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Electronics
ELECTENG 734
Control of PE Converters
3
State-Space Averaging
• A technique used to derive the small signal transfer
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
~ ~
function vo( s ) d ( s )
– v~o ( s ) represents a perturbation in the output voltage
~
– d ( s ) represents a perturbation in the duty cycle
• During each state of the circuit (on and off) the
(2013)
SW x1 L rL
R
Vin D x2 C vo
rC
v~o ( s ) 1 + srC C
(2013)
~ = T p ( s ) = Vin
d (s) {
LC s 2 + s[1 RC + (rC + rL ) L] + 1 LC }
ω02 s + ωz
= Vin
ω z s 2 + 2ξω0 s + ω02
1 1 RC + (rC + rL ) L 1
where ω0 = ;ξ = ; ωz =
LC 2ω0 rC C 5
Example : Buck Converter
• Small signal transfer function of a buck converter has a
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
Im{s}
ωo
ωz Re{s}
ωo
(2013)
Decreasing ξ
7
Transfer Functions
• For lossless converters
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
v~o ( s ) ω02 s + ωz
~ = T p(s) = G
d ( s) ω z s 2 + 2ξω0 s + ω02
Converter G ωo ωz ξ
(2013)
Vo 1 1 L
Buck ∞
D LC 2R C
Vo 1− D (1− D)2 R 1 L
Boost
1− D LC L 2 R(1 − D ) C
Vo 1− D (1− D)2 R 1 L
Buck-Boost
D(1 − D )2 LC DL 2 R(1 − D ) C
8
Voltage Mode Control of PE
Converters
• Direct-duty cycle voltage mode controllers
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
9
Compensation
• Overall open-loop transfer function TOL(s) = Tc(s)Tm(s)Tp(s)
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
v~c( s ) 1 s + ωz
Tc( s ) = ~ =
(
vo( s ) R1C2 s s + ω p )
1 C + C2
where ω z = ; ωp = 1
R2C1 R2C1C2 11
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
(2013)
Controller : SG3524
A Typical Voltage Mode
12
A Typical Voltage Mode
Controller : SG3524
• Setting up the oscillator
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
13
A Typical Voltage Mode
Controller : SG3524
• Setting up the error amplifier
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
resistor (Rf)and a
Capacitor (Cf) from output
to ground to introduce
an integrator and a zero
i.e. Av = gm(Rf+1/sCf)
14
A Typical Voltage Mode
Controller : SG3524
• A typical setup
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
Output
2.5 V reference
(2013)
Compensation
Oscillator
15
Current Mode Control of PE
Converters
• Current mode controllers
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
16
Current Mode Control
• Tolerance band control
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
18
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
(2013)
Controller : UC1842
A Typical Peak Current Mode
19
A Typical Peak Current Mode
Controller : UC1842
• Under-voltage lockout
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
20
A Typical Peak Current Mode
Controller : UC1842
• Setting up the oscillator
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
21
A Typical Peak Current Mode
Controller : UC1842
• Setting up current control loop
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
22
A Typical Peak Current Mode
Controller : UC1842
• Setting up the error amplifier
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
23
A Typical Peak Current Mode
Controller : UC1842
• Rf and Cf are chosen to remove the effect of LHP zero
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
24
A Typical Peak Current Mode
Controller : UC1842
• Shut down by pulling down pin 1 or pulling up pin 3
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
(2013)
25
Slope Compensation
• In peak current mode controllers
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
26
Slope Compensation
• Performance of a peak current mode controller can
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
27
Slope Compensation
• In practice, a portion of the oscillator waveform is
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
V( S L ) R2 V( SOSC ) R1
VRAMP = +
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
28
Slope Compensation
• The value of R2 can be calculated for a given amount of
Prepared by Dr. D J Thrimawithana, Dept. of ECE, University of Auckland
slope compensation, M
dVosc
R1 dt
R2 =
M r di L
sense ×
dt
• Alternatively an emitter follower circuit can be used
(2013)
29