INTRODUCTION

This day, our earth has turning into old and very affected by the environment. Green technology
becomes necessity for us to use in order to save energy that we consumed. The intention of this
report is concerning the carbon capture technology. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is
broadly consider as a vital technology for limit the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) so that it
does not escape into the atmosphere, the principal “greenhouse gas” linked to global climate
change from power plants and other large industrial sources. There are some professionals consider
that the world has little chance of decreasing carbon emissions in line with scientific advice unless
CCS technology becomes widely deployed in existing and future fossil-fuel power stations.

Among greenhouse gases that contributed to the global warming are Carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), (Hu, 2011). Climate change affected with a long-term
influence due to these gases emissions. Among of the greenhouse gases, CO2 is the major
contributor to global warming when looked at its cause for half of the greenhouse effect. Indeed,
iron and steel production alone are huge contributors to CO2 emissions, beating out waste
combustion, agriculture, production of chemical, and other numerous metal productions by a long
stretch. It does, however, come close to cement manufacturing and natural gas systems. Thus, one
of the source that have vital contribution to the CO2 emissions is the fossil fuels combustion
towards energy supply (Quadrelli & Peterson, 2007).

There are three major carbon capture technologies, which are:

• Post – combustion

• Pre - combustion

• Oxyfuel combustion
 Figure 1 : Overview of carbon capture technologies (Hu, 2011)

Since the capability of oxy-fuel combustion to use the advanced steam technology, to design a
zero-emission power plant and minimize cost of equipment and it size, oxy-fuel combustion turn
out to be a very significant option for CO2 capture (Hu, 2011)

METHODS:

1. Oxy-fuel combustion
Oxy-fuel combustion is the technique which pure oxygen is utilize for fuel combustion which then
produced a CO2 enriched flue gas that could without difficulty be separated and seized
(Falkenstein-Smith, Zeng, & Ahn, 2017). Oxy-fuel combustion get extra interest as its availability
and capability to be incorporated into facilities of modern energy production. The traditional power
plant technology is utilize by oxy-fuel combustion system whereby the condition for the fuel
combustion is in pure oxygen (O2) (>95% volume) and flue gas stream is recycled in order to make
the oxygen dilute and offer sufficient heat transfer. As a result in the resulting flue gas, it will have
CO2 with high concentration.(Koiwanit et al., 2016)
There are three core components of Oxy-fuel combustion for CO2 capture which are separation
unit (ASU) for combustion process that supplies oxygen, the heat exchangers and furnace where
heat exchange take place as well as combustion, and the unit of compression and CO2 capture.

Figure 1.1 shows the schematic diagram of oxy-fuel system.

According to Koiwanit et. al., (2016), emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere can be reduce more
efficient by using oxy-fuel combustion CO2 capture system compare with the post-combustion
CO2 capture technology.

Advantages of oxy-fuel

 Capable of installation conventional, well advanced, steam cycles with high efficiency for
CO2 capture unaccompanied by eliminate significant amounts of steam from the cycle.
 No chemical operations or significant on-site chemical inventory for extra process
equipment.
  Extremely low emissions of conventional pollutants can be reached largely as an
unexpected outcome of the selected CO2 purification processes, and at slightly little or no
extra cost.
 Chemical looping combustion growth with advanced ultra-supercritical steam cycles might
create an oxy-combustion power plant (with CO2 capture) with higher efficiency than air-
fired power plants being built today (without CO2 capture).

Challenges of oxy-fuel

 At current power plants, it is impossible to develop sub-scale oxy-combustion technology.

 The technology development route for oxy-combustion might be expensive than that for
either pre-combustion or post-combustion capture, which can be developed on slip streams
of existing plants.
 The auxiliary power associated with air compression in a cryogenic air separation unit and
CO2 compression in the CO2 purification unit will reduce net plant output by up to 25%
compared to an air fired power plant with the same gross capacity (without CO2 capture).

2. Post Combustion Process

This process occurs by captures CO2 from the flue gases that generate once the burning of fossil
fuels or other carbonaceous materials like biomass. This day, combustion-based power plants are
sources that generate electricity created in our world. In advanced coal-fired power plant,
pulverized coal (PC) is burn together with air in a boiler or furnace. Steam is produced from the
heat released by combustion process. Hence, turbine-generator will be activated (see Figure 2).
The hot gases that generated from combustion process leaving the boiler contain mostly nitrogen
(from air) and some water vapor with small concentrations and CO2 also formed. They are comes
from the carbon and hydrogen in the fuel. There are also some products additionally formed
throughout combustion process that comes from impurities in coal comprise of nitrogen oxides,
sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter (fly ash). Since those impurities are well-regulated air
pollutants, it need to be remove similarly with other trace species such as mercury in order to fit
with relevant emission standards. It is necessary to have extra removal of pollutants (especially
SO2) to deliver adequate clean gas stream for following CO2 capture. This might happens in some
cases.

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of a Coal-Fired Power Plant with Post-Combustion CO2 Capture
Using an Amine Scrubber System

Similar post-combustion capture technology that would be used at a PC plant also would be used
for post-combustion CO2 capture at a natural gas-fired boiler or combined cycle (NGCC) power
plant (see Figure). High removal efficiencies be able to accomplish using amine-based capture
systems even if more dilute concentration of the flue gas CO2 compared in coal plants. If the
impurities absence in natural gas, it producing a clean flue gas stream. Thus, there is no need for
additional cleanup to get effective CO2 capture.

3. Pre Combustion Process

Firstly, in order to remove carbon out of fuel just before combustion, the carbon need to convert
into agreeable form to be capture. For coal-fueled plants, partial oxidation or gasification process
is use to achieve agreeable form through the reaction of coal with steam and oxygen at temperature
also pressure with high conditions. Gaseous fuel is the resulting of the process whereby it comprise
mostly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (a mixture identified as synthesis gas, or syngas) which
later can use to yield electricity in a combined cycle power plant by burn them. This is the same
as described NGCC plant above and this method acknowledged as integrated gasification
combined cycle (IGCC) power generation. Next, carbon monoxide is converted to CO2 through a
reaction with steam (H2O) which is performed by a two-stage “shift reactor”. This process occurs
after the removal of particulate impurities from the syngas. The reaction produces CO2 as well as
hydrogen. The chemical solvent which is broadly used commercial product Selexol that uses a
glycol-based solvent, later captures the CO2, leaving a stream of almost pure hydrogen that is
burned in a combined cycle power plant in order to yield electricity, as depicted in Figure 3

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of an Amine-Based Post-Combustion CO 2 Capture System applied

to a Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plant

Example of Application of Carbon Capture:

I. Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) system

In the 1970s, flue gas desulfurization system the most broadly used technology for post-
combustion SO2 control, also recognized as “scrubber” that water slurry and limestone are
utilized to capture SO2 through chemical reaction. The capture efficiencies of these systems
can reach up to 90%. Though, they have been considered as being difficult to work reliably
also very costly and possess too high energy penalty (Folger, 2013).
 Figure 4: Flue Gas Desulfurization System
II. Electron Beam Process

For flue gas treatment, this process very convenient. Ebara Corporation which is company
from Japan was introduced this process in year 1970. This process principle was the energy
that generate from electron beam cause chemicals in the flue gas. It is encouraged to use this
process since it is more cost-effective way to capture all together both SO2 and NOx with great
efficiency (Folger, 2013).

Figure 4.1: Electron Beam Process

III. Carbon Engineering

The technology that used is based on a 100-year-old industrial process which is well-
acknowledged and existing technology. This technology operate by integrate an air contactor
and a regeneration cycle intended for capture atmospheric carbon dioxide with continuously
process and production of pure carbon dioxide. The air contractor act as absorber in order to
absorb the atmospheric carbon into a capture solution towards producing a liquid which is
contain large amount of carbon dioxide. Later the liquid which is consist large amount of
carbon dioxide can be sold and will be utilized in other industrial applications and/or isolated
enduringly deep underground (Hower, 2016).

Figure 4.2: Carbon engineering system

IV. The Furnace Limestone Injection Process

This process work by injected a limestone sorbent into the furnace directly and Sulphur
oxides will be react with the injected limestone sorbent to attain removal with moderate
efficiencies and involving very low cost. Furnace sorbent injections has two methods known
as LIFAC and LIMB. For the LIFAC process, limestone injection and a humidification
system combination is used for capture SO2. Whereas, the LIMB is about process which
includes a limestone injection with multi-stage burners. This process manage to get
somewhat low SO2 removal with the use of limestone, which is around 50% only. However,
 to get higher capture efficiencies, it is recommend using more expensive lime sorbents. The
problem for both of these processes are they experiences failures of the electrostatic
precipitator at the test plants. This occur because of solids that collected are large in volume,
and for overcome this, more cost needed for it (Folger, 2013).

V. Quest Project

The partnership between Shell, Canada Energy and Chevron, resulting a fully integrated
carbon capture and storage (CCS) project designed to capture, transport and store deep
underground of carbon dioxide with approximate large than a million tons annually, This
project acknowledged as Quest project. Based on this project, one-third of the emissions are
captured from Shell’s Scotford Upgrader, which oil sands bitumen is converted into synthetic
crude, which then will be refined into fuel, also other products. Then, transportation of carbon
dioxide is make through a 40-mile long pipeline and is being injected more than a mile
underground below multiple layers of impermeable rock formations. Quest project is the first
commercial application of CCS in the oil sands industry (Hower, 2016).

CONCLUSION:

Currently, post-combustion and pre-combustion capture technologies are commercial and

mostly used in a variety of industrial processes for gas stream purification. Some small scale
installations also capture CO2 from power plant flue gases in order to yield CO2 for sale as an
industrial commodity. Oxy-combustion capture, however, is still under development and is not
currently commercial.
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