Mech Chapter 06

Engineering Mechanics:
Statics in SI Units, 12e
6 Structural Analysis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter Outline
1. Simple Trusses 簡單桁架

2. The Method of Joints 接點法
3. Zero-Force Members 零力構件
4. The Method of Sections 截面法
5. Space Trusses 空間桁架
6. Frames and Machines 構架及機器

6.1 Simple Trusses 簡單桁架
• A truss (桁架) composed of slender members (構件)

joined together at their end points
• 桁架是由細長構件在端點連接而組成的結構
縱樑
底樑

6.1 Simple Trusses 簡單桁架
Planar Trusses 平面桁架

• Planar trusses used to support roofs and bridges
• Roof load is transmitted to the truss at joints by means
of a series of purlins (平行桁條)
縱樑
底樑

6.1 Simple Trusses
Planar Trusses
• The analysis of the forces developed in the truss
members is 2D
• Similar to roof truss, the bridge truss loading is also
coplanar

6.1 Simple Trusses
Assumptions for Design 設計上的假設

1. “All loadings are applied at the joint”
所有的負載都施加在接點上
- Weight of the members neglected
2. “The members are joined together by smooth pins”
構件以光滑的銷連接
- Assume connections provided the center lines of the
joining members are concurrent
Gusset plate
角板
6.1 Simple Trusses
Simple Truss 簡單桁架

• Form of a truss must be rigid to prevent collapse
• The simplest form that is rigid or stable is a triangle
(三角形桁架)

Chapter Outline


6.2 The Method of Joints 接點法
• For truss, we need to know the force in each members

• Forces in the members are internal forces (內力)
• For external force members, equations of equilibrium
can be applied
• Force system acting at each joint is coplanar and
concurrent
• ∑Fx = 0 and ∑Fy = 0 must be satisfied for equilibrium

Example (6-2)
Determine the force in each member of the truss and

indicate whether the members are in tension or
compression.

Solution
• 2 unknown member forces at joint B

• 2 unknown member forces and 1 unknown reaction
force at joint C
• 2 unknown member forces and 2 unknown reaction
forces at point A
FBC

Solution
For Joint B,
   Fx  0;
500 N  FBC sin 45 N  0
 FBC  707.1N (C )
   Fy  0;
FBC cos 45 N  FBA  0
 FBA  500 N (T )

Solution
For Joint C,
   Fx  0;
 FCA  707.1 cos 45 N  0
 FCA  500 N (T )
FBC
   Fy  0;
C y  707.1sin 45 N  0
 C y  500 N

Solution
For Joint A,
   Fx  0;
500 N  Ax  0
 Ax  500 N
   Fy  0;
500 N  Ay  0
 Ay  500 N
Solution
• FBD of each pin shows the effect of all the connected

members and external forces applied to the pin
• FBD of each member shows only the effect of the end
pins on the member

Test
• Determine the force in each member of the truss.

• State if the members are in tension or compression.

Chapter Outline



6.3 Zero-Force Members 零力構件
• Zero-force members is supports with no loading

• 沒有承受負載的構件稱為零力構件
• Method of joints is simplified using zero-force

members
• 先確認零力構件可以簡化接點法的分析過程

6.3 Zero-Force Members
接點A
接點D

只有兩個構件構成一個
接點，而且沒有其他外
力或支撐反力作用在接
點上，則此兩構件必為
零力構件。

接點D
接點C

若三個構件連接在一個
接點上，接點沒有其他
外力或支撐反力作用，
而且其中兩構件共線，
則第三個構件必為零力
構件。

Example (6-3)
Using the method of joints, determine all the zero-force

members of truss.

Solution
For Joint G,
   Fy  0  FGC  0
GC is a zero-force member.

Solution
For Joint D,
 Fx  0  FDF  0

Solution
For Joint F,
   Fy  0
 FFC cos   0
  90 , FFC  0


Solution
For Joint B,
   Fx  0
 2kN  FBH  0
FBH  2kN

Solution
For Joint H,
FHC satisfy ∑Fy = 0 and

HC is not a zero-force member.
FBH

Test
Identify the zero-force members in the truss.

Chapter Outline



6.4 The Method of Sections 截面法
• Find the force in only a few members in the truss.

• If a body is in equilibrium, any part of the body is in
equilibrium
• To find forces within members, an imaginary section is
used to cut each member into 2 and expose each
internal force as external

6.4 The Method of Sections
• Consider the truss and section a-a as shown

• Member forces are equal and opposite to those acting
on the other part – Newton’s Law

Example (6-4)
Determine the force in members GE, GC, and BC of the

truss. Indicate whether the members are in tension or
compression.

Solution
• Choose section a-a
5 unknowns
Ax
-- 2 reaction F
-- 3 member F
Ay
Solution
   Fx  0; 400 N  Ax  0  Ax  400 N
 M A  0;  1200 N (8m)  400 N (3m)  D y (12m)  0
 D y  900 N
   Fy  0; Ay  1200 N  900 N  0  Ay  300 N

Solution
 M G  0;  300 N (4m)  400 N (3m)  FBC (3m)  0

 FBC  800 N (T )
 M C  0;  300 N (8m)  FGE (3m)  0  FGE  800 N (C )
3
   Fy  0; 300 N  FGC  0  FGC  500 N (T )
5
Test
• Determine the force in members BC, CF, and FE. State

if the members are in tension or compression.

Chapter Outline


6.5 Space Trusses 空間桁架
• Consists of members joined together at their ends to

form 3D structure
• The simplest space truss is a tetrahedron (四面體)
• Additional members would be redundant (多餘的) in
supporting force P

6.5 Space Trusses
Assumptions for Design （主要假設）
• Members of a space truss is treated as 2 force

members provided the external loading is at the joints
• When weight of the member is considered, apply it as

a vertical force, half of its magnitude applied at each
end of the member

6.5 Space Trusses
Method of Joints (接點法)
• Solve ∑Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0, ∑Fz = 0 at each joint

6.5 Space Trusses
Method of Sections (截面法)
• When imaginary section is passes through a truss it

must satisfied
∑Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0, ∑Fz = 0

∑Mx = 0, ∑My = 0, ∑Mz = 0

Example (6-5)
Determine the forces acting in the members of the space

truss. Indicate whether the members are in tension or
compression.

Solution
For Joint A,
 
P  {4 j }kN
 
FAB  FAB j
 
FAC   FAC k

  rAE 
FAE  FAE  
 rAE 
  
 FAE (0.577i  0.577 j  0.577 k )

Solution
For Joint A,

 F  0;
   
P  FAB  FAC  FAE  0
     
 4 j  FAB j  FAC k  0.577 FAE i  0.577 FAE j  0.577 FAE k  0
FAE  0
FAC  0
FAB  4kN (T )

Solution
For Joint B,
 Fx  0;  RB cos 45  0.707 FBE  0
 Fy  0;  4  RB sin 45  0
 Fz  0; 2  FBD  0.707 FBE  0
RB  FBE  5.66kN (T )
FBD  2kN (C )
To show,
FDE  FDC  FCE  0
Chapter Outline


Test for section 6.6
• The compound beam is pin connected at B.

• Determine the components of reaction at its
supports.
• Neglect its weight and thickness.

6.6 Frames and Machines 構架及機器
• Composed of pin-connected multi-force members

利用銷接的多力構件之組合
• Apply equations of equilibrium to each member to
determine the unknown forces

Example (6-6) to draw FBD
For the frame, draw the free-body diagram of (a) each

member, (b) the pin at B and (c) the two members
connected together.
pin-connected

Solution
(a) each member

• BA and BC are not two-force members
• AB is subjected to the resultant forces from the pins at
A and B

Solution
(b) at pin B
• Pin at B is subjected to two forces, force of the
member BC and AB on the pin
• For equilibrium, forces and respective components
must be equal but opposite
• Bx and By shown equal and opposite on members AB

Solution
(c) the two members connected together

• Bx and By are not shown as they form equal but
opposite internal forces
• Unknown force at A and C must act in the same sense
• Couple moment M is used to find reactions at A and C

Example (6-6)
• The compound beam is pin connected at B. Determine

the components of reaction at its supports. Neglect
its weight and thickness.

Solution
• The FBD of the entire beam ABC

• 3 unknown reactions at A and 1 at C
• 4 unknowns cannot all be obtained from 3 available
equations of equilibrium

Solution
segment BC
   Fx  0; Bx  0
 M B  0;  8kN (1m)  C y (2m)  0
   Fy  0; B y  8kN  C y  0
Bx  0, B y  4kN , C y  4kN
Solution
segment AB
3
   Fx  0; Ax  (10kN )( )  Bx  0
5
4
 M A  0; M A - (10kN )( )( 2m)  B y (4m)  0
5
4
   Fy  0; Ay  (10kN )( )  B y  0
5
Ax  6kN , Ay  12kN , M A  32kN  m

Example (6-6)
• A 500-kg elevator is being

hoisted by motor A using the
pulley system shown.
• If the car is travelling with a

constant speed, determine
the force developed in the
two cables.
• Neglect the mass of the cable

and pulleys.

FBD of the example
T2  2T1
3T1  2T2  500(9.81) N  0
T1  700.7 N
T2  1401N

Test
• Determine the tension in the cables

and also the force P required to
support the 600-N force using the
frictionless pulley system, and the
tension (T) on the link (BC).

FBD of the test
3P  600 N  0 P  200 N
T  2P  0 T  400 N
R  2P  T  0 R  800 N

The END OF CHAPTER 6

Mech Chapter 06

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Engineering Mechanics:

Statics in SI Units, 12e

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1. Simple Trusses 簡單桁架

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• A truss (桁架) composed of slender members (構件)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Planar Trusses 平面桁架

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Assumptions for Design 設計上的假設

Simple Truss 簡單桁架

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1. Simple Trusses 簡單桁架

2. The Method of Joints 接點法

3. Zero-Force Members 零力構件

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• For truss, we need to know the force in each members

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Determine the force in each member of the truss and

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• 2 unknown member forces at joint B

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• FBD of each pin shows the effect of all the connected

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Determine the force in each member of the truss.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1. Simple Trusses 簡單桁架

3. Zero-Force Members 零力構件

4. The Method of Sections 截面法

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Zero-force members is supports with no loading

• Method of joints is simplified using zero-force

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Using the method of joints, determine all the zero-force

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

FHC satisfy ∑Fy = 0 and

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Identify the zero-force members in the truss.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1. Simple Trusses 簡單桁架

4. The Method of Sections 截面法

5. Space Trusses 空間桁架

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Find the force in only a few members in the truss.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Consider the truss and section a-a as shown

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Determine the force in members GE, GC, and BC of the

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Choose section a-a

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 M G  0;  300 N (4m)  400 N (3m)  FBC (3m)  0

• Determine the force in members BC, CF, and FE. State