Symbols and Charges-Monoatomic Ions

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htm
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Symbols and Charges for Monoatomic Ions
Fixed Charge
Symbol Name Symbol Name

H+ hydrogen ion H- hydride
Li+ lithium ion F- fluoride
Na+ sodium ion Cl- chloride
K+ potassium ion Br- bromide
Rb+ rubidium ion I- iodide
Cs+ cesium ion O2- oxide
Be2+ beryllium ion S2- sulfide
Mg2+ magnesium ion Se2- selenide
Ca2+ calcium ion Te2- telluride
Sr2+ strontium ion N3- nitride
Ba2+ barium ion P3- phosphide
Ra2+ radium ion As3- arsenide
Ag+ silver ion
Zn2+ zinc ion Al3+ aluminum ion
Note that the letters in an ion's name before the -ide ending is the stem.
For example, the stem for bromide is brom-. Also, just in case, the P for
phosphide is a capital P.
Symbols and Charges for Monoatomic Ions
Variable Charge
Systematic name Common Systematic name Common

Symbol (Stock system) name Symbol (Stock system) name
Cu+ copper(I) cuprous Hg22+ mercury(I) mercurous
Cu2+ copper(II) cupric Hg2+ mercury(II) mercuric
Fe2+ iron(II) ferrous Pb2+ lead(II) plumbous
Fe3+ iron(III) ferric Pb4+ lead(IV) plumbic
Sn2+ tin(II) stannous Co2+ cobalt(II) cobaltous
Sn4+ tin(IV) stannic Co3+ cobalt(III) cobaltic
Cr2+ chromium(II) chromous Ni2+ nickel(II) nickelous
Cr3+ chromium(III) chromic Ni4+ nickel(IV) nickelic
Mn2+ manganese(II) manganous Au+ gold(I) aurous
Mn3+ manganese(III) manganic Au3+ gold(III) auric
Symbols and Charges for Polyatomic Ions
Formula Name Formula Name

NO3- nitrate ClO4- perchlorate
NO2- nitrite ClO3- chlorate
CrO42- chromate ClO2- chlorite
Cr2O72- dichromate ClO- hypochlorite
CN- cyanide IO4- periodate
MnO4- permanganate IO3- iodate
OH- hydroxide IO- hypoiodite
O22- peroxide BrO3- bromate
NH2- amide BrO- hypobromite
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CO32- carbonate HCO3- hydrogen carbonate

(bicarbonate)
SO42- sulfate HSO4- hydrogen sulfate

(bisulfate)
SO32- sulfite HSO3- hydrogen sulfite
(bisulfite)
C2O42- oxalate HC2O4- hydrogen oxalate (
binoxalate)
PO43- phosphate HPO42- hydrogen
phosphate
PO33- phosphite H2PO4- dihydrogen
phosphate
S2O32- thiosulfate HS- hydrogen
sulfide
AsO43- arsenate BO33- borate
SeO42- selenate B4O72- tetraborate
SiO32- silicate SiF62- hexafluorosilicate
C4H4O62- tartrate
C2H3O2- acetate (an alternate way to write acetate is CH3COO-)
There is one positive polyatomic ion. It is NH4+ and is called the ammonium
ion.
Note: Writing just the plus sign or minus sign for ions with +1 or -1
charges is
acceptable.
Binary Compounds of Metals with Fixed Charges

Given Formula, Write the Name
A binary compound is one made of two different elements. There can be one of each element such as in NaCl or
KF. There can also be several of each element such as Na2O or AlBr3.
Please remember that all elements involved in this lesson have ONLY ONE charge. That
includes BOTH the cation AND the anion involved in the formula.
Points to remember about naming a compound from its formula

1. The order for names in a binary compound is first the cation, then the anion.
2. Use the name of cation with a fixed oxidation state directly from the periodic table.
3. The name of the anion will be made from the root of the element's name plus the suffix "-ide."
Example 1: Write the name of the following formula: H2S

Step #1 - Look at first element and name it. Result of this step = hydrogen.
Step #2 - Look at second element. Use root of its full name ( which is sulf-) plus the ending "-ide." Result of this
step = sulfide.
These two steps give the full name of H2S. Notice that the presence of the subscript is ignored. There are other
types of binary compounds where you must pay attention to the subscript. Those compounds
involve cations with variable charges. Your teacher will tell you which ones you will be held responsible for.
Example 2: Write the name of the following formula: NaCl
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Step #1 - Look at first element and name it. Result of this step = sodium.
Step #2 - Look at second element. Use root of its full name ( which is chlor-) plus the ending "-ide." Result of
this step = chloride.
Example 3: Write the name of the following formula: MgBr2

Step #1 - Look at first element and name it. Result of this step = magnesium.
Step #2 - Look at second element. Use root of its full name ( which is brom-) plus the ending "-ide." Result of
this step = bromide.
Note the presence of the subscript does not play a role in this name.
Example 4: Write the name of the following formula: KCl

The first part of the name comes from the first element symbol: potassium. The second part of the name comes
from the root of the second symbol plus '-ide,' therefore chlor + ide = chloride.
This compound is named potassium chloride
Example 5: Write the name of the following formula: Na2S

First symbol is Na, so the first part of the name is sodium. (Note the presence of the subscript does not play a
role in this name.) Second element is sulfur (from the symbol S), so the name is sulf + ide = sulfide.
This compound is named sodium sulfide.
Three possible mistakes to be aware of:

1) Often students forget to use the suffix "-ide." For example, BaS is named "barium sulfide." An unaware
student might want to name it "barium sulfur."
2) Make sure that the second name is the root plus "-ide." An unaware student might want to name BaS as
"barium sulfuride." NaBr is not named sodium bromineide, the corect answer is sodium bromide.
3) There is a set of binary compounds which are named using Roman numerals. Students often confuse the two
sets of rules. For example, a student might want to name Na 2S as sodium (I) sulfide. While it is never wrong to
use the Roman numerals, your teacher will probably want you to only use Roman numerals on certain cations.
Here are four examples of common roots:
Cl: chlor-
F: fluor-
Br: brom-
O: ox-
Practice Problems
Write the correct name for: Answers

1) MgS 1) magnesium sulfide
2) KBr 2) potassium bromide
3) Ba3N2 3) barium nitride
4) Al2O3 4) aluminum oxide
5) NaI 5) sodium iodide
6) SrF2 6) strontium fluoride
7) Li2S 7) lithium sulfide
8) RaCl2 8) radium chloride
9) CaO 9) calcium oxide
10) AlP 10) aluminum phosphide
11) K2S 11) potassium sulfide
12) LiBr 12) lithium bromide
13) Sr3P2 13) strontium phosphide
14) BaCl2 14) barium chloride
15) NaBr 15) sodium bromide
16) MgF2 16) magnesium fluoride
17) Na2O 17) sodium oxide
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18) SrS 18) strontium sulfide

19) BN 19) boron nitride
20) AlN 20) aluminum nitride
21) Cs2O 21) cesium oxide
22) RbI 22) rubidium iodide
23) MgO 23) magnesium oxide
24) CaBr2 24) calcium bromide
25) LiI 25) lithium iodide
26) BeBr2 26) berylium bromide
27) K2O 27) potassium oxide
28) SrI2 28) strontium iodide
29) BF3 29) boron fluoride
30) Al2S3 30) aluminum sulfide
Binary Compounds of Metals with Fixed Charges

Given Name, write the formula
Example 1: Write the formula from the following name: sodium bromide
Step #1 - Write down the symbol and charge of the first word. Result = Na +
Step #2 - Write down the symbol and charge of the second word. Result = Br¯
Step #3 - Use the minimum number of cations and anions needed to make the sum of all charges in the formula
equal zero. In this case, only one Na+ and one Br¯ are required.
The resulting formula is NaBr.
Example 2: Write the formula from the following name: potassium chloride
Step #1 - Write down the symbol and charge of the first word. Result = K +
Step #2 - Write down the symbol and charge of the second word. Result = Cl¯
equal zero. In this case, only one K+ and one Cl¯ are required.
The resulting formula is KCl.
Example 3: Write the formula from the following name: barium iodide
Step #1 - Write down the symbol and charge of the first word. Result = Ba 2+
Step #2 - Write down the symbol and charge of the second word. Result = I¯
equal zero. In this case, only one Ba2+ is required, but two I¯ are required.
Why? Answer - Two negative one charges are required because there is one postive two charge. Only in this
way can the total charge of the formula be zero.
The resulting formula is BaI2.
Example 4: Write the formula from the following name: aluminum chloride
Step #1 - Write down the symbol and charge of the first word. Result = Al 3+
Step #2 - Write down the symbol and charge of the second word. Result = Cl¯
equal zero. In this case, only one Al3+ is required, but three Cl¯ are required.
Why? Answer - Three negative one charges are required because there is one postive three charge. Only in this
way can the total charge of the formula be zero.
The resulting formula is AlCl3.
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Example 5: Write the name of the following formula: magnesium oxide

Step #1 - Write down the symbol and charge of the first word. Result = Mg 2+
Step #2 - Write down the symbol and charge of the second word. Result = O 2¯
equal zero. In this case, one Mg2+ is required, as well as one O2¯.
Why? Answer - One positive two charge is counterbalanced by one negative two charge. This gives a zero total
charge for the formula.
The resulting formula is MgO.
Example 6: Write the name of the following formula: aluminum oxide

Step #1 - Write down the symbol and charge of the first word. Result = Al 3+
Step #2 - Write down the symbol and charge of the second word. Result = O 2¯
equal zero. In this case, two Al3+ are required and three O2¯.
Why? Answer - This is the only possible way to get the positive and negative charges equal and keep the
numbers to a minimum. Note that the positive charge is a +6 and the negative charge is a -6.
Also, keep in mind that you cannot change the charges to make a formula correct.
The resulting formula is Al2O3.
Warning: beware of the temptation to write the above formula as Al3O2.
Practice Problems
Write the correct formula for: Answers
1) magnesium oxide 1) MgO
2) lithium bromide 2) LiBr
3) calcium nitride 3) Ca3N2
4) aluminum sulfide 4) Al2S3
5) potassium iodide 5) KI
6) strontium chloride 6) SrCl2
7) sodium sulfide 7) Na2S
8) radium bromide 8) RaBr2
9) magnesium sulfide 9) MgS
10) aluminum nitride 10) AlN
11) cesium sulfide 11) Cs2S
12) potassium chloride 12) KCl
13) strontium phosphide 13) Sr3P2
14) barium iodide 14) BaI2
15) sodium fluoride 15) NaF
16) calcium bromide 16) CaBr2
17) beryllium oxide 17) BeO
18) strontium sulfide 18) SrS
19) boron fluoride 19) BF3
20) aluminum phosphide 20) AlP
21) rubidium oxide 21) Rb2O
22) calcium iodide 22) CaI2
23) cesium oxide 23) Cs2O
24) magnesium iodide 24) MgI2
25) lithium chloride 25) LiCl
26) beryllium bromide 26) BeBr2
27) sodium oxide 27) Na2O
28) calcium fluoride 28) CaF2
29) boron phosphide 29) BP
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30) aluminum oxide 30) Al2O3
Binary Compounds of Cations with Variable Charges

Given Formula, Write the Name. The Stock System
A binary compound is one made of two different elements. There can be one of each element such as
in CuCl or FeO. There can also be several of each element such as Fe2O3 or SnBr4.
This lesson shows you how to name binary compounds from the formula when a cation of variable charge is
involved. The four formulas above are all examples of this type.
The cations involved in this lesson have AT LEAST TWO charges. The anions involved have only one charge.
The type of naming you will learn about is called the Stock system or Stock's system. It was designed by
Alfred Stock (1876-1946), a German chemist and first published in 1919. In his own words, he considered the
system to be "simple, clear, immediately intelligible, capable of the most general application."
In 1924, a German commission recommended Stock's system be adopted with some changes. For example,
FeCl2,which would have been named iron(2)-chloride according to Stock's original idea, became iron(II)
chloride in the revised proposal. In 1934, Stock approved of the Roman numerals, but felt it better to keep the
hyphen and drop the parenthesis. This suggestion has not been followed, but the Stock system remains in use
world-wide.
Example #1: Write the name for: FeCl2

Step #1 - the first part of the name is the unchanged name of the first element in the formula. In this example, it
would be iron.
Step #2 - the result from step one WILL be followed by a Roman numeral. Here is how to determine its value:
1. multiply the charge of the anion (the Cl) by its subscript. Ignore the fact that it is negative. In this
example it is one times two equals two.
2. divide this result by the subscript of the cation (the Fe). This is the value of the Roman numeral to use.
In this example, it is two divided by one equals two.
3. The value of the Roman number equals the positive charge on the cation in this formula.
Since the result of step #2 is 2, we then use iron(II) for the name. Notice that there is no space between the name
and the parenthesis.
Step #3 - the anion is named in the usual manner of stem plus "ide."
The correct name of the example is iron(II) chloride.
Example #2: name this compound: CuCl2

In this example, I've explained it differently. Compare it to the one
above. Example #4 is also explained this way.
 The first part of the name comes from the first element symbol: copper.
 The Roman numeral is II, because 2 chlorides equal -2, so the Cu must be +2. (It must be +2 so that
the total charge equals zero.
 The second part of the name comes from the root of the second symbol plus 'ide,'
therefore chlor + ide = chloride.
This compound is named copper(II) chloride.
Example #3: Write the name for: Fe2O3

Step #1 - the first part of the name is the unchanged name of the first element in the formula. In this example, it
would be iron.
Step #2 - the result from step one WILL be followed by a Roman numeral. Here is how to determine its value:
1. multiply the charge of the anion (the O) by its subscript. Ignore the fact that it is negative. In this
example, it is two times three equals six.
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2. divide this result by the subscript of the cation (the Fe). This is the value of the Roman numeral to use.
In this example, it is six divided by two equals three.
3. Note: this value of the Roman number equals the positive charge on the cation.
In this example, the result of step #2 is 3. That means that iron(III) will be used for the name. Notice that there is
no space between the name and the parenthesis.
The correct name of the example is iron(III) oxide.
Example #4: name this compound: SnO

 First symbol is Sn, so the first part of the name is tin.
 The Roman numeral is II, because one oxygen = -2, so the one tin equals +2.
 Second element is oxygen (from the symbol O), so the name is ox + ide = oxide.
This compound is named tin(II) oxide.
Practice Problems
Answer using the Stock system.
Write the correct name for: Answers
1) NiS 1) nickel(II) sulfide
2) PbBr4 2) lead(IV) bromide
3) Pb3N2 3) lead(II) nitride
4) Fe2O3 4) iron(III) oxide
5) FeI2 5) iron(II) iodide
6) Sn3P4 6) tin(IV) phosphide
7) Cu2S 7) copper(I) sulfide
8) SnCl2 8) tin(II) chloride
9) HgO 9) mercury(II) oxide
10) Hg2F2 10) mercury(I) fluoride
11) CuCl2 11) copper(II) chloride
12) CuBr 12) copper(I) bromide
13) PbO 13) lead(II) oxide
14) Fe2S3 14) iron(III) sulfide
15) NiCl2 15) nickel(II) chloride
16) SnO 16) tin(II) oxide
17) Cu2O 17) copper(I) oxide
18) PbO2 18) lead(IV) oxide
19) NiO2 19) nickel(IV) oxide
20) SnO2 20) tin(IV) oxide
21) Hg2O 21) mercury(I) oxide
22) Hg2I2 22) mercury(I) iodide
23) AuCl3 23) gold(III) chloride
24) MnO 24) manganese(II) oxide
25) CrCl3 25) chromium(III) chloride
26) CoO 26) cobalt(II) oxide
27) Mn2O3 27) manganese(III) oxide
28) Co2S3 28) cobalt(III) sulfide
29) AuF 29) gold(I) fluoride
30) CrBr2 30) chromiun(II) bromide
There are Certain Formulas You Never Reduce

The most common ones are with mercury(I), which is Hg22+.
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It is NEVER Hg+ by itself. It ALWAYS comes as a pair. There are reasons for this behavior, but that is beyond
the scope of this work.
Example #1: mercury(I) chloride
The formula for this compound is Hg2Cl2. It is not HgCl. You will be marked wrong on a test for doing so.
Example #2: mercury(I) nitrate
The formula for this compound is Hg2(NO3)2. Once again, it is not reduced. Why? In nature, mercury(I) comes
in a set of two atoms, NOT just one.
The corresponding mercury(II) formula for the two examples would be HgCl 2 and Hg(NO3)2.
The second major category is peroxide, which is O22¯.
Example #3: hydrogen peroxide
The formula is H2O2 and it is not reduced to HO. Why? Same reason as above, peroxide travels as a group of
two oxygen atoms, not one.
Example #4: sodium peroxide
The formula is Na2O2.

Given Name, Write the Formula. The Stock System
Example #1 - Write the formula for: copper(II) chloride
Step #1 - the first word tells you the symbol of the cation. In this case it is Cu.
Step #2 - the Roman numeral WILL tell you the charge on the cation. In this case it is a positive two.
Step #3 - the anion symbol and charge comes from the second name. In this case, chloride means Cl¯.
Step #4 - remembering the rule that a formula must have zero total charge, you write the formula CuCl 2.
The ChemTeam is often asked by students, "But how do you know that chloride means Cl¯?" That type of
question is usually answered with a question, as in "How do you know the name and face of your best friend?"
That's right, you've spent time in their company, to the point where you have memorized the connection
between name and face. Chloride is the name and Cl¯ is the face.
Example #2 - Write the formula for: copper(I) oxide

Step #1 - the first word tells you the symbol of the cation. It is Cu.
Step #2 - the Roman numeral WILL tell you the charge on the cation. It is a positive one.
Step #3 - the anion symbol and charge comes from the second name. Oxide means O 2¯.
Step #4 - since a formula must have zero total charge, you write the formula Cu 2O.
Example #3 - Write the formula for: iron(III) sulfide

Step #1 - the symbol of the cation is Fe.
Step #2 - the charge on the cation is a positive three. remember, that comes from the Roman numeral.
Step #3 - Sulfide (the anion) means S2¯.
Step #4 - since a formula must have zero total charge, you write the formula Fe 2S3.
Example #4 - Write the formula for: tin(IV) phosphide

First symbol is Sn from the name tin.
The Roman numeral IV gives +4 as tin's charge.
Phosphide give P3¯.
This compound's formula is Sn3P4.
This graphic summarizes example #4:
Practice Problems
Write the correct formula for: Answers

1) iron(II) chloride 1) FeCl2
2) copper(I) sulfide 2) Cu2S
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3) lead(IV) iodide 3) PbI4

4) tin(II) fluoride 4) SnF2
5) mercury(I) bromide 5) Hg2Br2
6) nickel(II) oxide 6) NiO
7) chromium(III) oxide 7) Cr2O3
8) gold(I) iodide 8) AuI
9) manganese(II) nitride 9) Mn3N2
10) cobalt(III) phosphide 10) CoP
11) iron(III) chloride 11) FeCl3
12) copper(II) sulfide 12) CuS
13) lead(II) bromide 13) PbBr2
14) tin(IV) iodide 14) SnI4
15) mercury(II) fluoride 15) HgF2
16) nickel(IV) oxide 16) NiO2
17) manganese(III) chloride 17) MnCl3
18) chromium(II) nitride 18) Cr3N2
19) gold(III) oxide 19) Au2O3
20) cobalt(II) phosphide 20) Co3P2
21) tin(II) sulfide 21) SnS
22) mercury(I) sulfide 22) Hg2S
23) gold(III) bromide 23) AuBr3
24) manganese(II) oxide 24) MnO
25) chromium(II) chloride 25) CrCl2
26) lead(IV) nitride 26) Pb3N4
27) cobalt(III) oxide 27) Co2O3
28) copper(II) iodide 28) CuI2
29) tin(IV) fluoride 29) SnF4
30) iron(II) phosphide 30) Fe3P2

Common Name System
A binary compound is one made of two different elements. There can be one of each element such as
in CuCl or FeO. There can also be several of each element such as Fe2O3 or CuBr2.
This lesson shows you how to name binary compounds (using the common naming system) from the formula
when a cation of variable charge is involved. The four formulas above are all examples of this type. Important
point to remember: the cations involved in this lesson have variable charges. The anions involved have only one
charge.
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-94) reformed chemistry in the late 1700's with his publication of Méthode de
nomenclature chimique in 1787 (along with three co-authors) and Traité élémentaire de Chimie in 1789. He is
known as the "Father of Modern Chemistry."
Two typical names of chemicals up to this point in history are "foliated earth of tartar" and
"phlogisticated vitriolic acid." There were hundreds of such names. One goal of the Méthode was to create
chemical names based on the chemical composition.
Lavoisier's solution, which will be studied in this lesson, was to use different suffixes to indicate differences in
composition. Specifically, the use of "-ous" and "-ic" will be studied.
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Here is what the IUPAC currently says about this naming system: "The following systems are in use but not
recommended: The system of indicating valence by means of the suffixes -ous and -ic added to the root of the
name of the cation may be retained for elements exhibiting not more than two valences."
Example #1: FeO

Step #1 - the first part of the name is the root of the first element in the formula plus a suffix. For iron the root to
use is "ferr-". The suffix will be either "-ous" or "-ic."
Here is how to determine the suffix.
1. multiply the charge of the anion (the O) by its subscript. Ignore the fact that it is negative.
2. divide the result by the subscript of the cation (the Fe). This gives the positive charge on the cation.
3. the lower of the two values for a given cation is assigned the ending "-ous" and the higher uses the
ending "-ic."
The result from (1) and (2) just above is two. (As you memorize the various charges, you will also internalize
the above three steps.)
That last part merits a repeat: the lower of the two values will use the "-ous" ending and the higher will use "-
ic." I can see you saying to yourself "How in the world do I know which one is the lower and which one is the
higher?" Answer - you will know from your studies which one is lower and which is higher.
For example, iron takes on a +2 value and a +3 value. As you begin to learn these values, the question of lower
and higher becomes much easier. Trust me!
The answer to this example is ferrous oxide.
Example #2: Fe2O3

When you multiply the anion's charge (negative two) by its subscript (three) and drop the sign, you get six for
an answer.
Then you divide the six by two (the iron's subscript) and you get three. This means the charge on each iron is
positive three.
Since this is the higher of the two charges, the term "ferric" is used.
The answer to this example is ferric oxide.
Example #3: CuCl2

The first part of the name comes from the first element's root: cupr-.
Two chlorides equal -2, so the Cu must be +2. "-ic" is used because +2 is the HIGHER of the two charges
copper is known to have.
The second part of the name comes from the root of the second symbol plus 'ide,' therefore chlor + ide =
chloride.
This compound is named cupric chloride.
Example #4: SnO

The first part of the name comes from the first element's root: stann-.
One oxygen = negative 2, so the one tin equals +2. The tin must equal +2 because you must create a formula
with zero total charges. "-ous" is used because +2 is the LOWER of the two charges tin is known to have.
Second element is oxygen (from the symbol O), so the name is ox + ide = oxide.
This compound is named stannous oxide.
Practice Problems
Write the correct name for: Answers:
1) NiS 1) nickelous sulfide
2) PbBr4 2) plumbic bromide
3) Pb3N2 3) plumbous nitride
4) Fe2S3 4) ferric sulfide
5) FeI2 5) ferrous iodide
6) Hg2F2 6) mercurous fluoride
7) Cu2S 7) cuprous sulfide
8) SnCl2 8) stannous chloride
9) HgO 9) mercuric oxide
10) Sn3P4 10) stannic phosphide
Page 10 of 20
11) NiS2 11) nickelic sulfide

12) PbCl2 12) plumbous chloride
13) Sn3N4 13) stannic nitride
14) FeS 14) ferrous sulfide
15) FeBr3 15) ferric bromide
16) HgF2 16) mercuric fluoride
17) CuS 17) cupric sulfide
18) SnI4 18) stannic iodide
19) Hg2O 19) mercurous oxide
20) Pb3P4 20) plumbic phosphide
21) NiO 21) nickelous oxide
22) SnO2 22) stannic oxide
23) PbO2 23) plumbic oxide oxide
24) Fe2O3 25) cuprous iodide
25) CuI 26) mercurous chloride
26) Hg2Cl2 27) cupric oxide
27) CuO 28) stannous nitride
28) Sn3N2 29) mercurous peroxide
29) Hg2O2 30) cupric chloride
30) CuCl2

Given Name, Write the Formula
Common Name System
Example #1: cuprous chloride
Step #1 - cuprous is the name of a very specific cation. It is Cu+ and nothing else.
I can see you saying to yourself "How in the world do I know that cuprous means Cu +?" Answer - you know by
your studies which cation goes with which name. If you give your studies enough time, you will memorize all
the names and charges, just like you have memorized many other things in your life.
Step #2 - chloride is the name of a specific anion. It is Cl¯.
Step #3 - remembering thatthe total charge of the formula must be zero, you write the formula CuCl.
Example #2: ferrous oxide

Ferrous means Fe2+.
Oxide means O2¯.
Following the usual rules, you write FeO for the formula.
Example #3: ferric sulfide

Ferric gives Fe3+.
Sulfide is S2¯.
The formula is Fe2S3
Example #4: stannic phosphide

Stannic means Sn4+. Just like "apple" or "light bulb" mean specific things
Phosphide means P3¯.
Sn3P4.
Page 11 of 20
Example #5: mercurous chloride

Mercurous means Hg22+
Chloride means Cl¯.
Hg2Cl2.
This formula is not reduced.
Practice Problems
Write the correct name for: Answer
1) NiS 1) nickelous sulfide
2) PbBr4 2) plumbic bromide
3) Pb3N2 3) plumbous nitride
4) Fe2S3 4) ferric sulfide
5) FeI2 5) ferrous iodide
6) Hg2F2 6) mercurous fluoride
7) Cu2S 7) cuprous sulfide
8) SnCl2 8) stannous chloride
9) HgO 9) mercuric oxide
10) Sn3P4 10) stannic phosphide
11) NiS2 11) nickelic sulfide
12) PbCl2 12) plumbous chloride
13) Sn3N4 13) stannic nitride
14) FeS 14) ferrous sulfide
15) FeBr3 15) ferric bromide
16) HgF2 16) mercuric fluoride
17) CuS 17) cupric sulfide
18) SnI4 18) stannic iodide
19) Hg2O 19) mercurous oxide
20) Pb3P4 20) plumbic phosphide
21) NiO 21) nickelous oxide
22) SnO2 22) stannic oxide
23) PbO2 23) plumbic oxide
24) Fe2O3 24) ferric oxide
25) CuI 25) cuprous iodide
26) Hg2Cl2 26) mercurous chloride
27) CuO 27) cupric oxide
28) Sn3N2 28) stannous nitride
29) Hg2O2 29) mercurous peroxide
30) CuCl2 30) cupric chloride
Binary Compounds of Two Nonmetals

The Greek System
A binary compound is one made of two different elements. There can be one of each element such as in CO or
NO. There can also be several of each element such as BF<SUB3 or OCl2.
Page 12 of 20
This lesson shows you how to name binary compounds from the formula when two nonmetals are involved. The
four formulas above are all examples of this type. Important point to remember: NO metals (which act as
the cation) are involved. That means one of the nonmetals will be acting in the positive role while the other is
negative.
In fact, you do not even need to know the charges, since the formula comes right from the element names and
their prefixes. Be aware that heavy use of Greek number prefixes are used in this lesson.Here are the first ten:
one mono- six hexa-
two di- seven hepta-
three tri- eight octa-
four tetra- nine nona-
five penta- ten deca-
Example #1 - write the name for N2O.

Example #2 - write the name for NO2.
Step #1 - part of the first name is the unchanged name of the first element in the formula. In the examples above,
it would be nitrogen.
If the subscript of the first element is 2 or more, you add a prefix to the name. In the first example above, you
would write dinitrogen. If the subscript is one as in the second example above, you DO NOT use a prefix. You
simply write the name, in this example it would be nitrogen.
Step #2 - the anion is named in the usual manner of stem plus "ide." In addition, a prefix is added. In the first
example, the prefix is "mono-" since there is one oxygen. In the second example, use "di-" because of
two oxygens.
The correct names of the two examples are dinitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Note that "monoxide" is written rather than "monooxide." It sounds better when spoken out loud.
Example #3 - write the name for IF7.

Step #1 - the first element is iodine and there is only one. This part of the name will be "iodine", NOT
"monoiodine."
Step #2 - the second element is fluorine, so "fluoride" is used. Since there are seven, the prefix "hepta" is used.
The name of this compound is iodine heptafluoride.
Example #4 - write the name for N2O5.

Step #1 - the first element is nitrogen and there are two. This part of the name will be "dinitrogen."
Step #2 - the second element is oxygen, so "oxide" is used. Since there are five, the prefix "penta" is used.
The name of this compound is "dinitrogen pentaoxide." Many write is as "dinitrogen pentoxide."
The ChemTeam believes that both are considered correct, but the second is to be prefered.
Example #5 - write the name for XeF2.

The first part of the name comes from the first element's name: xenon. Since there is only one atom present, no
prefix is used.
The second part of the name comes from the root of the second symbol plus 'ide' as well as the prefix "di-
,"therefore di + fluor + ide = difluoride.
This compound is named xenon difluoride.
Example #6 - write the name for N2O4.

The first part of the name comes from the first element's name: nitrogen. Since there are two atoms, the prefix
"di-" is used giving dinitrogen.
The second part of the name comes from the root of the second symbol plus 'ide' as well as the prefix "tetra-
,"therefore tetr + ox + ide = tetroxide.
This compound is named dinitrogen tetroxide. Notice the dropping of the "a" in tetra.
Just a reminder: this system of naming does not really have an offically accepted name, but is often called the
Greek system (or method). It involves use of Greek prefixes when naming binary compounds of two nonmetals.
Sometimes you will see the Stock system applied to these types of compounds. Here is what the IUPAC
currently says about that practice: "The Stock notation can be applied to both cations and anions, but preferably
should not be applied to compounds between nonmetals."
Practice Problems
1) As4O10 1) tetrarsenic decoxide
Page 13 of 20
2) BrO3 2) bromine trioxide

3) BN 3) boron nitride
4) N2O3 4) dinitrogen trioxide
5) NI3 5) nitrogen triiodide
6) SF6 6) sulfur hexafluoride
7) XeF4 7) xenon tetrafluoride
8) PCl3 8) phosphorous trichloride
9) CO 9) carbon monoxide
10) PCl5 10) phosphorous pentachloride
11) P2O5 11) diphosphorous pentoxide
12) S2Cl2 12) disulfur dichloride
13) ICl2 13) iodine dichloride
14) SO2 14) sulfur dioxide
15) P4O10 15) tetraphosphorous decoxide
16) UF6 16) uranium hexafluoride
17) OF2 17) oxygen difluoride
18) ClO2 18) chlorine dioxide
19) SiO2 19) silicon dioxide
20) BF3 20) boron trifluoride
21) N2S5 21) dinitrogen pentasulfide
22) CO2 22) carbon dioxide
23) SO3 23) sulfur trioxide
24) XeF6 24) xenon hexafluoride
25) KrF2 25) krypton difluoride
26) BrCl5 26) bromine pentachloride
27) SCl4 27) sulfur tetrachloride
28) PF3 28) phosphorous trifluoride
29) XeO3 29) xenon trioxide
30) OsO4 30) osmium tetroxide
Compounds Involving a Polyatomic Ion

These compounds to follow ARE NOT binary compounds. They contain three or more elements, as opposed to
only two in a binary compound.
The Greek method WILL NOT be used. That naming technique is used only for binary compounds of
two nonmetals. That means, if you see a formula like BaSO4, the name is not barium monosulfur tetraoxide.
Many unaware ChemTeam students over the years have made this error and suffered for it.
Consequently, a warning: it is important that you learn to recognize the presence of a polyatomic ion in a
formula. Many ChemTeam students have made it their first priority to make a set of flashcards with the name on
one side and the ion and its charge on the other. Then, carry them everywhere and use them.
The cations used will be a mix of fixed charges AND variable charges. You must know which are which.
Another warning: you must also know the charges associated with each polyatomic ion. For example, NO 3¯ is
called nitrate and it has a minus one charge. Once again, many unaware ChemTeam students have thought this
means nitrate has a minus three charge. IT DOES NOT.
Use of Parenthesis
When more than one polyatomic ion is required, parenthesis are used to enclose the ion with the subscript going
outside the parenthesis. For example, the very first formula used is Fe(NO3)2. This means that two NO3¯ are
involved in the compound. Without the parenthesis, the formula would be FeNO 32, a far cry from the correct
formula.
Page 14 of 20
When you say a formula involving parenthesis out loud, you use the word "taken" as in the formula for
ammonium sulfide, which is (NH4)2S. Out loud, you say "N H four taken twice S." OR with the formula for
copper(II) chlorate, which is Cu(ClO3)2. You say " Cu Cl O three taken twice."
Example #1 - write the name for Fe(NO3)2

Step #1 - decide if the cation is one showing variable charge. If so, a Roman numeral will be needed. In this
case, iron does show variable charge.
If a variable charge cation is involved, you must determine the Roman numeral involved. You do this by
computing the total charge contributed by the polyatomic ion. In this case, NO 3¯ has a minus one charge and
there are two of them, making a total of minus 2.
Therefore, the iron must be a positive two, in order to keep the total charge of the formula at zero.
Step #2 - determine the name of the polyatomic ion. Nitrate is the name of NO3¯.
The correct name is iron(II) nitrate. The common name would be ferrous nitrate.
Example #2 - write the name for NaOH

Step #1 - the cation, Na+, does not show a variable charge, so no Roman numeral is needed. The name is
sodium.
Step#2 - OH¯ is recognized as the hydroxide ion.
The name of this compound is sodium hydroxide.
Usually, at this point, a cry is heard in the ChemTeam's classroom. "But how do you know that OH¯ is
hydroxide?" is the plaintive wail. The stock ChemTeam answer is "Well, how do you know anything? How do
you know your phone number? How do you know your best friend's name? In fact, how do you know your
name?" There are three things you must memorize: the name (hydroxide), the symbol (OH) and the charge
(minus one). You must put in the time to learn this nomenclature stuff. It does not come easy and
the ChemTeam realizes you'd rather be spending the time doing more important things: going cool places with
friends, spending time with members of the opposite sex, spending your parents' money, sleeping, etc. Maybe
some other time. Right now, let's move on.
Example #3 - write the name for KMnO4

Step #1 - the cation, K+, does not show a variable charge, so no Roman numeral is needed. The name is
potassium.
Step#2 - MnO4¯ is recognized as the permanganate ion.
The name of this compound is potassium permanganate.
Example #4 - write the name for Cu2SO4

Step #1 - decide if the cation is one showing variable charge. If so, a Roman numeral will be needed. In this
case, copper does show variable charge.
If a variable charge cation is involved, you must determine the Roman numeral involved. You do this by
computing the total charge contributed by the polyatomic ion. In this case, SO 42¯ has a minus two charge and
there is only one, making a total of minus 2.
Therefore, the copper must be a positive one. Why? Well, there must be a positive two to go with the negative
two in order to make zero. Since the formula shows two copper atoms involved, each must be a plus one charge.
Step #2 - determine the name of the polyatomic ion. Sulfate is the name of SO42¯.
The correct name is copper(I) sulfate. The common name would be cuprous sulfate.
Practice Problems
1) AlPO4 1) aluminum phosphate
2) KNO2 2) potassium nitrite
3) NaHCO3 3) sodium hydrogen carbonate [sodium bicarbonate]
4) CaCO3 4) calcium carbonate
5) Mg(OH)2 5) magnesium hydroxide
6) Na2CrO4 6) sodium cromate
7) Ba(CN)2 7) barium cyanide
8) K2SO4 8) potassium sulfate
9) NaH2PO4 9) sodium dihydrogen phosphate
10) NH4NO3 10) ammonium nitrate
11) Sn(NO3)2 11) tin(II) nitrate [stannous nitrate]
12) FePO4 12) iron(III) phosphate [ferric phosphate]
Page 15 of 20
13) Cu2SO4 13) copper(II) sulfate [cupric sulfate]

14) Ni(C2H3O2)2 14) nickel(II) acetate [nickelous acetate]
15) HgCO3 15) mercury(II) carbonate [mercuric carbonate]
16) Pb(OH)4 16) lead(IV) hydroxide [plumbic hydroxide]
17) Cu2Cr2O7 17) copper(I) dichromate [cuprous dichromate]
18) Cu(ClO3)2 18) copper(II) chlorate [cupric chlorate]
19) FeSO4 19) iron(II) sulfate [ferrous sulfate]
20) Hg2(ClO4)2 20) mercury(I) perchlorate [mercurous perchlorate]
21) KClO3 21) potassium chlorate
22) SnSO4 22) tin(II) sulfate [stannous sulfate]
23) Al(MnO4)3 23) aluminum permanganate
24) Pb(NO3)2 24) lead(II) nitrate [plumbous nitrate]
25) Mg3(PO4)2 25) magnesium phosphate
26) CuH2PO4 26) copper(I) dihydrogen phosphate
27) CaHPO4 27) calcium hydrogen phosphate
28) Fe(HCO3)3 28) iron(III) hydrogen carbonate
29) Na2CO3 29) sodium carbonate
30) MnSO4 30) manganese(II) sulfate [manganous sulfate]
Nomenclature of Inorganic Acids

Recognizing an Acid
At this very beginning level, you will recognize an acid by the fact that its formula starts with H, as in these
examples:
HCl
HNO3
H2SO4
HClO3
H3BO3
As you become more sophisticated in your chemistry, you will realize that there are many acid formulas that do
not start with H, but those will almost all be left for another time.
There is one exception to this: the formula CH3COOH should be recognized as acetic acid. The particular way it
is written is common in organic chemistry. An alternate way to write acetic acid is HC 2H3O2. This is done in the
inorganic style which you are currently studying.
One last comment before looking at how to name acids: the formula H2O should not be considered an acid. It is
the formula for water. It is not an acid. When you study acid-base behavior later in the school year, you will
learn more about water's role in acid-base chemistry, but not now.
Naming Acids
In order to explain acid naming, the sequence of HCl, HClO, HClO2, HClO3, and HClO4 will be discussed in
order.
HCl is a binary acid. All binary acids are named the same way:
1. the prefix "hydro" is used.
2. the root of the anion is used.
3. the suffix "ic" is used.
4. the word "acid" is used as the second word in the name.
The name for HCl is hydrochloric acid. Other binary acids you are responsible for are HF, HBr, HI, and H2S.
1) HClO is an acid involving a polyatomic ion. You MUST recognize the polyatomic ion in the formula. There
is no other way to figure out the name. If you don't recognize the polyatomic, then you're sunk without a trace.
The polyatomic ion is ClO¯ and its name is hypochlorite. Any time you see the "ite" suffic, you change it to
"ous" and add the word acid.
Page 16 of 20
The name of HClO is hypochlorous acid.
2) HClO2 has the ClO2¯ polyatomic ion in it. The name of this ion is chlorite.
Since the "ite" suffix is used, it gets changed to "ous."
The name of HClO2 is chlorous acid.
3) HClO3 has the ClO3¯ polyatomic ion and its name is chlorate. Any time you know the "ate" ending is used on
the polyatomic, you use "ic" when its an acid.
The name of HClO3 is chloric acid.
4) HClO4 has the ClO4¯ polyatomic ion and its name is perchlorate.
Since the "ate" suffix is used, it gets changed to "ic."
The name of HClO4 is perchloric acid.
In the ChemTeam's estimation there are two keys. You have to:
1. recognize when a polyatomic is present and
2. know its name.
Only then can you know to change the "ite" suffix to "ous" and the "ate" suffix to "ic" when it is an acid.
Practice Problems
1) H3PO4 1) phosphoric acid
2) H2CO3 2) carbonic acid
3) H2SO4 3) sulfuric acid
4) HIO3 4) iodic acid
5) HF 5) hydrofluoric acid
6) HNO2 6) nitrous acid
Write the formula for these acids:
7) hydrobromic acid 7) HBr
8) hydrocyanic acid 8) HCN
9) nitric acid 9) HNO3
10) sulfurous acid 10) H2SO3
11) phosphorous acid 11) H3PO3
12) acetic acid 12) CH3COOH or HC2H3O2
1) H3PO3 1) phosphorous acid

2) HClO3 2) chloric acid
3) H2SO3 3) sulfurous acid
4) HBrO3 4) bromic acid
5) HI 5) hydroiodic acid (not hydroidiotic acid!)
6) CH3COOH 6) acetic acid
Write the formula for these acids:
7) hydrochloric acid 7) HCl
8) hydrosulfic acid [this has a twist in it] 8) H2S
9) perchloric acid 9) HClO4
10) hydrogen hydroxide 10) HOH (more usually know as H2O or
water)
Page 17 of 20
1. ammonium sulfide 26. nickel(II) iodide

2. sodium nitrate 27. mercurous oxide
3. cupric bromide 28. lead(II) chlorite
4. aluminum sulfate 29. hydrogen iodide
5. potassium nitrate 30. iron(II) bisulfite
6. ferrous carbonate 31. magnesium nitrate
7. lead(II) phosphate 32. iron(III) chromate
8. diphosphorus pentoxide 33. iron(II) chromate
9. cupric hydroxide 34. copper(II) hydroxide
10. calcium fluoride 35. cuprous carbonate
11. nickel(II) nitrate 36. chromic acetate
12. silver cyanide 37. calcium chlorate
13. ammonium sulfite 38. ammonium oxide
14. zinc sulfate 39. aluminum perchlorate
15. tin(II) chloride 40. zinc bicarbonate
16. antimony(III) chloride 41. sodium phosphate
17. silver sulfide 42. silver hypochlorite
18. magnesium hydroxide 43. ammonium phosphate
19. ammonium carbonate 44. ferrous chlorite
20. nickel(II) acetate 45. potassium sulfide
21. sodium chromate 46. tin(IV) bromide
22. chromic bisulfate 47. lithium chromate
23. potassium permanganate 48. magnesium bisulfate
24. silver perchlorate 49. ferrous phosphate
25. potassium phosphate 50. calcium sulfate dihydrate
51. aluminum acetate 76. lithium hypochlorite

52. calcium chloride dihydrate 77. oxygen difluoride
53. barium chromate 78. cobalt(II) hydrogen sulfate
54. cobaltic chloride 79. acetic acid (see #128)
55. barium chloride dihydrate 80. barium hypochlorite
56. sulfurous acid 81. ammonium hydroxide
57. potassium hydroxide 82. cobalt(II) iodide
58. zinc bisulfite 83. chromium(II) bicarbonate
59. sodium sulfite 84. sodium hydroxide
60. cobaltous sulfate 85. silver nitrate
61. ferric oxide 86. mercury(II) nitrate
62. silver phosphate 87. hydrochloric acid
63. sodium hypochlorite 88. aluminum bisulfite
64. ammonium chromate 89. cobalt(III) hydrogen sulfate
65. barium carbonate 90. ferric hydrogen carbonate
66. calcium iodide 91. phosphorus pentabromide
67. cupric sulfate 92. nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate
68. cuprous chloride 93. ammonium aluminum sulfate
69. ferric carbonate 94. iron(III) hydrogen carbonate
70. zinc phosphate 95. mercury(I) hydrogen phosphate
71. sodium nitrite 96. plumbic hydrogen carbonate
72. silver oxide 97. mercuric hydrogen carbonate
73. nickel(II) bromide 98. mercurous hydrogen phosphate
74. magnesium oxide 99. copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
75. mercuric perchlorate 100. chromic dihydrogen phosphate
Page 18 of 20
1. (NH4)2S 26. NiI2

2. NaNO3 27. Hg2O
3. CuBr2 28. Pb(ClO2)2
4. Al2(SO4)3 29. HI
5. KNO3 30. Fe(HSO3)2
6. FeCO3 31. Mg(NO3)2
7. Pb3(PO4)2 32. Fe2(CrO4)3
8. P2O5 33. FeCrO4
9. Cu(OH)2 34. Cu(OH)2
10. CaF2 35. Cu2CO3
11. Ni(NO3)2 36. Cr(C2H3O2)3
12. AgCN 37. Ca(ClO3)2
13. (NH4)2SO3 38. (NH4)2O
14. ZnSO4 39. Al(ClO4)3
15. SnCl2 40. Zn(HCO3)2
16. SbCl3 41. Na3PO4
17. Ag2S 42. AgClO
18. Mg(OH)2 43. (NH4)3PO4
19. (NH4)2CO3 44. Fe(ClO2)2
20. Ni(C2H3O2)2 45. K2S
21. Na2CrO4 46. SnBr4
22. Cr(HSO4)3 47. Li2CrO4
23. KMnO4 48. Mg(HSO4)2
24. AgClO4 49. Fe3(PO4)2
25. K3PO4 50. CaSO4.2H2O
51. Al(C2H3O2)3 76. LiClO

52. CaCl2.2H2O 77. OF2
53. BaCrO4 78. Co(HSO4)2
54. CoCl3 79. CH3COOH
55. BaCl2.2H2O 80. Ba(ClO)2
56. H2SO3 81. NH4OH
57. KOH 82. CoI2
58. Zn(HSO3)2 83. Cr(HCO3)2
59. Na2SO3 84. NaOH
60. CoSO4 85. AgNO3
61. Fe2O3 86. Hg(NO3)2
62. Ag3PO4 87. HCl
63. NaClO 88. Al(HSO3)3
64. (NH4)2CrO4 89. Co(HSO4)3
65. BaCO3 90. Fe(HCO3)3
66. CaI2 91. PBr5
67. CuSO4 92. NiCl2.6H2O
68. CuCl 93. NH4Al(SO4)2
69. Fe2(CO3)3 94. Fe(HCO3)3
70. Zn3(PO4)2 95. Hg2HPO4
71. NaNO2 96. Pb(HCO3)4
72. Ag2O 97. Hg(HCO3)2
73. NiBr2 98. Hg2HPO4
74. MgO 99. CuSO4.5H2O
75. Hg(ClO4)2 100. Cr(H2PO4)3
Page 19 of 20
Page 20 of 20

Symbols and Charges-Monoatomic Ions

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Symbols and Charges for Monoatomic Ions

Symbol Name Symbol Name

Symbols and Charges for Monoatomic Ions

Systematic name Common Systematic name Common

Symbols and Charges for Polyatomic Ions

Formula Name Formula Name

CO32- carbonate HCO3- hydrogen carbonate

SO42- sulfate HSO4- hydrogen sulfate

C2H3O2- acetate (an alternate way to write acetate is CH3COO-)

Binary Compounds of Metals with Fixed Charges

Points to remember about naming a compound from its formula

Example 1: Write the name of the following formula: H2S

Example 2: Write the name of the following formula: NaCl

Example 3: Write the name of the following formula: MgBr2

Example 4: Write the name of the following formula: KCl

Example 5: Write the name of the following formula: Na2S

Three possible mistakes to be aware of:

Write the correct name for: Answers

18) SrS 18) strontium sulfide

Binary Compounds of Metals with Fixed Charges

Example 5: Write the name of the following formula: magnesium oxide

Example 6: Write the name of the following formula: aluminum oxide

30) aluminum oxide 30) Al2O3

Binary Compounds of Cations with Variable Charges

Example #1: Write the name for: FeCl2

Example #2: name this compound: CuCl2

Example #3: Write the name for: Fe2O3

Example #4: name this compound: SnO

There are Certain Formulas You Never Reduce

Binary Compounds of Cations with Variable Charges

Example #2 - Write the formula for: copper(I) oxide

Example #3 - Write the formula for: iron(III) sulfide

Example #4 - Write the formula for: tin(IV) phosphide

Write the correct formula for: Answers

3) lead(IV) iodide 3) PbI4

Binary Compounds of Cations with Variable Charges

Example #1: FeO

Example #2: Fe2O3

Example #3: CuCl2

Example #4: SnO

11) NiS2 11) nickelic sulfide

Binary Compounds of Cations with Variable Charges

Example #2: ferrous oxide

Example #3: ferric sulfide

Example #4: stannic phosphide

Example #5: mercurous chloride

Binary Compounds of Two Nonmetals

Example #1 - write the name for N2O.

Example #3 - write the name for IF7.

Example #4 - write the name for N2O5.

Example #5 - write the name for XeF2.

Example #6 - write the name for N2O4.

2) BrO3 2) bromine trioxide

Compounds Involving a Polyatomic Ion

Example #1 - write the name for Fe(NO3)2

Example #2 - write the name for NaOH

Example #3 - write the name for KMnO4

Example #4 - write the name for Cu2SO4

13) Cu2SO4 13) copper(II) sulfate [cupric sulfate]

Nomenclature of Inorganic Acids

The name of HClO is hypochlorous acid.

1) H3PO3 1) phosphorous acid