, ya que morirán por
anestesiado. encima de su temperatura critica, la cuál puede
ser de solamente unos grados por encima de su
2.2.8 Embolia gaseosa rango de actividad normal, pero esto no es
aceptable. Los animales nunca serán
Consiste en la inyección intravenosa de 5 a 50 introducidos en agua hirviendo ya que causa un
ml/kg de aire. Se ha usado ocasionalmente en dolor intenso y una muerte lenta.
conejos (Weisbrod et al. 1984). Se puede
acompañar de convulsiones, opistotonos y 2.3.4 Ahogamiento/extracción del agua
vocalizaciones (Hatch 1982). Es un método
muy doloroso y poco fiable y no es aceptable a El ahogamiento no es un método humanitario de
menos que el animal este totalmente eutanasia para ningún vertebrado ya que es
anestesiado. lento, produce estrés intenso y ansiedad por la
hipoxia. No es aceptable el sacar del agua a los
vertebrados con agallas (incluyendo los
renacuajos) ( Kestin et al. 1991).
2.3.9 Éter (éter dietílico) Este agente esta diseñado como antibiótico para
peces, pero administrado en cantidades
El éter es irritante para las membranas mucosas suficientemente grandes puede matar. Las dosis
y a concentraciones altas, habitualmente deben ser altas y la muerte puede ser lenta,
encontradas en el interior de los contenedores y incrementando de ese modo el angustia en el
campanas, puede ser estresante para los pez. En algunos peces produce hiperactividad
animales, ya que eleva las catecolaminas antes de la anestesia (Summerfelt & Smith
(Blackshaw et al. 1968, Breazile & Kitchell 1990). Su descomposición química en el agua
1969, Green 1987 ). Si se utiliza con un es muy lenta, lo que hace muy difícil su
vaporizador resulta menos irritante (Baumans, eliminación ya que sería peligroso para el
comunicación 1995). A altas concentraciones medioambiente si se vertiese por el
eleva significativamente algunos parámetros alcantarillado, porque puede matar a las
bioquímicos sanguíneos (por ejemplo glucosa ). bacterias de los sistemas de depuración de aguas
Es peligroso para el técnico por sus propiedades residuales. No es aceptable para la eutanasia de
explosivas. No es un método aceptable de peces.
eutanasia.
2.3.15 Uretano
2.3.10 Cloroformo
Se pueden colocar los animales en una solución
Actúa deprimiendo el sistema nervioso central y de uretano al 1-2%. Se utiliza habitualmente
produce fallo cardiaco y respiratorio. No es como anestésico. Sin embargo, es muy
aceptable como agente eutanásico ya que es carcinogénico y debido al potencial peligro para
hepatotóxico, nefrotóxico y carcinogénico para el técnico y los problemas de su eliminación
el técnico y para otros animales. Antes de la segura no es aceptable (Summerfelt & Smith
pérdida de consciencia produce excitación 1990).
(Breazile & Kitchell 1969). Concentraciones
traza introducidas en centros de cría han 2.3.16 Agentes bloqueantes
mostrado interferir seriamente con los neuromusculares
programas de cría en roedores (Green 1987).
Bajo ninguna circunstancia se utilizaran para
2.3.11 Metoxiflurano eutanasia agentes bloqueantes
neuromusculares y otros agentes que no
El metoxiflurano se utiliza habitualmente como induzcan pérdida de consciencia previa a la
agente anestésico, pero es de actuación muy muerte.
lenta y existe una gran probabilidad de
recuperación total incluso después de veinte 2.3.17 Ketamina
minutos de sobredosis. Es difícil de obtener en
Europa. La ketamina no se considera aceptable como
agente único para eutanasia, ya que serian
2.3.12 Tricloroetileno necesarios grandes volúmenes. En conejos se
producen potentes convulsiones y
Debido a que el tricloroetileno es vocalizaciones que lo hacen estéticamente
principalmente un agente analgésico y produce inaceptable ( Baneux et al. 1986, Reilly 1993).
solamente anestesia ligera no es aceptable como Puede ser aceptable usado junto con xilacina.
agente para eutanasia. Es carcinogénico,
produce hipercapnia y es peligroso para el 2.3.18 Sedantes
técnico.
Los sedantes no son aceptables como agentes
2.3.13 Gas Cianhídrico eutanásicos debido a los enormes volúmenes
que serían necesarios para producir la muerte.
información acerca de cuán humanitarias son
2.3.19 Sulfato magnésico estos fármacos, no son aceptables como agentes
eutanásicos.
Se ha utilizado sólo o junto con pentobarbital
sódico a 80 mg/kg. Es un agente bloqueante Lecturas adicionales
neuromuscular y un depresor del miocardio, no
un depresor del sistema nervioso central (Hatch Generales
1982, Olfert et al. 1993). Se requieren grandes
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