1 2 Adiabatic process Q12=0 ; V2=3*V1

2 3 Isothermal process V3=V1 ; T2=T3

3 1 Constant volume heating V3=V1

Ma
Exercise 2.1

Compression

GAS
GAS

reservoir reservoir

m= 1 kg; R=287 J/kgK; T1=T2= 127 °C= 400 K= const (isothermal process)

p1= 1 bar; p2= 10 bar

∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠 =? ∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠 =? 𝜎 =?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(a) Internally and externally reversible process Tres= 127 °C= 400 K

Internally reversible process + closed system

2
𝑊12 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉
1
𝑝1 𝑉1
Ideal gas 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 T=const 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2 𝑝=
𝑉

2 2
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑉2 𝑝1
𝑊12 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 ∫ = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1 ∫ = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1 ∙ ln = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1 ∙ ln = −264.34 𝑘𝐽
1 𝑉 1 𝑉 𝑉1 𝑝2

𝑄12 − 𝑊12 = Δ𝑈12

∆𝑈12 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 0; 𝑄12 = 𝑊12 = −264.34 𝑘𝐽

𝜎 = ∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = ∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠

By using the 2nd Gibbs equation:

=0
𝑇2 𝑝2
∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑚 ∙ (𝑐𝑝 ln − 𝑅 ln ) = −660.85 𝐽/𝐾
𝑇1 𝑝1

For the reservoir:

2 2
𝛿𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑠 1 𝑄12
∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠 = ∫ = ∫ 𝛿𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑠 = − = +660.85 𝐽/𝐾
1 𝑇 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑠 1 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑠
Because the heat exchanged is the same for the system and the reservoir but with an opposite
sign!
 𝜎 = ∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠 = −660.85 + 660.85 = 0 𝑘𝐽

The process is at the same time internally and externally reversible.

(b) Internally reversible process T’res= 27 °C= 300 K

𝜎′ = ∆𝑆′𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = ∆𝑆′𝑔𝑎𝑠 + ∆𝑆′𝑟𝑒𝑠

∆𝑆′𝑔𝑎𝑠 = ∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠 = −660.85 𝐽/𝐾; S is a state function!

From the point of view of the system nothing is changed.

𝑊′12 = 𝑊12 = 𝑄′12 = 𝑄12 − 264.34 𝑘𝐽

For the reservoir:

𝑄 ′12
∆𝑆′𝑟𝑒𝑠 = − = +881.13 𝐽/𝐾
𝑇′𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝜎 ′ = ∆𝑆 ′𝑔𝑎𝑠 + ∆𝑆 ′ 𝑟𝑒𝑠 = −660.85 + 881.13 = 220.28 𝑘𝐽 > 0 Externally irreversible process

(c) Internally and externally irreversible process T’’res= 27 °C= 300 K

𝑊′′12 = 𝑊12 + 0.2 ∙ 𝑊12 = −317.21 𝑘𝐽

𝑊′′12 = 𝑄′′12 = −317.21 𝑘𝐽

∆𝑆′′𝑔𝑎𝑠 = ∆𝑆′𝑔𝑎𝑠 = ∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠 = −660.85 𝐽/𝐾; S is a state function!

𝑄 ′ ′12
∆𝑆′′𝑟𝑒𝑠 = − ′′ = +1057.37 𝐽/𝐾
𝑇 𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝜎 ′ ′ = ∆𝑆 ′ ′𝑔𝑎𝑠 + ∆𝑆 ′ ′𝑟𝑒𝑠 = −660.85 + 1057.37 = 396.52 𝑘𝐽 > 𝜎 ′ ′

The process is at the same time internally and externally irreversible

Exercise 2.2

𝑇𝐴 = 400 °𝐶 = 673 𝐾 𝑇𝐵 = 120 °𝐶 = 393 𝐾

|𝑄 | = 100 𝑘𝐽

𝜎 =?
________________________________________________________________________

𝜎 = ∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = ∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠,𝐴 + ∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠,𝐵

TA |𝑄 |
∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠,𝐴 = − = −148.6 𝐽/𝐾
𝑇𝐴
|𝑄 |
Q ∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠,𝐵 = + = +254.4 𝐽/𝐾
𝑇𝐵

TB 𝐽
𝜎 = 105.8
>0
𝐾
The irreversibility is due to the heat transfer with a difference in
temperature between the two reservoirs.

Exercise 2.3

𝐶 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑐 = 500𝐽/𝐾
𝑇𝐴,𝑖 = 𝑇𝐵,𝑖 = 500 𝐾 𝑇𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑏𝑤 = 100 °𝐶 = 373 𝐾
𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑎 = 290 𝐾

∆𝑆𝐴 =? ∆𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑎,𝐴 =? 𝜎𝐴 =?

∆𝑆𝐵 =? ∆𝑆𝑏𝑤 =? ∆𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑎,𝐵 =? 𝜎𝐵 =?

________________________________________________________________________

Observations:
1) The metallic objects are incompressible and so cv=cp=c
2) The process is a constant pressure process and so p=const and dp=0

OBJECT A
To evaluate the change in entropy for the system we can use the 2nd Gibbs equation:
𝑑𝐻 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝐻 − 𝑉𝑑𝑝; but dp=0 𝑑𝑆 = = 𝑚𝑐 =𝐶
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇

𝜎𝐴 = ∆𝑆𝐴 + ∆𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑎
𝑇𝐴,𝑓 =𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑎
𝑑𝑇 𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑎
∆𝑆𝐴 = ∫ 𝐶
= 𝐶 ln = −272.4 𝐽/𝐾
𝑇𝐴,𝑖 𝑇 𝑇𝐴,𝑖
The sea can be considered as a thermal reservoir and so:
 𝑄 𝐶 ∙ (𝑇𝐴,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑎 )
∆𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑎 = = = 362.1 𝐽/𝐾
𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑎
𝜎𝐴 = ∆𝑆𝐴 + ∆𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑎 = −272.4 + 362.1 = 89.7 𝐽/𝐾

OBJECT A

𝜎𝐵 = ∆𝑆𝐵 + ∆𝑆𝑏𝑤 + ∆𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑎

𝑇𝑏𝑤 𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑎
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑎
∆𝑆𝐵 = ∫ 𝐶 +∫ 𝐶 =∫ 𝐶 = 𝐶 ln = −272.4 𝐽/𝐾
𝑇𝐵,𝑖 𝑇 𝑇𝑏𝑤 𝑇 𝑇𝐵,𝑖 𝑇 𝑇𝐵,𝑖

𝑄′ 𝐶 ∙ (𝑇𝐵,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑏𝑤 )
∆𝑆𝑏𝑤 = = = 170.2 𝐽/𝐾
𝑇𝑏𝑤 𝑇𝑏𝑤

𝑄′′ 𝐶 ∙ (𝑇𝑏𝑤 − 𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑎 )

∆𝑆𝑠𝑒𝑎 = = = 143.1 𝐽/𝐾
𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑎

𝜎𝐵 = −272.4 + 170.2 + 143.1 = 40.9 𝐽/𝐾

Exercise 2.4
Closed system, ideal gas adiabatic process 𝑄 = 0
R=2071 J/kgK, cv=3150 J/kgK
W 0;
STATE “A” pA= 7 bar VA= 0.085 m3
STATE “B” pB= 1 bar VB= 0.28 m3

Process direction?; W=?

________________________________________________________________________
We can suppose the process from A to B

p A 𝑄𝐴𝐵 − 𝑊𝐴𝐵 = Δ𝑈𝐴𝐵 = 𝑈𝐵 − 𝑈𝐴

𝑄𝐴𝐵 = 0

B 𝑊𝐴𝐵 = 𝑈𝐴 − 𝑈𝐵 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ∙ (𝑇𝐴 − 𝑇𝐵 )

v
m=?; TA=?; TB=?

Ideal gas pV=mRT;

𝑝𝐴 𝑉𝐴 𝑝𝐵 𝑉𝐵
𝑚𝑇𝐴 = = 28.73 𝑘𝑔 𝐾 𝑚𝑇𝐵 = = 13.52 𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑅 𝑅

𝑊𝐴𝐵 = 𝑐𝑣 ∙ (𝑚𝑇𝐴 − 𝑚𝑇𝐵 ) = 47.91 𝐽

If the process goes from A to B
=0
𝐵
𝛿𝑄
𝜎𝐴→𝐵 = ∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠,𝐴→𝐵 − ∫ ≥0
𝐴 𝑇
𝜎𝐴→𝐵 = ∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠,𝐴→𝐵 = 𝑚 ∙ (𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝐴 ) ≥ 0

𝜎𝐴→𝐵 𝑇𝐵 𝑉𝐵 𝑚𝑇𝐵 𝑉𝐵
= (𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝐴 ) = 𝑐𝑣 ln + 𝑅 ln = 𝑐𝑣 ln + 𝑅 ln = 94.5 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 > 0
𝑚 𝑇𝐴 𝑉𝐴 𝑚𝑇𝐴 𝑉𝐴
The process A B is irreversible >0

If we suppose a process from B to A we’ll obtain WBA=-47.91 kJ, but <0 that is not possible!

Exercise 2.5
Reversible power cycle
T1= 660 K T2= 300 K
̇
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 10 𝑀𝑊;
𝑄̇1 =? ; 𝑄̇2 =?
________________________________________________________________________

Reversible 𝜎 =̇ 0
For the 2nd law: =0
𝑄̇
T1 ̇
𝜎̇ = ∆𝑆𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 − ∑𝑖 𝑇 𝑖
𝑖
=0
𝑄1̇ 𝑄̇ 𝑖 𝑄1̇ |𝑄2̇ |
∑ =0 ; − =0 [1]
𝑖 𝑇𝑖 𝑇1 𝑇2

S For the 1st law:

𝑊̇ =0
𝑄2̇ 𝑄1̇ − |𝑄2̇ | − 𝑊̇ = Δ𝑈𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 0 [2]

Solving together the equations [1] and [2]

T2
𝑄1̇ = 18.3 𝑀𝑊 ; 𝑄2̇ = −8.3 𝑀𝑊
Exercise 2.6
mA= 2 kg TA1= 90 °C = 363 K
mB= 3 kg TB1= 10 °C = 283 K
for water c=4186 J/kgK
adiabatic process Q=0
p=const
________________________________________________________________________

Using the 1st law of thermodynamics by considering there isn’t any energy transfer by work we
have:
=0
𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐 ∙ ∆𝑇
=0

0 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑐 ∙ (𝑇𝐴2 − 𝑇𝐴1 ) + 𝑚𝐵 𝑐 ∙ (𝑇𝐵2 − 𝑇𝐵1 )

For water c=4186 J/kgK and TA2= TB2= T2

0 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑐 ∙ (𝑇2 − 𝑇𝐴1 ) + 𝑚𝐵 𝑐 ∙ (𝑇2 − 𝑇𝐵1 )

𝑚𝐴 𝑇𝐴1 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑇𝐵1
𝑇2 = = 315 𝐾
𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵

𝜎 = ∆𝑆𝐴 + ∆𝑆𝐵
𝑑𝑇
By using the 1st Gibbs equation for an incompressible substance we have: 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐 𝑇

𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝜎 = ∆𝑆𝐴 + ∆𝑆𝐵 = ∫𝑇 2 𝑚𝑐 + ∫𝑇 2 𝑚𝑐 = -1186.8+1344.6=157 J/K
𝐴1 𝑇 𝐵1 𝑇

Exercise 2.7
𝐼
∆𝑈12,𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 = 30 𝑘𝐽
𝐼
𝑄12,𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 = 100 kJ TH= 1000 K
𝐼 𝑅
∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = ∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠 = +0.01 𝑘𝐽/𝐾
________________________________________________________________________
p 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
𝑄12,𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 − 𝑊12,𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 = ∆𝑈12,𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡
1 I
𝐼
𝑊12,𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 = 70 𝑘𝐽
R 2
v
𝐼 𝑅
𝐼 𝑅
𝑄12,𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑄21,𝑟𝑒𝑠
∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = ∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠 = + = 0.01
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐻
 𝑅 𝐼 𝐼
𝑄21,𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 𝑇𝐻 ∙ ∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 − 𝑄12,𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 𝑇𝐻 ∙ ∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 − (−𝑄12,𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 ) = 0.01 ∙ 1000 + 100 = 110 𝑘𝐽

𝑅 𝑅
𝑄21,𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 = −𝑄21,𝑟𝑒𝑠 = −110 𝑘𝐽

So for the system: 𝑅

𝑄12,𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 𝑅
− 𝑊12,𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 𝑅
= ∆𝑈12,𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 𝐼
= −∆𝑈12,𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡

𝑅
𝑊12,𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 = −110 + 30 = 80 𝑘𝐽

Exercise 2.8
Air: ideal gas R=287 J/kgK cp=1004.5 J/kgK
Polytropic process with n=1.3 (compression) 𝑝𝑣 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑉̇ = 50 𝑚3 /ℎ
p1= 1 bar, T1=20 °C=293 K
p2= 10 bar,
𝑘𝐽
𝑄̇ = −3200 = −889 𝑊
ℎ
Kinetic and potential energy changes negligible
Tsur=20 °C=293 K
𝑊̇𝑐𝑣 =? 𝜎𝑐𝑣̇ =?
________________________________________________________________________
1
The mass flow rate is: 𝑚̇ = 𝑉̇ ∙ 𝜌 = 𝑉̇ ∙ 𝑣
Ideal gas 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇

𝑘𝑔
𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑅𝑇1 𝑣1 =0.841 m3/kg 𝑚̇ = 59.45 = 0.0165 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
ℎ

1st law of thermodynamics (steady state, ∆(𝐾𝐸 ) ≅ 0 ; ∆(𝑃𝐸 ) ≅ 0 )

𝑄̇𝑐𝑣 − 𝑊̇𝑐𝑣 = 𝑚̇ ∙ (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

𝑊̇𝑐𝑣 = 𝑄̇𝑐𝑣 − 𝑚̇ ∙ (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 𝑄̇𝑐𝑣 − 𝑚̇ ∙ 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

The process is polytropic:

𝑛−1⁄
𝑇2 𝑝2 𝑛
=( )
𝑇1 𝑝1

T2=498.5 K ; 𝑊̇𝑐𝑣 = −4.29 𝑘𝑊

𝑄 ̇ 𝑇 𝑝 −889
𝜎̇𝑐𝑣 = ∆𝑆̇ − ∑𝑖 𝑇 𝑖 𝜎̇𝑐𝑣 = 𝑚̇ (𝑐𝑝 ∙ 𝑙𝑛 𝑇2 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛 𝑝2 ) − = 0.98 𝑊/𝐾
𝑖 1 1 293
Exercise 2.9
𝑚̇1 = 1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 cp1=1500 J/kgK
T1i=130 °C=403 K T1e=60 °C=323 K
𝑚̇2 = 0.7 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 cp2=4186 J/kgK
T1e=30 °C=303 K
𝑄̇𝑐𝑣 = 0 𝑊̇𝑐𝑣 = 0

T2e=? 𝑄̇ℎ→𝑐 =? ∆𝑆1̇ =? ∆𝑆2̇ =? 𝜎̇𝑐𝑣 =?

________________________________________________________________________
C.V.

𝑚̇1 ; 𝑇1𝑖 Heat 𝑚̇1 ; 𝑇1𝑒

exchanger
𝑚̇2 ; 𝑇2𝑖 𝑚̇2 ; 𝑇2𝑒

By using the 1st law:

=0 =0
𝑄̇𝑐𝑣 − 𝑊̇𝑐𝑣 = 𝑚̇1 𝑐𝑝1 ∙ (𝑇1𝑒 − 𝑇1𝑖 ) + 𝑚̇2 𝑐𝑝2 ∙ (𝑇2𝑒 − 𝑇2𝑖 )

𝑚̇1 𝑐𝑝1 ∙ (𝑇1𝑖 − 𝑇1𝑒 )

𝑇2𝑒 = 𝑇2𝑖 + = 65.8 °𝐶
𝑚̇2 𝑐𝑝2

The rate of heat transfer within the system (from the hot to the cold fluid) is:

𝑄̇ℎ→𝑐 = 𝑚̇1 𝑐𝑝1 ∙ (𝑇1𝑖 − 𝑇1𝑒 ) = 105 𝑘𝑊

By using the 2nd Gibbs equation for a p=constant process:

𝑇1𝑒
∆𝑆1̇ = 𝑚̇1 ∙ (𝑐𝑝1 ∙ 𝑙𝑛 ) = −286 𝑊/𝐾
𝑇1𝑖

𝑇2𝑒
∆𝑆2̇ = 𝑚̇2 ∙ (𝑐𝑝2 ∙ 𝑙𝑛 ) = 328 𝑊/𝐾
𝑇2𝑖

The rate of entropy production will be:

=0
𝑄̇𝑐𝑣
𝜎̇𝑐𝑣 = ∆𝑆1̇ + ∆𝑆2̇ − = 42 𝑊/𝐾
𝑇
Exercise 2.10
Air (ideal gas) 𝑛 = 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 k=1.4
adiabatic process Q12=0
p1=1 bar T1=340 K
V2=2 V1

T2=?; W12=?; ∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠 =?

a) Reversible expansion
b) Joule expansion (gas free expansion with W12=0)
________________________________________________________________________

a) Reversible expansion
=0
=0 𝑄𝑖
𝜎 = ∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠 − ∑
𝑖 𝑇𝑖
∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 0

𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑘−1
=( ) 𝑇2 = 257.7 𝐾
𝑇1 𝑉2

Adiabatic + reversible 𝑝𝑉 𝑘 = 𝑝1 𝑉1𝑘 = 𝑝2 𝑉2𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡

2 𝑑𝑉 𝑝1 𝑉1𝑘 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑉 1−𝑘 𝑛𝑅̅ 𝑇1 𝑉 1−𝑘

𝑊12 = 𝑝1 𝑉1𝑘 ∙ ∫1 = (𝑉21−𝑘 − 𝑉11−𝑘 ) = [( 2 ) − 1] == [( 2 ) − 1]=1710.6 kJ
𝑉𝑘 1−𝑘 1−𝑘 𝑉1 1−𝑘 𝑉1

b) Joule expansion
=0 =0
𝑄12 − 𝑊12 = Δ𝑈12 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ∙ (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 0 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 = 340 𝐾
=0
𝑇2 𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑅̅ 𝑉2 𝑉2
∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑚 ∙ (𝑐𝑣 ∙ 𝑙𝑛 − 𝑅 ∙ 𝑙𝑛 ) = 𝑚𝑅 ∙ 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑛𝑅̅ ∙ 𝑙𝑛 = 5.76 𝑘𝐽/𝐾
𝑇1 𝑣1 𝑣1 𝑀𝑀 𝑉1 𝑉1
Exercise 2.11
Air (ideal gas) 𝑚 = 10 𝑘𝑔 closed system
V=constant process dV=0
p1=207 kPa T1=95 °C=368 K
p2=265 kPa
T0=Tres=700 K

T2=?; Q12=?; ∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠 =? =?

________________________________________________________________________

𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1 V1=V2=5.1 m3

𝑝2 𝑉2 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇2 T2=471 K
2
𝑊12 = ∫1 𝑝𝑑𝑉 V= const dV=0 W12=0
=0
𝑄12 − 𝑊12 = Δ𝑈12 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ∙ (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 739 𝑘𝐽

𝑇2 𝑝2
∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑚 ∙ (𝑐𝑝 ∙ 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑅 ∙ 𝑙𝑛 ) = 1770 𝐾
𝑇1 𝑝1

𝑄12
𝜎 = ∆𝑆𝑔𝑎𝑠 − = 715 𝐽/𝐾
𝑇0

Exercise 2.12
System at steady state p=const process
Part A
𝑚̇1 = 2 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 cp1=4200 J/kgK T1=20 °C=293 K
𝑚̇2 = 1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 cp2=4200 J/kgK T2=50 °C=323 K
T0=Tres=20 °C=293 K; T3=25 °C=298 K

Part B
Adiabatic process
𝑇3′ =? 𝜎̇𝑐𝑣 =?
________________________________________________________________________
C.V.
𝑚̇1 ; 𝑇1
Heat 𝑚̇3 ; 𝑇3
exchanger 𝑚̇3 = 𝑚̇1 + 𝑚̇2
𝑚̇2 ; 𝑇2

Part A
=0
𝑄̇𝑐𝑣 − 𝑊̇𝑐𝑣 = 𝑚̇Δℎ = 𝑚̇3 ℎ3 − 𝑚̇1 ℎ1 − 𝑚̇2 ℎ2 = 𝑚̇1 𝑐𝑝1 ∙ (𝑇3 − 𝑇1 ) + 𝑚̇2 𝑐𝑝2 ∙ (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) = −63 𝑘𝑊
 =0 =0
𝑄̇𝑐𝑣 𝑇 𝑝 𝑇 𝑝 𝑄̇𝑐𝑣
𝜎̇𝑐𝑣 = ∆𝑆1̇ + ∆𝑆2̇ − 𝑇0
= 𝑚̇1 ∙ (𝑐𝑝1 ∙ 𝑙𝑛 𝑇3 + 𝑅 ∙ 𝑙𝑛 𝑝3 ) + 𝑚̇2 ∙ (𝑐𝑝2 ∙ 𝑙𝑛 𝑇3 + 𝑅 ∙ 𝑙𝑛 𝑝3 ) − 𝑇0
=18.8W/K
1 1 2 2

Part B
Adiabatic process 𝑄̇𝑐𝑣
′
=0
=0 =0

𝑄̇𝑐𝑣
′
− 𝑊̇𝑐𝑣′ = 𝑚̇1 𝑐𝑝1 ∙ (𝑇3′ − 𝑇1 ) + 𝑚̇2 𝑐𝑝2 ∙ (𝑇3′ − 𝑇2 )

𝑇3′ = 30 °𝐶

=0
𝑄̇𝑐𝑣 𝑇3′ 𝑇3′
𝜎̇𝑐′𝑣 = ∆𝑆1̇ ′ + ∆𝑆2̇ ′ − = 𝑚̇1 ∙ 𝑐𝑝1 ∙ 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑚̇2 ∙ 𝑐𝑝2 ∙ 𝑙𝑛
𝑇0 𝑇1 𝑇2

𝜎̇𝑐′𝑣 = 13.4 𝑊/𝐾

Exercise 2.13
Air (ideal gas) Reversible process: =0
m=2.5 kg; cv=714 J/kgK; T1=20 °C=293 K
Q12=150 kJ
s12=150 J/kgK

W12=?
________________________________________________________________________

T
T2 2

T
1
T1

s
s1 s s2

𝛿𝑄 2
From the 2nd law, reversible process 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑄12 = ∫1 𝑇𝑑𝑆
𝑇

𝑇2 − 𝑇 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
= 𝑇 = 𝑇2 − ∙ (𝑠2 − 𝑠)
𝑠2 − 𝑠 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 𝑠2 − 𝑠1

But Q12, for a reversible process in a (T,s) diagram, is the area below the process line

𝑇2 + 𝑇1
𝑄12 = 𝑚 ∙ [ ∙ (𝑠2 − 𝑠1 )]
2
 𝑄12 𝑄12
𝑇2 = 2 ∙ − 𝑇1 = 2 ∙ − 𝑇1 = 507 𝐾
𝑚 ∙ (𝑠2 − 𝑠1 ) 𝑚 ∙ ∆𝑠12

𝑄12 − 𝑊12 = ∆𝑈12 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 ∙ (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 382 𝑘𝐽

𝑊12 = −232 𝑘𝐽

Exercise 2.14
Reversible power cycle cycle=0
T1=400 K; T2=300 K; T3=200 K;
Q1=1200 kJ; Wnet= Wcycle=120 kJ

Q2=?; Q3=?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
=0
T1 1st law:
𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 − 𝑊𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = ∆𝑈𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 0
Q1

Wnet 2nd law:

S
=0
Q2 Q3 𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3
𝜎𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 0 = ∆𝑆𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 − − −
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3
T2 T3

Q2=-1440 kJ Q3=360 kJ
Exercise 2.15
Reversible power cycle cycle=0
TH= T2= T3=250 °C=523 K; TC= T1=T4=50 °C=323 K;
p1=1 bar; Qin/m=100 kJ/kg
R=286 J/kgK k=1.4

v1=?; p2=?; v2=?; p3=?; v3=?; p4=?; v4=?; =?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
p 2
Qin
𝑅𝑇1
3
𝑣1 = = 0.927 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
T=TH 𝑝1

Process 1 2 (adiabatic+ internally rev)

𝑇2 𝑣 𝑘−1
1 = ( 1) 𝑣2 = 0.278 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑇1 𝑣2
Qout T=TC
4
v 𝑅𝑇2
𝑝2 = = 5.4 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑣2

Process 2 3 (isothermal p2v2=p3v3 )

𝑄23 𝑊23 ∆𝑈23

− = = 𝑐𝑣 ∙ (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) = 0
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑄23 𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑊23
= = = 100 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑊23 3 3 𝑑𝑣 𝑣
= ∫2 𝑝𝑑𝑣 = 𝑝2 𝑣2 ∫2 = 𝑝2 𝑣2 𝑙𝑛 𝑣3 v3=0.541 m3/kg
𝑚 𝑣 2

𝑅𝑇3
𝑝3 = = 2.77 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑣3

Process 3 4 (adiabatic+ internal rev)

𝑇4 𝑣 𝑘−1 𝑅𝑇4
= (𝑣4 ) 𝑣4 = 1.8 𝑚3 /𝑘 𝑝4 = = 0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇3 3 4

Process 4 1 (isothermal p1v1=p4v4 )

𝑄41 𝑊41 ∆𝑈41

− = = 𝑐𝑣 ∙ (𝑇1 − 𝑇4 ) = 0
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
1 1
𝑄41 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑊41 𝑑𝑣 𝑣1
= = = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑣 = 𝑝4 𝑣4 ∫ = 𝑝4 𝑣4 𝑙𝑛 = −597 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 4 4 𝑣 𝑣4
 𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑚 + 𝑚
𝜂= = 0.4
𝑄𝑖𝑛
𝑚

By considering this cycle is fully reversible the thermal efficiency can be also calculated as:

𝑇𝐶
𝜂 =1− = 0.4
𝑇𝐻