Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Tutorial 1 Problems

Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Tutorial 1
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1. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:
CLOSED AND OPEN SYSTEMS
EXERCISE 1.1 Referring to the figure, a closed system undergoes a

process from the state A to the state B passing through the
path ACB. During this process there is an 80 kJ heat
transfer from the surroundings to the system and the work
done by the system is 30 kJ.
p
a) What is the heat absorbed by the system along the
C B path ADB if the work done by the system is 10 kJ?
b) When the system undergoes a process from the state
B to the state A along the curvilinear path, the system
receives a work of magnitude 20 kJ. What is the
A magnitude of the heat exchanged between the system
D
V and the surroundings?
c) Determine the amount of heat absorbed by the system
along the path AD and DB knowing that UA=0 and
UD=40 kJ
[QADB= 60 kJ; QBA= -70 kJ; QAD= 50 kJ; QDB= 10 kJ]
EXERCISE 1.2
In an isothermal process 8 kg of helium (ideal gas) pass through a volumetric compressor.
During the process the specific volume of the gas varies from vA= 35 m³/kg to vB= 20 m³/kg
while the temperature is constant and equal to 300 K. Determine the heat and the work
exchanged with the surroundings neglecting variations in kinetic and potential energy and
considering a quasi-static process.
[QAB= W AB= -2.79 MJ ]
EXERCISE 1.3
A closed system (3 dm³) contains a mass m=30 g of nitrogen (ideal gas with k=1.399 and
R=296.77 J/kgK) at -50 °C. The nitrogen undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of
three processes:
Process 1-2: Adiabatic expansion with V2 = 3V1
Process 2-3: Isothermal compression with V3=V1
Process 3-1: Constant volume heating
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy draw the three processes in a (p,V)
plane and determine:
1) the heat transfer and work in each process
2) the thermal efficiency of the cycle
[Q12= 0 J; W 12= 1765 J; Q23= W 23= -1405.5 J; Q31= 1765 J; W 31= 0 J; =0.2]
EXERCISE 1.4
A liquid mass flow rate equal to 4 kg/s enters a system at 5 bar and with a specific
enthalpy equal to 168 kJ/kg and exits at 1 bar and with a specific enthalpy equal to
176 kJ/kg. The elevation of inlet and outlet is the same while the flow speed varies from
90 m/s at the inlet to 15 m/s at the outlet. The heat transfer rate from the surroundings to
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the system is equal to 27 kW. Assuming the system is at steady state determine the
developed mechanical power.
[W 10.75 kW ]
EXERCISE 1.5
A turbine, operating at steady state, accepts superheated vapor at 50 bar and 500 °C and
rejects it as saturated vapor at 5 bar. Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy,
and by supposing an adiabatic process, determine the work per unit mass.
[W 685.3 kJ kg ]
EXERCISE 1.6
A mass of 0.01 kg of steam at a quality of 0.9 is

contained in the cylinder shown in the figure.
The spring just touches the top of the piston. Heat is
added until the spring is compressed up to 15.7 cm.
Calculate the final temperature.
[T2= 1057 °C]
STEAM TABLES (1-10 BAR)
(Remember: the specific volume value must be divided by 103)
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EXERCISE 1.7
A closed system undergoes a quasi static process during which the pressure and the
volume are related by pV=constant. During the process the pressure increases from an
initial value of 10 bar to a final value of 40 bar and the internal energy increases by 12 kJ.
Determine the heat transfer knowing that in the initial state the volume is 0.1 m³.
[Q12=-128 kJ]
EXERCISE 1.8
A piston-cylinder assembly contains a substance initially at 1 MPa. The system undergoes
an adiabatic quasi static process during which the substance expands until a final pressure
of 200 kPa, following a transformation that on the p-V plane is a straight line. Knowing that
initially the volume is 1 m³ and in the final state is equal to 3 m³, determine the internal
energy change.
[ U12=-1200 kJ]
EXERCISE 1.9
An adiabatic tank contains 40 kg of water at 30 °C. A mechanical power equal to 300 kW
is given from the surroundings to the system by a stirrer. Neglecting the tank and stirrer
heat capacities, determine the time needed to increase the system temperature up to
36 °C.
[t=3.35 s]
EXERCISE 1.10
An ideal gas contained in a closed system undergoes a constant pressure (p=5 bar)
process during which 25 kJ of heat are transferred from the system to the surroundings.
During the process the system volume changes from the initial value of 5 m³ to the final
value of 2 m³. Determine the gas internal energy change.
[ U12=1475 kJ]
EXERCISE 1.11
An ideal gas is contained in an adiabatic cylinder. At the initial state the gas internal
energy is 2000 J. The system expands and reaches a final internal energy of 1700 J.
Evaluate the energy exchanged by work during the process.
It is known that during the process the pressure and the volume are related by
pV²=constant and that in the initial state the system is at 200 Pa and has a volume of 2 m³.
Determine the pressure and the volume in the final state.
[W 12=300 J, p2=12.5 Pa, V2=8 m³]
EXERCISE 1.12
Air (ideal gas R=287 J/kgK, k=1.4) initially at 1 bar and 20 °C is contained in a cylinder
(V=1000 cm³). The system undergoes a constant pressure process during which it is
heated up to a temperature of 260 °C. Determine the heat and work exchanged with the
surroundings.
[W 12=82.6 J, Q12=289.2 J ]
EXERCISE 1.13
An ideal gas (cp=1.1 kJ/kgK, R=287 J/kgk), initially at T1=15 °C and p1=1 bar, is contained
in a closed system. The gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three
processes:
Process 1-2: Isothermal compression
Process 2-3: Constant pressure heating until the system reaches 550 °C
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Process 3-1: Adiabatic expansion
Determine the energy transfer per unit mass by work and heat during each process.
[w12=-332.7 kJ/kg, q12=-332.7 kJ/kg, w23=153.5 kJ/kg, q23=588.5 kJ/kg, w31=435 kJ/kg,
q31=0 kJ/kg]
EXERCISE 1.14
A closed system contains 1 kg of oxygen (ideal gas k=1.395, M=32 kg/kmole). The gas
undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes:
Process 1-2: Isothermal compression from the state 1(p1= 0.9 bar, v1=0.88 m³/kg) to the
state 2.
Process 2-3: Constant volume process from the state 2 to the state 3 (p3= 21.5 bar).
Process 3-1: Polytropic expansion (n=1.32) from the state 3 to the state 1.
Determine:
a) The cycle highest and lowest temperature
[305 K, 658 K]
b) The energy transfer by work during each process
[W 12=-190.5 kJ, W 23=0 kJ, W 31=287.8 kJ]
c) The energy transfer by heat during each process
[Q12=-190.5 kJ, Q23=234.8 kJ, Q31=53 kJ]
d) The cycle thermal efficiency
[ =0.337]
EXERCISE 1.15
Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state with a mass flow rate of 5000 kg/h. The
turbine develops a power output of 500 kW.
a) Neglecting any changes in kinetic and potential energy and assuming an
adiabatic process, evaluate the change in specific enthalpy.
[ h=359.7 kJ/kg]
b) Assuming an adiabatic process evaluate the change in specific enthalpy
when at the inlet the velocity is 40 m/s and at the outlet 250 m/s and the
difference in elevation between inlet and outlet section is z= -3 m.
[ h=390 kJ/kg]
EXERCISE 1.16
Air, ideal gas (k=1.4), enters a compressor at atmospheric conditions 20 °C and 1 bar and
exits at 5 bar.
Neglecting any changes in kinetic and potential energy and assuming an adiabatic process
determine the outlet temperature in Celsius degrees.
[191 °C]
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2. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:

CLOSED AND OPEN SYSTEMS
EXERCISE 2.1
Air (m=1 kg) is isothermally (Tgas=127 ºC=constant) compressed from p1=1 bar to p2=10
bar in a piston-cylinder assembly. The assembly can transfer heat to a reservoir in contact
with the side of the cylinder. Evaluate the entropy change for the system and for the
reservoir, and the entropy production in the following three cases:
1. Externally and internally reversible process. The temperature of the reservoir is kept
constant at Tres = 127 ºC.
2. Internally reversible process. The temperature of the reservoir is kept constant at
T’res=27 ºC.
3. Irreversible process. The temperature of the reservoir is kept constant at T’’res=27
ºC and, in view of the internal irreversibility, the work demand is 20% higher than in
the previous cases.
[Case 1: Ssystem=-660.85 J/K; Sreservoir=+660.85 J/K; =0 J/K
Case 2: Ssystem=-660.85 J/K; Sreservoir=+881.13 J/K; =+220.28 J/K
Case 3: Ssystem=-660.85 J/K; Sreservoir=+1057.37 J/K; =+396.52 J/K]
EXERCISE 2.2
Two reservoirs (TA=400 ºC and TB=120 ºC) exchange a certain amount of heat (100 kJ).
Compute the entropy production.
[ =+105.8 J/K
EXERCISE 2.3
Two metallic objects A and B have the same thermal capacity C=m×c=500 J/K and both of
them are initially at the same temperature Tin = 500 K.
Object A is thrown directly into the sea, which is supposed to be a thermal reservoir at
constant temperature Tsea=290 K. Object B is cooled in two steps. First it is thrown into a
big pool (at atmospheric pressure) containing boiling water. After reaching thermal
equilibrium, it is thrown into the sea, which is again supposed to be a thermal reservoir at
constant temperature Tsea=290 K.
Compute the entropy changes and the entropy production for the two different
experiments.
[Case A: SA=-272.4 J/K; Ssea=+362.1 J/K; =89.7 J/K;
Case B: SB=-272.4 J/K; Swater=+170.2 J/K; Ssea=+143.1 J/K; =40.9 J/K]
EXERCISE 2.4
A closed system containing an ideal gas (R=2071 J/kgK, cV=3150 J/kgK) undergoes an
adiabatic process during which it exchanges energy by work. It is known that during the
process the system evolves between two states A (pA=7 bar VA=0.085 m³) and B
(pB=1 bar VB=0.28 m³) but it is unknown which one is the initial state and which one is the
final state.
Evaluate the process direction and the developed work.
[Process direction A B: WAB=+ 47.91 kJ]
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EXERCISE 2.5
A reversible power cycle operates between two reservoir T 1=660 K and T2=300 K
. .
developing 10 MW mechanical power. Compute the heat transfer rates Q 1 and Q 2.
. .
[ Q 1 =+ 18.3 MW; Q 2 = -8.3 MW]
EXERCISE 2.6
A given mass of water (2 kg) at 90 ºC is mixed with 3 kilos of water at 10 ºC during an
adiabatic process at constant pressure. Compute the net entropy change.
[ =+ 157 J/K]
EXERCISE 2.7
An ideal gas contained in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes an irreversible process,
where its internal energy increases by 30 kJ. During the process the system receives heat
(100 kJ) from a reservoir at 1000 K. At the end of this first process the system undergoes a
second reversible process and comes back to the initial state. During the second process
the system can only exchange heat with the reservoir at 1000 K. At the end of the two
processes, the reservoir entropy net change is +0.01 kJ/K.
Compute:
1. The work developed by the system during the first process
2. The heat exchanged during the second process
3. The work in the second process
[W 12,I= + 70 kJ; Q21,R= - 110 kJ; W 21,R= - 80 kJ]
EXERCISE 2.8
During a polytropic process (having index n = 1.3) 50 m³/h of air are compressed from an
initial condition p1=1 bar and T1=20 ºC to a final condition p2=10 bar. During the process
the heat transfer is −3200 kJ/h.
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy compute:
1. The requested mechanical power during compression
2. The entropy production rate if the surroundings is kept at 20 ºC
[W12 4.29kW ; 12 0.98W / K ]
EXERCISE 2.9
In a heat exchanger a mass flow rate equal to 1 kg/s (cp1=1500 J/kgK) decreases its
temperature from T1i=130 ºC to T1e=60 ºC, by heat transfer to 0.7 kg/s of water (cp2=4180
J/kgK), entering the heat exchanger at T2i=30 ºC.
Neglecting the heat transfer to the surrounding (adiabatic process) and assuming the
process is at constant pressure, compute:
1. The water temperature at the outlet
2. The heat transfer rate from the hot to the cold reservoir
3. The entropy change for both the mass flow rates
4. The entropy production rate
[T2e= 65.8 °C; Q cv = 105 kW; S 1 = - 286 W/K; S 2 = + 328 W/K; cv = 42 W/K]
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EXERCISE 2.10
One kilo-mole of air expands adiabatically from an initial state p1=1 bar, T1=340 K to a final
state V2= 2V1. Compute the temperature of the final state, the work developed during the
process and the gas entropy change for the following cases:
1. Reversible expansion
2. Joule expansion (gas free expansion with W 12=0)
[1. T2=257.7 K; W 12=1710.6 kJ; Sgas,12=0] [2. T2=340 K; W 12=0 kJ; Sgas,12=5.76 kJ/K]
EXERCISE 2.11
A given mass of air (10 kg ) is contained into a closed system (p1=207 kPa, T1=95 °C).
The gas is heated at constant volume until its pressure becomes p2=265 kPa. Compute:
1. The final temperature
2. The heat transfer
3. The gas entropy change and the entropy production if the gas is heated only by a
reservoir at T0=700 K
[T2=471 K; Q12=739 kJ; Sgas,12=1770.6 J/K; =715 J/K]
EXERCISE 2.12
An inventor claims to have developed a device working at steady state and constant
. .
pressure, where two mass flow rates ( m 1 =2 kg/s, cp1=4.2 kJ/kgK, T1=20 °C, m 2 =1 kg/s,
cp2=4.2 kJ/kgK, T2=50 °C) are mixed. During the process the container can only transfer
heat to the surroundings (T0=20 °C) and the system final temperature is T3=25 °C.
Evaluate this claim.
Compute also the new final temperature and the entropy production rate in case of
adiabatic process.
. .
[ Q 12=-63 kW; 𝜎̇ = 18.8 W/K; T’3=30 °C; ’=13.4 W/K]
EXERCISE 2.13
Air (m=2.5 kg, cv=714 J/kgK), initially at T1=20 °C, receives 150 kJ of energy by heat
transfer during a reversible process. During this process the air specific entropy changes
by 150 J/kgK. Since this process can be drawn in a (T,s) plane using a linear function,
compute the work input.
[L12=-231.46 J]
EXERCISE 2.14
A reversible power cycle exchanges heat with three thermal reservoirs (T1=400 K,
T2=300 K, T3=200 K). The heat transferred from the reservoir 1 to the system is
Q1=1200 kJ and the cycle produces a net work W=120 kJ. Compute Q2 and Q3.
[Q2=-1440 kJ, Q3=360 kJ]
EXERCISE 2.15
A Carnot clockwise reversible cycle works between two isotherms (TH=250 °C, TC=50 °C)
using air (R=286 J/kgK, k=1.4),. The fluid enters the compressor at pA=1 bar. At any cycle
the system receives 100 kJ/kg of energy by heat transfer. Compute the pressure and the
specific volume at the beginning and at the end of the four processes and the cycle
thermal efficiency.
[vA=0.927 m3/kg; pB=5.4 bar; vB=0.278 m3/kg; pC=2.77 bar; vC=0.541 m3/kg; pD=0.5 bar;
vD=1.8 m3/kg; =0.4]
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3. VAPOR POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES
EXERCISE 3.1
In a Rankine cycle saturated vapor enters the turbine at 8 bar and saturated liquid exits the
condenser at a pressure of 0.08 bar. The turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 85% and
the cycle net power output is 100 MW. Determine:
1. The thermal efficiency
2. The back work ratio
3. The mass flow rate of the steam (kg/s)
4. The rates of heat transfer Qin and Qout
[ =0.224; bwr=0.14%; m =172 kg/s; Qin = 446.2 MW; Qout =-346.2 MW]
EXERCISE 3.2
Steam is the working fluid in a superheat and reheat Rankine cycle. Steam enters the first
stage turbine at 80 bar, 480 °C, and expands to 10 bar. It is then reheated to 440 °C
before entering the second stage turbine, where it expands to 0.08 bar (condenser
pressure). The net power output is 100 MW. If the processes within both the turbine and
the pump are internally reversible, determine:
1. The cycle thermal efficiency
2. The mass flow rate of steam (kg/s)
3. The rates of heat transfer Qin and Qout
4. If each turbine stage has an isentropic efficiency 85% determine the new obtained
value for thermal efficiency.
[ =0.42; m =67.9 kg/s; Qin = 240 MW; Qout =-140 MW]
[ ’=0.365; m ’=75.5 kg/s; Qin ’= 274.1 MW]
EXERCISE 3.3
Consider a regenerative vapour power cycle with one open feed-water heater. Steam
enters the turbine at 80 bar, 480 °C and expands to 10 bar where some of the steam is
extracted and diverted to the open feed-water heater operating at 10 bar. The remaining
steam expands through the second stage turbine to the condenser pressure 0.08 bar.
Saturated liquid exits the open feed-water heater at 10 bar. The isentropic efficiency of
each turbine stage is 85% and each pump operates in a reversible way. If the net power
output of the cycle is 100 MW, determine:
2. The mass flow rate of steam entering the first stage turbine (kg/s)
[ =0.351; m =110.6 kg/s]
EXERCISE 3.4
Refrigerant R134a is the working fluid in a refrigeration cycle based on an ideal vapor
compression. The system exchanges heat with a cold reservoir at 0 °C and with a warm
reservoir at 26 °C. Saturated vapour enters the compressor at 0 °C and saturated liquid
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leaves the condenser at 26 °C. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.08 kg/s.
Determine:
1. The compressor power
2. The coefficient of performance
3. The coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigeration cycle operating between the
same warm and cold reservoirs.
[WC = -1.45 kW; =8.9; Carnot=10.5]
EXERCISE 3.5
Modify the previous exercise to allow for temperature differences between the refrigerant
and the warm and the cold reservoirs as follows. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at
-12 °C. Saturated liquid leaves the condenser at a pressure of 10 bar. The compressor has
an isentropic efficiency of 80%. Determine:
1. The compressor power input
[WC = -3.4 kW; =3.2]
EXERCISE 3.6
Steam enters a turbine at 70 bar, 500 °C and expands to 0.3 bar. Determine the power
output per unit mass if the turbine isentropic efficiency is 0.85.
[ W12 m =950 kJ/kg]
EXERCISE 3.7
In a Rankine cycle saturated vapor enters the turbine at 42 bar and exits to the condenser
at 0.035 MPa. The turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 80%. Determine for the cycle:
2. The back work ratio
3. The quality at the turbine exit
[ =0.238; bwr=0.7%; x2=0.816]
EXERCISE 3.8
Refrigerant R134a is the working fluid in a refrigeration cycle based on simple vapor
compression. The cycle operates between an evaporator at -20 °C and a condenser at
40 °C. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 10 kg/s. Determine:
1. The compressor power, if this has a thermal efficiency equal to 0.85
2. The rate of heat transfer both at the evaporator and at the condenser
3. The coefficient of performance .
[ WC =-488 kW; Qin =1291 kW; Qout =-1779 kW; =2.64]
EXERCISE 3.9
The condenser pressure in a regenerative ideal cycle is 3 kPa and the feed-water pump
provides a pressure of 6 MPa at the boiler. Calculate the cycle efficiency if the extraction
pressure is 40 bar and if the power inputs for the two pumps can be neglected. The
maximum temperature is 600 °C.
[ =0.44]
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EXERCISE 3.10
The turbine in a Rankine cycle operating between 4 MPa and 10 kPa has an efficiency of
84%. If the steam is reheated at 400 kPa and 400 °C, determine the cycle efficiency. The
maximum temperature is 600 °C.
[ =0.339]
EXERCISE 3.11
R134a is compressed from 200 kPa to 1.0 MPa by a compressor with 80% efficiency.
Calculate the COP( ) and the refrigerant mass flow rate needed to achieve 352 kW of
refrigeration power.
[ m =1.52 kg/s, COP=3.3]
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4. GAS POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES
EXERCISE 4.1
In an air standard (k=1.4, R=287 J/kgK) Otto cycle the temperature at the beginning of the
compression phase is 20 °C and the pressure is 1 bar. The maximum temperature during
the cycle is 1200 °C and the compression ratio is equal to 8. If the mass within the piston-
cylinder assembly is 1 kg, determine:
1. the temperature and the pressure at the end of each process of the cycle
2. the cycle thermal efficiency
[T2= 673 K; p2= 18.4 bar; p3= 40.3 bar; T4= 641 K; p4= 2.2 bar; =0.565]
EXERCISE 4.2
In an air standard (k=1.4, R=287 J/kgK) Otto cycle it is given that:
a) at the beginning and at the end of the expansion process the temperatures are
T3=3260 K and T4=1420 K respectively
b) the heat transfer per unit mass during the combustion phase is Qin m =1850 kJ/kg
c) the pressure at the beginning of the compression phase is p1=1.2 bar
Sketch the cycle on the (p,v) and (T,s) planes and hence determine the net work per unit
mass developed during the cycle and the cycle thermal efficiency.
[Wcycle m =1044.2 kJ/kg; =0.546]
EXERCISE 4.3
At the beginning of the compression process of an air-standard Diesel cycle operating with
a compression ratio of 18, the temperature is 300 K and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. The cut-
off ratio for the cycle is 2. Determine:
1. the temperature and the pressure at the end of each process of the cycle
[T2= 953.3 K; p2= 57 bar; T3= 1907 K; p3= 57 bar; T4= 793 K; p4= 2.64 bar; =0.631]
EXERCISE 4.4
One kilo of standard air (k=1.4, R=287 J/kgK) undergoes a Diesel cycle. Known that:
a) the minimum specific volume is v2=0.111 m³/kg
b) the maximum specific volume is v4=0.767 m³/kg
c) heat is transferred to the system from a reservoir at T H=900 K (combustion process)
and from the system to the surroundings at T L=300 K (heat rejection), being the
minimum temperature differences between the system and the reservoirs are
equals to 10 K.
Draw the cycle on the (p,v) and (T,s) planes and then determine the cycle thermal
efficiency and the entropy production.
[ =0.51; =114 J/K]
EXERCISE 4.5
In a Brayton-Joule cycle, a standard air mass flow rate (6 kg/s) enters the compressor at
100 kPa and at 300 K. The compressor pressure ratio is 10 and the turbine inlet
temperature is 1400 K. Given that the turbine and the compressor each have an isentropic
efficiency of 80%, determine,
1. the thermal efficiency of the cycle
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2. the back work ratio
3. the net power developed
[ =0.244; bwr= 65%; W cycle = 1.1 MW]
EXERCISE 4.6
Assuming that a regenerator with effectiveness of 80% is present in the cycle in the
exercise 4.5, determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
[ =0.314]
EXERCISE 4.7
An inverse ideal Joule cycle uses air (ideal gas) as working fluid and it operates between
p1 = 50 bar and p2 = 200 bar. Air enters the compressor and the turbine respectively at
5 °C at 20 °C. During the cycle a heat transfer rate of 2000 kcal/h from the cold ambient is
obtained. Determine:
1. the refrigerant mass flow rate
2. the cycle coefficient of performance
[ m = 0.0286 kg/s; =2.058]
EXERCISE 4.8
An air mass flow rate of 8000 kg/h is used in order to obtain a cooling capacity of 30 kW in
an inverse Joule cycle that works between p1=1 bar and p2=6.5 bar. During the cycle the
working fluid is subjected to the following four processes:
adiabatic compression: the compressor inlet temperature is 4 °C and its isentropic
efficiency is 0.9;
constant pressure cooling: the rate of heat transfer is 130 kW;
adiabatic expansion;
constant pressure heating until the working fluid reaches again the compressor inlet
temperature.
Determine:
1. The temperature values at the cycle vertexes
[T2= 494.5 K; T3= 436.2 K; T4= 263.5 K; =0.3]
EXERCISE 4.9
An inverse Joule cycle uses air (ideal gas) as working fluid. During the cycle the working
fluid is:
adiabatically compressed from 1 bar and 4°C to 5 bar (the compressor isentropic
efficiency is 0.75);
constant pressure cooling until the fluid reaches a temperature of 25 °C;
adiabatic expansion (the turbine isentropic efficiency is 0.8);
constant pressure heating until the working fluid reaches again the compressor inlet
temperature.
Determine:
1. The temperature values at the cycle vertexes
[T2= 492.6 K; T4= 210.2 K; =0.523]
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EXERCISE 4.10
In an air standard (k=1.4, R=287 J/kgK) Otto cycle the maximum and the minimum
temperatures are equal to 1390 °C and to 15 °C, respectively. The heat transfer per unit
mass during the combustion process is 795 kJ/kg. Determine:
1. the compression ratio (r)
3. the ratio between the maximum and minimum pressures
[r=5.68; =0.5; p3/p1=34]
EXERCISE 4.11
In an air-standard Diesel cycle it is given that:
a) at the beginning of the compression process the temperature is 30 °C and the
pressure is 1 bar
b) at the end of the compression the temperature is 400 °C
c) at the end of the combustion process the temperature is 1700 °C
Determine the cycle thermal efficiency.
[ =0.417]
EXERCISE 4.12
During a Brayton-Joule cycle, a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s air enters the compressor at p1=1
bar and T1=15 °C and exits at p2=5 bar. The temperature after combustion is T 3=800 °C
and the turbine and the compressor isentropic efficiencies are both equals to 0.85. The
heat, during the combustion process, is transferred to the system from an external
reservoir at TH=1500 K. Determine:
1. the mechanical power requested for the compression
2. the mechanical power developed during the expansion
3. the heat transfer rate during the combustion
5. the rate of entropy production knowing that the heat is rejected to the surroundings
(TS=15 °C)
[ WC =-198.7 kW; WT = 337.7 kW; Qin =589.8 kW; =0.23; =1172 W/K]
EXERCISE 4.13
In an Otto cycle the air before compression is at T1=320 K and p1=1 bar, the compression
ratio is equal to 8 and the heat transferred to the cycle per unit mass (combustion process)
is 1100 kJ/kg. Determine:
1. the cycle maximum temperature and maximum pressure
[ T3=2268 K; p3=56.6 bar; =0.564]
EXERCISE 4.14
In an ideal Diesel cycle the temperature and the pressure at the compressor inlet, the cut-
off ratio, the thermal efficiency, the net work output (1800 kJ) are given, and equal to:
27 °C; 1 bar, 2, 0.603 and 1800 kJ, respectively. Determine the air mass inside the
system.
[m=3.35 kg]
EXERCISE 4.15
Determine the cycle thermal efficiency of an ideal Brayton-Joule cycle, given the
temperature and the pressure at the compressor inlet (T1=15 °C; p1=1 bar), the
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________________________________________________________________________
temperature after the combustion process (T3=1100°C) and the heat transferred to the
system per unit mass during the combustion process ( Qin m = 800 kJ/kg).
[ =0.5]
EXERCISE 4.16
An air mass flow rate (standard air k=1.4, R=287 J/kgK) undergoes a Brayton Joule cycle.
Given that:
a) the minimum temperature is T1=20 °C
b) the maximum temperature is T3=700 °C
c) the compressor pressure ratio is 5
d) Compression and expansion are both adiabatic processes during which the gas
entropy change per unit mass is equal to sc = se =0.084 kJ/kgK.
e) the net power developed during the cycle is equal to 10 MW
Determine:
1) the cycle thermal efficiency
2) the cycle thermal efficiency in the same operative conditions if a regenerator
(effectiveness 0.75) is present.
[ =0.2; ’=0.27]
EXERCISE 4.17
In an air standard (k=1.4, R=287 J/kgK) Brayton Joule ideal cycle the minimum
temperature is T1=15 °C and the maximum temperature is T3=800 °C. The target of the
cycle is to develop a net power of 2000 kW, using the minimum air mass flow rate.
Determine:
a) the temperature T2 at the compressor outlet
b) the requested mass flow rate
c) the compressor pressure ratio
[T2=556 K; m = 8 kg/s; p2/p1=10]
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. MOIST AIR PROCESSES and AIR CONDITIONING
EXERCISE 5.1
Moist air at p=1 bar and at t= 28 °C has a relative humidity =80%. Determine:
1. the dry air partial pressure
2. the water vapour partial pressure
3. the mixture humidity ratio
4. the mixture specific enthalpy
[pa=0.9698 bar; pv=0.0302 bar; =0.019 kgv/kga; h=76.68 kJ/kg]
EXERCISE 5.2
Calculate the specific volume and the dew point temperature for an air mixture at p=1 bar
and t= 20 °C when its relative humidity is =0.5.
[v=0.85 m3/kg; TD=9.27 °C]
EXERCISE 5.3
A 1 kg of moist air initially at 25 °C, 1 bar and 70% relative humidity is cooled to the dew
point temperature while keeping the pressure constant. Determine:
1. the initially humidity ratio
2. the dew point temperature
If the cooling process continues below the dew point temperature which will be the amount
of water vapour that condenses(kg) if the final temperature is 5°C?.
[ =0.0141 kgv/kga; TD=19.25 °C mv=0.0087kgv ]
EXERCISE 5.4
By using a psychrometer a dry bulb temperature of 30 °C and a wet bulb temperature of
27 °C are measured. Determine the relative humidity of the moist air by knowing the total
pressure is 1 bar.
[ =80%]
EXERCISE 5.5
Two moist air mass flow rates ( m 1 20 kg/s and m 2 35 kg/s) both at 1 bar pressure are
adiabatically mixed. The first mass flow rate is at 30 °C and has a relative humidity of 45%.
The second mass flow rate is at 15 °C and has a relative humidity of 30%. Determine:
1. the final mixture specific enthalpy
2. the resulting mixture temperature
[h=36.9 kJ/kg: T=20.52 °C]
EXERCISE 5.6
A moist air mass (1 kg) at 1 atm and at 40 °C has a relative humidity of 20%. The moist air
is cooled during an adiabatic humidification process performed by using liquid water. If the
final temperature is 30 °C determine:
1. the mass of water added to the moist air during the process
2. the final mixture relative humidity
[mw=0.004kgl ; =50%]
EXERCISE 5.7
A rigid tank contains saturated moist air initially at 10 bar and at 160 °C. The moist air
undergoes a process and at the end reaches a temperature of 80 °C. Determine the
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________________________________________________________________________
amount of heat transfer during the process and the amount of water vapour that
condenses by considering a mass of dry air equal to 1 kg.
[Q=-2215.7 kJ; mw=0.963 kg]
EXERCISE 5.8
A 20 kg/s dry air mass flow rate initially at p=1 bar and at t1= 20 °C and with a relative
humidity =40% undergoes an air conditioning process during which it receives a rate of
heat transfer of 25150 kcal/kg and a 110 kg/h mass flow rate of saturated vapour at 1 bar.
Determine the temperature, the specific humidity and the relative humidity at the end of the
process.
[T=21.7 °C; =0.074 kgv/kga; =45.3%]
EXERCISE 5.9
A 7500 m3/h moist air volumetric flow rate initially at p=1 bar and 25 °C has a relative
humidity =70%. Moist air undergoes a cooling and dehumidification process, during
which reaches the saturation condition, and after a post-heating process up to 20 °C and
40% relative humidity. Determine:
1. The power requested during the cooling+dehumidification process
2. The condensate mass flow rate
3. The power requested during the post-heating process
It is known that the temperature at the end of the cooling+dehumidification process is 6 °C
[Qcooling=-95.3 kW; mw=0.0196 kg; Qheating=33.9 kW]
EXERCISE 5.10
A 10000 m3/h moist air volumetric flow rate initially at p=1 bar and at t1= -8 °C (ps1=310
Pa) has a relative humidity =80%. Moist air is heated up to 20 °C and then adiabatically
saturated.
Determine:
1. The rate of heat transfer
2. The water mass flow rate needed for humidification (kg/h)
3. The final mixture temperature
[Q=103 kW; mw=59 kg/h; T=7.3 °C]
EXERCISE 5.11
A 5000 m3/h moist air volumetric flow rate at p=1 bar initially at tA= 0 °C (psA=0.9951 bar)
and at A=80% undergoes:
a pre-heating process
a humidification process during which the moist air is adiabatically saturated
a post-heating process
At the end of the three processes the air reaches a final condition tF= 25 °C and F=50%.
Determine:
1. The total rate of heat transfer
2. The sensible rate of heat transfer
3. The latent rate of heat transfer
4. The water vapor mass flow rate used for moist air humidification
[Qtot=76.23 kW; Qs=44.84 kW; Ql=31.39 kW; mv=0.0123 kgv/s]
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 5.12
A 5000 m3/h moist air volumetric flow rate at p=1 bar initially at tA= 31 °C and at A=60%
undergoes initially a cooling and dehumidification process until it reaches the saturation
condition and after a heating process.
Knowing the final condition (tF= 23 °C and F=50%) determine:
1. The cooling capacity (rate of heat transfer for the refrigeration and dehumidification
process)
2. The rate of heat transfer for the heating process
3. The sensible rate of heat transfer
4. The latent rate of heat transfer
5. The condensate mass flow rate
[Qcc=-63.5 kW; Qheating=17.75 kW; Qs=-30.43 kW; Ql=-33.08 kW; mw=0.0129 kgv/s]
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
EXERCISE 6.1
A metallic plane wall has: a thermal conductivity k1=75 W/mK, a thickness s1=10 cm and
an area perpendicular to the heat flux A=10 m2. The inner surface of the plane is heated
by a water stream with Tf1=300 ºC and h1i=174.4 W/m2K and the outer surface is cooled by
a water stream with Tf2=25 ºC and h2=10.5 W/m2K.
1. Determine: the overall heat transfer coefficient, the heat rate and the temperatures
on the inner and on the outer surface.
2. Determine which is the minimum thickness s2 of an insulating material
(k2=0.05 W/mK) needed to ensure a temperature that is 32 ºC or less on the outer
surface. Calculate the new heat rate, the temperatures on the inner and on the
outer surface and the temperature at the interface.
[U=9.77 W/m2K; q=26.87 kW; T1=284.6 ºC; T2=281 ºC; s2=18.2 cm; q’=735 W;
T’1=299.6 ºC; T’2=299.5 ºC]
EXERCISE 6.2
A stainless steel pipe (k1=40 W/mK, inner diameter d1=10 cm, outer diameter d2=15 cm,
length=10 m) is insulated on the outer surface with a k 2=0.5 W/mK insulating material
(thickness s=2 cm). Inside the pipe flows a stream of water (T f1=250 ºC, h1=100 W/m2K)
while the outer surface is cooled by air (T f2=25 ºC, h2=10 W/m2K). Supposing steady state
and one-dimensional transfer in the radial direction determine: the heat rate and the
temperatures on the inner and the outer surfaces and at the interface between the two
different materials. .
[q=8152.2 W; T1=224 ºC; T2=222.7 ºC; T3=161.3 ºC]
EXERCISE 6.3
A plane wall has an uniform energy generation q =580 W/dm3, k=0.017 W/cmK thickness
s=12 mm. The left surface of the wall is well insulated, while the other surface is cooled by
a water stream with Tf=21 ºC and h=730 W/m2K. Determine the maximum temperature
value within the wall.
[Tmax=55.1 ºC]
EXERCISE 6.4
A stainless steel rod (radius R=1.6 cm, k=12 W/mK) has an electrical conductivity of
15*106 -1m-1. The rod carries a current of 270 A. If the temperature on the rod surface is
of 180 ºC determine the maximum temperature value within the rod.
[Tmax=180.04 ºC]
EXERCISE 6.5
An aluminum plate (see figure) has a thermal conductivity k=200 W/mK and a temperature
T0=90 ºC. The plate has on the right surface 74 rectangular fins. The plate and the fins are
exposed to a fluid for which Tf=40 ºC and h=23 W/m²K. If the fin tip is adiabatic determine:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
the temperature on the fin tip, a single fin heat rate, the total heat rate (plate+fins), the
efficiency and the effectiveness.
w
Tf
w=1 m
b=1 m
L=40 mm
s=1.5 mm
[TL=84.43 ºC; qfin=85.24 W; qtot=7330 W; f=49.4; f=0.926]
EXERCISE 6.6
A steel cube (L=10cm, m=8 kg) is heated up to 120 ºC and then it is cooled to 40 ºC in air
(Tf=20 ºC, h=20 W/m2K). Assuming the properties of the steel to be: k=200 W/mK and
c=500 J/kgK determine the time required for the cooling process, the instantaneous heat
rate after 30 minutes and the total energy transfer occurring up to this moment.
[t=5365 s, q=70 W, Q=167 kJ]
EXERCISE 6.7
A plane wall has a thermal conductivity k=1.37 W/mK and a thickness s=15 cm. The inner
surface of the plane exchanges heat by convection with air at T f1=25 ºC (hi=10.5 W/m2K)
while the outer surface exchanges heat by convection with air at T f2=0 ºC and ho=52.3
W/m2K. Determine: the heat flux and the temperatures on the inner and on the outer
surface.
[qx=112 W/m2 ;Ts1=14.36 ºC; Ts2=2.13 ºC]
EXERCISE 6.8
A rod (diameter D=8 cm, k=2.7 W/mK) has an electrical resistivity of 0.5 m. The rod
carries a current of 2000 A. The temperature of the surrounding fluid is of 0 ºC (h=20
W/m2K). Determine the centerline temperature and the temperature on the rod surface.
[Tc=90.88 ºC; Ts=79.16 ºC]
EXERCISE 6.9
A steel pipe (k1=45 W/mK) having a 5.0 cm outer diameter is covered with a 4.2 cm thick
layer of magnesia (k2=0.07 W/mK) which is in turn covered with a 2.4 cm layer of
fibreglass insulation (k3=0.048 W/mK). The pipe wall outside temperature is 370 K and the
outside surface temperature of the fibreglass is 305 K. What is the interfacial temperature
between the magnesia and the fibreglass?
[T2=325.3 K]
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 6.10
Determine the time required for a 1.25 cm diameter carbon steel sphere (k=40 W/mK,
c=473 J/kgK, =7801 kg/m³)to cool from T1=500 ºC to T2=100 ºC if exposed to a cooling
air flow at Tf=25 ºC resulting in h=110 W/m²K. Also determine the instantaneous heat
transfer rate 2 minutes after the start of cooling and the total energy transferred from the
sphere during the first 2 minutes.
[t=129 s, q=4.6 W, Q=1.467 kJ]
EXERCISE 6.11
An aluminum plate (see figure) has a thermal conductivity k=203 W/mK and a temperature
T0=40 ºC. The plate has on the right surface 40 rectangular fins. The plate and the fins are
exposed to a fluid for which Tf=20 ºC and h=7 W/m²K. If the fin tip is adiabatic determine:
the temperature on the fin tip, the total heat rate (plate+fins), the efficiency and the
effectiveness.
w Tf
w=1000 mm
b=800 mm
L=30 mm
s=3 mm
[TL=39.79 ºC, qtot=430 W, f=19.93, f=0.99]
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. HEAT EXCHANGERS
EXERCISE 7.1
An inorganic fluid mass flow rate (2 kg/s) undergoes a heating process in a concentric tube
heat exchanger (U=85 W/m²K) by means of a water mass flow rate (0.3 kg/s) that enters
the heat exchanger at 80 °C and exits at 40 °C. If the cold fluid inlet temperature is
Tci=5 °C and its specific heat at constant pressure is cpc=1500 J/kgK, what is the required
heat transfer surface area in the case of
a) a parallel flow heat exchanger
b) a counter flow heat exchanger
Determine the effectiveness for both the cases.
[APF=14.7 m²; ACF=12.9 m²;]
EXERCISE 7.2
In a counter flow heat exchanger, a hot mass flow rate ( mh =1.5 kg/s , cph=1883 J/kgK)
enters the heat exchanger at 115 °C, and a cold mass flow rate ( mc =0.75 kg/s, cph=4184
J/kgK) enters the heat exchanger at 40 °C. Determine the heat rate knowing that U=340
W/m²K and A=13 m².
[q=131.4 kW]
EXERCISE 7.3
Saturated vapour(Tsat=55 °C) is used to heat up from 10 °C to 48 °C a water mass flow
rate of 2.5 kg/s inside a shell and tube heat exchanger. The tubes have an inner diameter
Di=22 mm and an outer De=26 mm, the tube thermal conductivity is k=100 W/mK and the
convection heat transfer coefficients are hi=1700 W/m²K and he=3400 W/m²K. What is the
requested length for the heat exchanger to realize the described process?
[L=241.2 m]
EXERCISE 7.4
A 1 kg/s of oil (cph=1500 J/kgK) must be cooled inside a parallel flow heat exchanger
(U= 350 W/m2K) from the inlet temperature Thi= 150 °C to the outlet temperature
Tho= 80 °C by means of a water mass flow rate(cpc=4186 J/kgK) that enters the heat
exchanger at Tci= 20 °C and exits at Tco= 70 °C. Determine:
a) The water mass flow rate
b) The heat transfer surface area
c) The NTU number
d) The heat exchanger effectiveness
[ mc =0.5 kg/s; A=6.4 m²; NTU=1.49; PF=0.538]
EXERCISE 7.5
Solve the previous exercise for a counter flow heat exchanger
[ mc =0.5 kg/s; A=4.3 m²; NTU=1; CF=0.538]
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 7.6
In a parallel flow heat exchanger a 1 kg/s of water (cpc=4186 J/kgK) should be heated from
Tci= 15 °C using a 5 kg/s mass flow rate (cph=2.5 kJ/kgK) at an initial temperature
Thi= 250 °C. Determine the outlet temperatures and the rate of heat transfer if
U=200 W/m²K and A=15 m².
[Tco= 123 °C; Tho= 214 °C; q=453 kW]
EXERCISE 7.7
Oil( mh =0.75 kg/s , cph=1883 J/kgK , Thi= 200 °C) is used in a parallel flow heat exchanger
to warm up a water mass flow rate ( mc =0.06 kg/s; cph=4183 J/kgK) from
Tci= 15 °C up to Tco= 40 °C. Determine:
a) The heat transfer surface area if U=340 W/m²K
b) The number of transfer units
c) The heat exchanger effectiveness
[A=0.11 m²; NTU=0.147; PF=0.0.135]
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8. HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION
EXERCISE 8.1
Determine the net radiative exchange between the two planes shown in the figure if both
of them may be considered as black surface.
a
b a= 3 m
b= 4 m
h T1= 500 °C
1 T2= 100 °C
F1-2=0.117
[q12= 26.9 kW]
EXERCISE 8.2
A gray body(A1=0.5 m2, 1=35%) has a temperature of 600 ºC and it is placed inside an
enclosure(A2=5 m2, 2=75%) at 27 ºC. Determine the net radiative exchange if the body
does not see itself.
[q12= 5616 W]
EXERCISE 8.3
The walls of a furnace are made of two metallic parallel sheets that may be considered
gray surfaces (T1=230 ºC, T2=25 ºC, 1= 2=0.3). Determine:
1) The net radiative exchange per unit area between the two sheets
2) When an aluminum plane shield ( 3=0.09) is placed between the two sheets
supposed to be at constant temperature, what is the new value of the net radiative
exchange per unit area? Assume the shield to be at constant temperature.
3) Which is the shield temperature?
[q12/A= 562 W/m2; ] q’12/A= 118.5 W/m2;T3= 435.6 K
EXERCISE 8.4
The hollow cylinder in the figure(length L= 1m, diameter D=1m) may be considered as a
black body. Determine the net radiative exchange between the different surfaces. It is
known that F13=0.17 and the temperatures on the different surfaces are T 1=227 ºC,
T2=200 ºC and T3=50 ºC.
A2
A1
A3
[q12= 460 W; q23= 1447 W; q13= 391 W]
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 8.5
Determine for the three black rectangular planes shown in the figure the net radiation
exchange between:
1) The two parallel planes
2) The plane 1 and the plane 3
Hence determine the net rate of radiation transfer from surface 2
[q12=-2619 W ; q13=-4306 W; q2=-1686 W]
a
b
a= 3 m b= 2.4 m h= 4 m
h
1 3
T1= 200 °C, T2= 300 °C, T3= 350 °C
F12=0.111 F13=0.246
EXERCISE 8.6
Two coaxial cylinders (D1=8 cm, D2=20 cm, L=50 cm) characterised by a view factor
F12=0.367 may be considered as gray surfaces ( 1=0.6, 2=0.7) at temperature T1= 600 °C
and T2= 300 °C respectively. Determine the net radiative exchange between the two
surfaces and the error you commit if in performing calculations you consider the cylinders
infinitely long.
[q12=1748 W; 4.89%]
EXERCISE 8.7
A gray surface (A1=0.36 m², 1=0.35, T1=680 K) is placed in an enclosure (A2=3.24 m²,
2=0.75, T2=310 K). Determine the net radiative exchange between the two surfaces if the
surface 1 is convex.
[q12=1442 W]
EXERCISE 8.8
The two plane surfaces shown in the figure are placed inside an enclosure that has an
area that may be considered infinite in comparison with the area of the surfaces (this
means that the enclosure surface resistance is negligible and so the enclosure may be
considered as a black surface)
Determine the net rate at which radiation leaves or is transferred on each surface.
[q1=115.4 kW, q2=4.8 kW, q3=-120.2 kW]
a a= 1 m b= 1.5 m
b T1= 1200 °C T2= 600 °C T3= 27 °C
1=0.3, 2=0.7 F 1-2=0.32
h
1
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Aligned parallel rectangles
Perpendicular rectangles with a common edge
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Coaxial parallel discs
Coaxial cylinders
________________________________________________________________________
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES
THERMODYNAMICS
EXERCISE 1
A thermal engine, operating at steady state between two thermal reservoirs T H= 1500 K
(QH = 8000 J) and TL= 500 K, is composed by a fully reversible Carnot power cycle (see
figure below) which operates in parallel with a body that simply perform a heat transfer
QC=C*(TH-TL), where C= 5 J/K, between the hot and cold reservoirs. Determine:
1) The net work developed by the Carnot cycle

2) The numerical value of Q2
3) The entropy production
4) The thermal efficiency of the engine.
TH
QH
Qc
Q1
L
Q2
Qc
QL
TL
EXERCISE 2
A B
A thermal insulated tank (V=56 dm3) is initially subdivided in two equal rooms by an
adiabatic piston able to move without friction. The room on the left side is filled with air
(k=1.4, cp=1004.5 J/kgK) while the room on the right side is filled with hydrogen (k=1.4,
cp=14333 J/kgK).
At the beginning the two rooms have the same temperature and pressure (40 °C and
1.4 bar). An electrical heater is placed in the left room and at a certain time energy is
supplied until the pressure increases up to 2.8 bar. Determine:
1) the work done on the gas contained in the right room
2) the energy transferred by heat during the process
3) the gas entropy production
EXERCISE 3
The device sketched in the figure is used to produce work on demand simply by opening
the valve V. The device is composed by a piston-cylinder assembly (D=0.2 m) open at the
top with the piston loaded with a mass of 957 kg. At the beginning the cylinder contains
0.05 m3 of saturated liquid.
During the first phase of the process the valve is closed and the system is fed for 1 minute
with 5 kg/s gas mass flow rate (cv=0.721 kJ/kgK e R* 0.288 kJ/kg·K) entering the system
at T1= 500 °C and exiting at T2= 350 °C. During this phase the work developed by the
piston is 3936 kJ.
Determine the mass flow rate of saturated vapor produced during this phase and the
entropy production. In the second phase the valve V is opened for 30 seconds and the
total amount of saturated vapor expands (suppose an adiabatic and internally reversible
process) to the atmospheric pressure. Determine the power developed by supposing the
expanding mass flow rate constant over this time interval.
P
V
in out
gas
Water - Saturation tables
p (bar) T (°C) hf (kJ/kg) hg (kJ/kg) sf (kJ/kgK) sg (kJ/kgK) vf (m3/kg) vg (m3/kg)
0.5 81.31 340.4 2645 1.091 7.593 1.0299 3244.6

0.75 91.76 384.3 2662 1.213 7.456 1.0372 2219.8
1 99.61 417.4 2675 1.302 7.359 1.0431 1695.8
1.25 106 444.3 2685 1.374 7.284 1.0482 1376.3
1.5 111.4 467.1 2693 1.433 7.223 1.0526 1160.5
1.75 116 487 2700 1.485 7.172 1.0567 1004.5
2 120.2 504.7 2707 1.53 7.127 1.0604 886.5
2.25 124 520.7 2712 1.571 7.088 1.0639 793.7
2.5 127.4 535.4 2717 1.607 7.053 1.0671 719.4
2.75 130.6 548.9 2721 1.641 7.021 1.0702 657.9
3 133.5 561.5 2725 1.672 6.992 1.0731 606.4
3.25 136.3 573.3 2729 1.701 6.966 1.0758 562.4
3.5 138.9 584.4 2732 1.728 6.941 1.0785 524.7
3.75 141.3 594.9 2736 1.753 6.918 1.0811 491.6
4 143.6 604.8 2738 1.777 6.896 1.0835 462.7
4.25 145.8 614.3 2741 1.799 6.876 1.0859 437.1
4.5 147.9 623.3 2744 1.821 6.857 1.0881 414.3
NOTE: vf and vg must be divided by 103
HEAT TRANSFER
EXERCISE 1
A plane wall (s1=10 cm, k1=5 W/mK) separates a room containing air at Ti=20 °C and
relative humidity =46% from the outside environment. At which value of the outside air
temperature condensation takes place on inner surface?
(hi= 10 W/m2K, he= 25 W/m2K)
Ti, hi k1 he
=
s1
If the external air temperature is -10 °C which is the minimum thickness of insulating
material (kins=0.4 W/mK) to be used in order to avoid condensation on the wall inner
surface.
Water - Saturation tables
EXERCISE 2
In a parallel flow heat exchanger (U=300 W/m²K) a hot mass flow rate ( mh = 3kg/s,
cph=1.5 kJ/kgK, Thi=250 °C, Tho=150 °C) is used to heat up a cold mass flow rate
( mc =2 kg/s, cpc=3000 J/kgK, ) that enters the heat exchanger at 15 °C.
Draw on a T,x plane the hot and cold fluid temperature distributions and then determine:
a) The rate of heat transfer and the cold fluid outlet temperature
b) The heat transfer surface area
c) The heat exchanger effectiveness
EXERCISE 3
A plane wall (cross section A=10 m2) is made by two layers. The first layer (k1= 25 W/mK,
s1= 10 cm) is insulated on the left side and has a 20 kW/m3 volumetric energy generation.
The second layer (k2= 30 W/mK, s2= 15 cm) exchanges heat with an adjoining fluid (h= 25
W/m2K, Tf= 20 °C). Determine the temperature distributions into each layer and the
temperature at the interface between the two layers.
a
d
i 1 2
a
b h, Tf
a
t
i
c
EXERCISE 4
In a stainless steel pipe (Di= 26 mm, Do= 30 mm, kss= 50 W/mK) flows a stream of
saturated vapour at 1 MPa. The pipe outer surface is thermally insulated by a rock wool
(kins = 0.05 W/mK ) layer 30 mm in thickness.
It is known that the convection heat transfer coefficients are h i = 2200 W/m2K and
he = 10 W/m2K respectively while the temperature of the external air is T e = 0 °C
By supposing steady state condition and 1D dimensional medium, determine the mass of
vapour that condensates during a day if the pipe is 50 m in length
Te
he
hi

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Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Tutorial 1

EXERCISE 1.1 Referring to the figure, a closed system undergoes a

A mass of 0.01 kg of steam at a quality of 0.9 is

STEAM TABLES (1-10 BAR)

(Remember: the specific volume value must be divided by 103)

2. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:

3. VAPOR POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES

[ ’=0.365; m ’=75.5 kg/s; Qin ’= 274.1 MW]

[ =0.238; bwr=0.7%; x2=0.816]

4. GAS POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES

6. HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION

[TL=84.43 ºC; qfin=85.24 W; qtot=7330 W; f=49.4; f=0.926]

[TL=39.79 ºC, qtot=430 W, f=19.93, f=0.99]

[A=0.11 m²; NTU=0.147; PF=0.0.135]

8. HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION

[q12= 26.9 kW]

[q12= 460 W; q23= 1447 W; q13= 391 W]

Aligned parallel rectangles

Perpendicular rectangles with a common edge

Coaxial parallel discs

1) The net work developed by the Carnot cycle

Water - Saturation tables

p (bar) T (°C) hf (kJ/kg) hg (kJ/kg) sf (kJ/kgK) sg (kJ/kgK) vf (m3/kg) vg (m3/kg)

0.5 81.31 340.4 2645 1.091 7.593 1.0299 3244.6

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