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¢  An overview of angiosperm reproduction

Germinated pollen grain
(n) (male gametophyte)
Stigma Anther at
on stigma of carpel
Anther Carpel tip of stamen
Stamen
Style
Filament Ovary Ovary (base of carpel)
Pollen tube
Ovule

Embryo sac (n)

(female gametophyte)

Sepal

Egg (n) FERTILIZATION

Petal
Receptacle

REPRODUCTIVE
Sperm (n) Zygote
(a) An idealized flower. Mature sporophyte Seed (2n)
plant (2n) with (develops

STRUCTURES Key
flowers

Seed
from ovule)

OBICO JJA, Instructor Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)
Department of Biology, UP Manila
(b) Simplified angiosperm life cycle. Embryo (2n)
Germinating
See Figure 30.10 for a more detailed (sporophyte)
seed
version of the life cycle, including meiosis. Simple fruit
(develops from ovary)
Figure 38.2a, b

FUNCTION OF FLOWER:
SPECIALIZATIONS DRIVEN BY
POLLINATION

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SYMMETRY OVARY LOCATION FLORAL DISTRIBUTION

Lupine inflorescence

Bilateral symmetry
(orchid)

Superior
ovary

Sunflower inflorescence

Sepal
Semi-inferior ovary Inferior ovary

Radial symmetry
(daffodil)

Fused petals

REPRODUCTIVE VARIATIONS

Maize, a monoecious Dioecious Sagittaria

species latifolia (common
arrowhead)

stigma
FLOWER anther style
STAMEN
¢  Reproductive organ of angiosperms filament
¢  Angiosperms- flowering plants

¢  Modified shoot with four whorls

PISTIL

Parts of a flower
—  SEPALS- calyx
Non-reproductive parts
—  PETALS- corolla
ovary
PETAL ovule
—  STAMENS- androecium
Reproductive parts
—  PISTILS- gynoecium
receptacle
SEPAL
pedicel

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FLORAL VARIATION MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

¢  Complete and Incomplete
¢  Perfect and Imperfect (Bisexual and Unisexual)
—  Unisexual flowers- either pistillate/ carpellate or
staminate
¢  Monoecious and Dioecious

ALTERNATION OF GENERATION

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¢  Carpels and stamens

—  Contain the sporangia
¢  Sporangium
—  Contains the spores
—  Chambers where male and female gametophytes
develop
¢  Male gametophyte
—  Sperm-containing pollen grain
¢  Female gametophyte
—  Egg-containing structures called embryo sacs
—  Embryo sac develop within the ovules

¢  Development of male gametophyte (Pollen)

¢  Development of female gametophyte (Embryo)
¢  Pollination

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POLLINATION

integument

micropyle
funiculus

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SEED
¢  Contains a miniature plant
¢  Seed Dormancy
—  Very low metabolic rate
—  Not growing and developing
—  Ensures that germination will occur at a time and
place most advantageous to the seedling
¢  Germination
—  Resumption of growth and development

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SEED GERMINATION
¢  Imbibition

¢  Seed coat expand and ruptures

¢  Activation of digestive enzymes
¢  Mobilization of nutrients

¢  Radicle-first structure to emerge

Types:
¢  Epigeal

¢  Hypogeal

FRUIT
¢  Mature ovary
¢  As seed develops after
fertilization, the ovary
wall thickens
¢  Protects the enclosed
seed
¢  Other floral parts
wither
¢  Variation in fruits
—  Aid in their dispersal

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FROM OVARY TO FRUIT

¢ A fruit
—  Develops from the ovary
—  Protects the enclosed seeds
—  Aids in the dispersal of seeds by wind or
animals

¢  Fruits are classified into several types

—  Depending on their developmental origin FRUIT TYPES
Based on Developmental Origin
¢  Simple- single ovary
Carpels

Stamen
Ovary
Flower
¢  Aggregate- single flower with several unfused carpels
Stigma
¢  Multiple - inflorescence
Stamen

Ovule
Pineapple inflorescence
Based on Texture of the Pericarp
Pea flower Raspberry flower

Carpel
¢  Dry
Each
(fruitlet) Stigma segment —  Indehiscent
Seed
Ovary
develops
from the —  Dehiscent
carpel of
Stamen
one flower

Pea fruit
(a) Simple fruit. A simple fruit
develops from a single carpel (or
several fused carpels) of one flower
(examples: pea, lemon, peanut).
¢  Fleshy
Raspberry fruit Pineapple fruit —  Pericarp has visible layers
(b) Aggregate fruit. An aggregate fruit (c) Multiple fruit. A multiple fruit ¢  Exocarp
develops from many separate develops from many carpels
carpels of one flower (examples: of many flowers (examples: ¢  Mesocarp
raspberry, blackberry, strawberry). pineapple, fig). ¢  Endocarp
Figure 38.9a–c

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FLESHY FRUIT PERICARP

Fleshy Fruit Pericarp

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A. SIMPLE FRUIT SIMPLE FLESHY FRUIT

¢  Simple fruits can be either fleshy or dry when mature
¢  1. Berry – entire pericarp is soft and
fleshy at maturity.
¢  For example, grapes, tomato, etc.

¢  2.Hesperidium - is a berry ¢  3.Pepo – is a berry

with tough, leathery rind (peel) containing oils with tough, leathery rind (peel) not containing oils
¢  Rutaceae: oranges, lemons, ¢  Cucurbitaceae: pumpkin, melons, cucumbers

other citrus

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SIMPLE FLESHY FRUIT: DRUPE SIMPLE FLESHY FRUIT: POME

¢  4. Drupe – outer part of fruit wall is fleshy or ¢  5. Pomes: most of the fleshy part of pomes develops
fibrous, inner part is hard and stony from the enlarged base of the perianth (corolla and
¢  Fleshy drupe – mango calyx) that has fused with the ovary wall
¢  Fibrous drupe - coconut ¢  Rosaceae

SIMPLE DRY FRUIT: DEHISCENT

SIMPLE DRY FRUIT: LEGUMES
¢  Dehiscentfruits open at maturity include: ¢  Legumes are dry at maturity and split open along
¢  Capsule –splits open along several sutures 2 sutures
¢  Example: Cotton ¢  Examples: Leguminosae/Fabaceae

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SIMPLE DRY FRUITS: FOLLICLE SIMPLE DRY FRUIT: SILIQUE

¢  Follicle:a simple dry fruit that opens along one ¢  Silique:dry fruit that splits open along two
suture to release the seeds; sutures leaving a persistent wall
¢  Example: milkweed ¢  Example: cabbage

SIMPLE DRY FRUITS: INDEHISCENT

SIMPLE DRY FRUIT: INDEHISCENT
¢  Indehiscent dry fruits do NOT open at maturity
¢  Achene: single seeded fruit whose seed is
¢  Caryopsis/Grain: seed coat is fused
attached only at one point of the pericarp
to the ovary wall (rice, corn wheat)
¢  Example: strawberry

¢  Cypsela: also like achene

¢  Nuts:single-ovary wall and
seed coat remain separate, ¢  Example: dandelion
ovary wall is very hard
(acorns)

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SIMPLE DRY FRUIT: INDEHISCENT SIMPLE DRY FRUIT: SCHIZOCARP

¢  Samara: fruits with wings, ¢  Schizocarp: dry fruit that splits open and exposes
¢  Example: maple, one-seeded indehiscent segments
¢  Example: castor oil, dill

AGGREGATE C. MULTIPLE FRUIT

¢  develops from ovaries of several flowers borne/fused
¢  develops from one flower with many separate pistils/
carpels, all ripening simultaneously together on the same stalk
¢  Bromeliaceae
¢  Examples: strawberry, raspberries, blackberries

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FRUIT AND SEED DISPERSAL DISPERSAL OF FRUITS AND SEEDS

¢  Anemochory: Dispersal by wind.
¢  Autochory: Dispersal by physical expulsion,
often explosively.
¢  Endozoochory: Dispersal through animal
ingestion and excretion. 
¢  Epizoochory: Dispersal by attachment to fur or
feathers.
¢  Hydrochory: Dispersal by water.

¢  Myrmecochory: Dispersal by ants.

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