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Summary Mechanics of materials, Hibbeler

Sterkteleer (Technische Universiteit Delft)

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H1,2,3,4

σ=P/A
σ=stress/spanning (Pa), P=force (N), A=oppervlakte doorsnede (m2)

τ=V/A
τ=shear stress/ spanning in een deel , V=shear force (N)

ε=(Δs’-Δs)/Δs δ/L δ=PL/AE

ε=strain/rek (m), δ=verschil in lengte (m), L=lengte (m)

γ=π/2 – limθ’
γ=shear strain/ rek in een deel, θ’=verandering hoek (rad)

δ T =αΔTL
δ T =thermische uitzetting (m), α=warmte coëfficiënt , T=temperatuur(K)

σ=Eε

G=E/2(1+ν)
E=modulus of elasticity (GPa), G=modulus of rigidity (GPa), ν=poisson’s ratio

ν= -(ε lat /ε long )

ε lat =δ’/r
ε long =δ/L

H6 Bending:
σ= -(y/c)σ max (1)
y= distance from neutral plane to point of where you’re measuring
c=distance neutral plane to edge of beam

σ max =Mc/I (2)

M=internal moment
I= moment of inertia

I=1/12*bh3 πr 0 4/4 (π/4)(r 0 4-r i 4)

b=breedte circular tube
h=hoogte solid

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(1)+(2)-> σ=-My/I

unsymmetric bending
σ= - M z y/I z +M y z/I y

orientation neutral axis

tanα=(I z /I y )tanθ

composite beams
n= E 2 (less stiff) /E 1 (stiff)

to determine neutral plane

stress concentration(at places of sudden cross-sectional change):
σ max =KMc/I
r/h with w/h or r/h with b/r determine K (special
graphs§6.9)

H12 Bending:
1/ρ=M/EI 1/ρ= - σ/Ey 1/ρ= - ε/y
ρ=radius of curve

check for boundary and continuity conditions:

v = f(x) (formula for elastic curve)

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H5 Torsion:

τ=(ρ/r o )τ max τ max =Tr o /J τ=Tρ/J

ρ=distance to point where you measuring. T=internal torque(moment)
J=polar moment of inertia.

J=(π/2)r o 4 J=(π/2)(r o 4 – r i 4)
Solid shaft tubular shaft

P=Tω (watt) P=2πfT

P=power. ω=radians/second f=hertz

=angle of twist (radians) measured at x

:at variable torque

ϕ=TL/JG
Angle of twist at constant torque

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q=τ avg t τ avg =T/2tA m q=T/2A m

q=shear flow. t=thickness of tube where τavg. A m =area within the tube, until centerline
of edge, 5mm+2.5mm

angle of twist.
integrate over entire boundary of cross sectional area.

Stressconcentration.
τ avg =KTr o /J
r/d with D/ddetermine K (special graph§5.8)

H7 afschuiving/transverse shear.
τ=VQ/It
t=width of area at point where measure.
Q= (height from neutral axis to centroid of A’)*(area of
part, from t to top(A’)).

I=(1/12)bh3(+bh(h Neutralaxis – y centroid,measuredfromthebottom )2

q=VQ/I F/s=VQ/I
Shear flow is a measure of the force per unit length along the axis of a beam. This value is found from
the shear formula and is used to determine the shear force developed in fasteners and glue that holds
the various segments of a composite beam together.

Opendunwandige profile
e=F f d/P
A=dwarskrachtmiddelpunt(dmp)
Ff=

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H8 combined loadings.
Cylindrical vessels.
σ 1 =pr/t
circumferential/ hoop direction.

σ 2 =pr/2t
longitudinal/axial direction.

Spherical vessels.

H9 str ess tr ansfor mation

maximum/minimum normal stress:

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(the principal stresses act on the principal

planes(no shear stress in principal planes))

maximum shear stress

cirkel of Mohr:

R=τ max in-plane

Absolute maximum
shear stress:

H10 strain

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transformation
Dilitation=the change of volume per unit volume. (volumetric strain) -------------

(only by normal strain)

the bulk modulus; k=E/3(1-2ν), the volume modulus of elasticity.

Theories of failure: maximum-shear-stress-theory(ductile materials);

τ max =σ yield /2
maximum-distortion-energy theory (ductile materials);
strain-energy density= u= (1/2)σ 1 ε 1 + (1/2)σ 2 ε 2 + (1/2)σ 3 ε 3

maximum-normal-stress-theory
(brittle materials);

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(Mohr’s failure criterion)

H11 beam design.

Section modulus= S req’d =M max /σ allow = I/c

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