Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
At
By
Muhammad Irshad
B.Sc(Hons.) Agriculture
Department of Agronomy
Muhammad Nawaz Shareef
University of Agriculture, Multan.
Acknowledgements
We indebted to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the propitious, the benevolent and sovereign whose
blessing and glory flourished our thoughts and thrived our ambitions, giving us talented teachers,
affectionate parents, sweet brothers and unique friends. Trembling lips and wet eyes praise for
HOLY PROPHET MUHAMMAD (P.B.U.H.) for enlightening our conscience with the
essence of faith in ALLAH, converging all His kindness and mercy upon him.
The work presented in this manuscript was accomplished under the sympathetic attitude,
fatherly behavior, animate directions, observant pursuit, scholarly criticism, cheering perspective
and enlightened supervision of Mian Mehtab Hussain(Owner, Hassan Zari Farm) I deem it
utmost pleasure to avail the opportunity to express the heartiest gratitude and deep sense of
devotion. With humble, profound and deep sense of devotion I wish to record my sincere
appreciation to
Mian Aftab, Mian Ashfaq & Mian Shoaib for their reliable comments, dynamic supervision
sincere help and inspiring guidance throughout the period of this Internship. Earnest and devout
appreciation to Mr. Aslam ( Field Incharge) and Muhammad Riaz and all other Staff members.
Our special thanks to Dr. Abdul Gaffar (Chairman, Department of Agronomy), Dr. Faheem
Nawaz (Co-ordinator) & Mr. Nabeel Ahmed Ikram (Co-Coordinator) for giving us an
opportunity to dive in deep sea of knowledge.
May ALLAH bless all these people with long, happy and peaceful lives (Ameen)!
Muhammad Irshad
&
OUR PARENTS
WHO ALWAYS WISH TO SEE US SUCCESSFUL IN
EVERY FIELD OF LIFE
CERTIFICATE
Internship Supervisor
---------------------------------
Mr. Mian Mehtab Hussain
(Owner, Hassan Zari Farm)
Table of contents
Implements………………………………………………………………………………..
Soil Managment......................................................................................................................
High Tunnel……………………………………………………………………..………..
Walk-in-Tunnel………………………………………………………………….……….
Low Tunnel…………………………………………………………………………….…
Onion…………………………………………………………………………………….
Cucumber …………………………………………………………………………….…..
Chili……………………………………………………………………………………..
Strawberry…………………………………………………………………………………
Melon………………………………………………………………………………………
Wheat………………………………………………………………………………………
Cotton……………………………………………………………………………………..
Abstract
I join for internship at dated 18-01-18 here during period of our internship we got marvelous
experience about farm management and crop husbandry techniques of different crops. At farm
we are assigned to different sections named vegetable section, crop section. and we work in each
section one by one and get first hand field experience about field conditions like:
In vegetable section we know about nursery raising techniques of different vegetables their crop
husbandry techniques after transplanting, we also get knowledge about vegetable marketing and
the innovative technologies used in vegetable section like lay, flat drip irrigation system.
Hassan Zari Form is situated at 10 km away from Mailsi. Hassan Zari Farm is
consists of 200 acres. Mian Mehtab Hussain, Mian Ishfaq Hussain, Mian Muhammad
Shoib and Mian Aftab Hussain are the owners of this land. They belong to Arian
Family. The head of Hassan Zari Farm is Mian Mehtab Hussain. He is a progressive
vegetable grower .He is very kind, honest and hard work person. He was a man of
passion and has willing to adopt modern Agriculture Practices.
He completed his study in B.Sc. Statistics from Bahaudin Zikariya University Multan.
He taught us very sincerely and comprehensively. He was really a nice personality.
There were 100 acres of Melon, 80 acres of Cucumber and 20 acres of Water melon
Bitter guard and other crops.80 % of farmer community grows vegetable in mailsi.
They were cultivated cotton previously but transferred to vegetable due to viral attack.
Vegetable farming is a productive idea we can adopt it and get maximum income with
low investment. Vegetables are excellent source of vitamins and minerals.
Mian Mehtab Hussain was started tunnel Farming in 1999. In the beginning only
three acres were maintained as vegetable Production. Then Tunnel farming was
Progress to 200 Acres. This is a big story of success. Briefly describe below, there
were three main crops e.g., Tomato, Cucumber and Melon and some miner crops.
There were three Field Incharge of these crops Muhammad Aslam, Mahar Aslam and
Muhammad Riaz And spray incharge Allah Diyaya. They were doing his job honestly.
They were experienced in his field. They treated me sincerely. The Office comprises of 6 kanal
area e.g. Main Office, Dining Room, Guest Room, Store Masjid etc. Ghulam Hussain and Mr.
Amir look after the Office and hospitalize the guest. Mian Mehtab Husain was adopted following
techniques e.g. mulching; Pipe tunnels, Drip irrigation, Motor sprayer, submersible water
Turbine etc.Mian Mehtab Hussain import seeds of vegetables from Yuksel Seed Company
(Turkey) .Yuksel Produced vegetable seeds only. Mian Mehtab is also distributer of this
company. University tours also came there and visited the field of Hassan Zari Farm. This farm
is very famous in mailsi due to its efficient tunnel management. No doubt Mian Mehtab Husain
is a first tunnel grow in South Punjab.
To carry out different farm activities and operations, modern farm implements are
required which are present on the farm. Due to these implements work is done more efficiently,
within less time and more accurately and saves labor cost.
• Chisel Plough
• Disc harrow
• Seed-cum-fertilizer drill
• Dumper( which has capacity to up-lift 250 mounds of wheat)
• Fertilizer Broad caster
• Cultivators
• Hole Maker
• Laser Land Leveler
• Boom sprayer
• jecto sprayer
• Straw Bailer
• Row cumbi
• Disc border maker
• Centrifugal pump(p-t-o operated to uplift water from canals or water channels)
• Special bed planter for drip irrigation
Tractors
At Hassan farm, there are 5 tractors present which are of different brands
FIAT(480,640,640,SPECIAL)
Transportation Implements
Tractor Troiles, Vans ,Cars, Dumpers and Hino Truck, Master Truck, Toyota hilux etc.
SOIL Management
Soil was tested in soil testing laboratory. Mian Mehtab Husain was very interested to accomplish
this work in his own supervision. He knows soil is the basic component for best production (The
government laboratory is take the 5 rupees per soil sample and some private institute also check
the sample free of coast).Before the cultivation of estimated the following level:
• pH of land
• EC level of land
• Salinity
• Nutritional level
Key points:
• Nematode problems are found in sandy soils of Pakistan.
• Anti-nematode Pesticide are not working properly in Pakistan e.g. furadan,ragbi
• Water Drainage is best in semi sandy soil
• One Chisel Plough and two cross cultivation are necessary for good tillage.
• Zinc application helps to prevent leach down of nutrients.
• Remove the weeds before primary tillage practices for high production
40% yield loss if weeds remain untreated
Remedies
• Organic matter: sources
• Animal dung
• Green manuring: sources
• Sorghum (jawar)
• Jantar
These crops are crush and rotaveter at pre maturity (milky stage) stage to increase the fertility
level of soil. And add half bag of urea, For easy decomposition apply irrigation. Animal dung
is mixed in soil two months before the sowing of crops. Two irrigations are necessary for the
complete deposition of organic matter. Chisel plow is used to break the hard pan of the soil.
It helps root penetration. Leveling of land is done for efficient water usage. Weeds and
nematodes is removed by Solarization Practices.
Solarization
Cover the moist soil with polythene sheet for 40 days to increase the temperature up to 60 to
70°C to kill the nematodes and the seeds of weeds that are harmful for the respective crop. This
process will also increase the yield and decrease the effects of soil borne diseases. This technique
was used at Hassan Zari Farm.
Area:-
Area specified for crops are
1. Melon (100 acres)
2. Cucumber (80 acres)
3. Water melon and other Crops (20 acres)
4. Wheat (10 acres)
Primary Cultivation
Preparing beds
VEGETABLE SECTION
• There are two types of vegetables
Summer Vegetables
Tomato, Hot pepper, sweet pepper, Brinjal, Cucumber, Okra, Bottle Gourd, Sponge
Gourd, Bitter Gourd, Tinda Gourd, Pumpkin, Arum, Potato, Mint, Turmeric, Ginger,
Musk Melon, Water Melon, Sweet Potato & Groundnut are summer crops. The best time
of sowing is spring (Feb, March) and they will produce till September, October.
Winter Vegetables
The best sowing time of winter vegetables is September, October and they will produce
till Feb, March. Winter Vegetable includes: Cabbage, Cauliflower, Broccoli, Carrot,
Potato, Onion, Lettuce leaf, Radish, Turnip, Peas, Spinach, Fenugreek, Beets, Mustard,
Coriander, Mint & Garlic
But following vegetables were grown at Hassan Zari Farm
• Cucumber
• Melon
• Water Melon
• Tomato
• Chilli
• Sponge Guard
• Round Guard
• Bitter Guard
• Brinjal
• Tobacco
Growing of off- season crops under controlled environmental conditions
Dimension of Acre
Types of Tunnel:
There were three types of tunnel according to their width, height and length used in Hassan Zari
farm for growing vegetables.
1. High tunnel
2. Walk-In tunnel
3. Low tunnel
High Tunnel:
Height Of tunnal:.13ft
Width of tunnel:.33ft
• Length of each tunnel (shed) in an acre: .200 ft.
• There are 6 shed in one acre (high tunnel)
• Distance between two shed is 3 feet
• Pipe to pipe distance: .12-14 ft.
• Pipe length is 50 ft.
• Price of pipe is Rs. 100-105/kg.
• Diameter of pipe is 2.0 Inch in High tunnel.
• Total weight of a pipe is 30 to 34 kg/Pipe.
• Total polythene used in high tunnel is 350kg
• Cost of polythene is Rs 74,000/Acre
• Total Mulch sheet Price=Rs 9000
• No.of pipes used in one shed are 17.
• Total pipes in 01 acre are 102.
• Total pipe length in 01 acre is 5000-5100 ft.
• Price of total Expenses of pipes in one acre is Rs 535,500.
• Length of one hanging net =200ft
• Total hanging net that used in an acre are 96 with cost Rs 20200
• Cost of tunnel structure is Rs 626,000/acre
• There are 16 lines in 1 shed. And 96 lines in one acre.
• Distance between 2 sheds is 2-3 ft. to fix the polythene sheet in the soil to prevent the
aeration and increase the temperature within the shed for the maximum and speed
growth of the respective crop. 0/10 gauge of polythene sheet is used for high tunnel.
• Hanging net of 200 ft. is used for climbing the branches of the respective crop.
• The height of hanging net is 6-8 ft.it is also vary from the crop to crop requirement
• Each net weight was 400 gram. Price is Rs 220/Net.
In this tunnel, Mostly cucumber was cultivated.
There are 2 types of High Tunnel:
1.Temporary (Bamboo Sticks) tunnel:
• It is also called Bamboo tunnel.
• It is formed by the bamboo for 2-3 years.
• In this type of tunnel bamboo are used in place of pipes.
• This type of tunnel is less expensive.
• Total cost on tunnel is 250,000 to 3,00,000.
.
11
2.Permanent Pipe Tunnel:
i. This type of tunnel was formed with the help of pipes with diameter of 2 inch.
ii. Pipe length was 50ft
iii. Price of pipes in one acre app = Rs 535,500.
iv. Polythene sheet price = Rs.220-230/kg.
v. Polythene sheet is used in one acre is 350 kg.
vi. Total Cost of polythene sheet = Rs.74000/acre.
vii. Polythene sheet used in high tunnel is 0/10 gauges.
viii. Mulch sheet is used 30-40 kg per acre.
ix. The price of Mulch sheet is Rs.230 per kilogram.
x. Mulch sheet of 02 gauge is used.
xi. Total price of Mulch sheet is Rs.9000/acre.
xii. There are 16 hanging net is used in one shed.
xiii. Price of 01 hanging net is Rs.220.
xiv. There are 96 hanging net is used in 01 acre.
xv. Total price of hanging net used in 01 acre is Rs.21000-22000.
xvi. This type of Tunnel is used for several years. So, it is called permanent tunnel.
xvii. Pipes are fixed within the cemented block.
xviii. It is expensive than temporary(bamboo) tunnel.
xix. These are controlled by Manually and Automatically.
xx. This type of tunnel is the best because it control the temperature according to the crop
requirements.
Walk in Tunnel:
• It is also called Medium Tunnel.
• Height Of tunnel: .6-7 ft.
• Width of tunnel: .11 ft.
• Length of each Shed in one acre=198 ft.
• Pipe to pipe distance is 10-12 ft.
• There are 14-15 pipes in 1 shed of 01 acre.
• Total pipes used in a acre app=230( Diameter 0.75 inch)
• There are 6 lines of crop in 1 shed.
• There are approximately 15 sheds in one Acre.
• Length of a pipe is 22 ft.
• Total weight of a pipe is used in Walk-in tunnel is 7-8 kg.
• Price of Pipe of walk-in tunnel is Rs. 100-110/kg.
• Initial cost of pipes used in Walk-in tunnel is about 2, 00,000 per acre.
• Name suggests that we can walk in this type of tunnel easily.
• There are 06 gauge and 08 gauges of polythene sheet used in walk in tunnel.
• Polythene sheet in Walk-in tunnel is 220 kg/acre.
• Price of polythene sheet is Rs.210-220/kg
• Price of polythene sheet is Approximately 50,000/acre
• Hanging net of 400g is used with length 200 ft.
• There are 90 hanging net per acre in Walk-in tunnel
• Height of Hanging net is 5.5 to 6 ft.
• Weight of Mulch sheet used=30-35 kg per Acre.
• Price of Mulch sheet is Rs.230/kg
• Total price of Mulch sheet is Approximately Rs.9,000-10,000per acre
Low Tunnel:
There are two types of low tunnel
1. Iron Rod tunnel
Pandal System:
It is a type of Pandal system in which Hanging net is kept horizontally (like roof) and vertically
When the crop is reached at certain height put them on the net (Pandal) for further growth shown
in picture. This is the latest technique in tunnel farming. Specially for Tomatoes and Sponge
guard
Land Preparation
Before establishments of tunnels, land is fully prepared with 2times disc harrow, 1
time chisel plough, 2 times rotavators. With planter beds are also formed. and Fertilizer is done
according to crop requirement (which we sow in tunnel) is performed.
1. Beds are covered with black polythene sheet its width is according to the width of bed.
2. The main objective of mulching sheet is to preserve moisture and control weeds.
Making Hole
Then after covering beds with polythene sheet we make holes With the help of gas burner,
holes are made on mulching sheet at specific distance for specific crop to maintain P to P
distance.
Bulb Sowing
Bulb of onion is sown in first week of December.
Seed Harvest
Onion Seed is harvested in last week of May.
Planting geometry
row to row distance = 2.5 ft
plant to plant distance = 1ft
Seed Production/acre
Seed production per acre is variable. It varies from 170 kg.
Off Seasonal Onion
Nursery Raising
Nursery of off seasonal onion is sown in Last week of July. For nursery raising,
we made 5*10 foot square basins than we irrigated these basins, after that we broadcasted the
seed in standing water than in early in the morning of next day we cover the seed with
sugarcane mud and sand in 50:50 because The onion seed is light sensitive so it is covered with
that material. Low temperature is preferred ( less than 30 C) for onion nursery raising. For
nursery raising low temperature and shade is required. Nursery take about one month to be ready
for transplanting
Seed rate
The seed rate required for offseasonal onion is 3-4 kg/acer the high seed rate is
recommended because of low germination rate of onion seed in these harsh climatic conditions .
Irrigation
In start we irrigate the nursery 3-4 times in a day depends upon season when nursery height is
two inches than we give irrigation but in stress to increase bulb size
Hardening of Nursery
DAP = 3bags
Zinc Sulphate = 5kg
Boron = 2.5kg
Number of Irrigations
Usually four irrigations are enough for the onion crop. For the nursery, hand shower is
the best for water application.
Insect Pests
Thrips is the major insect pest of onion crop. Army worm attack also cause serious loss to
the crop.
Control
For thrips control Imedachloprid @250ml per acer is applied. While for the army
worm control Match @250ml per acer is applied.
Onion Varieties
Phulkara (Sindh)
Cucumber
Botanical Name Cucumis sativus
Family Cucurbitaceae
Total cultivated area of cucumber is 90 acres, under high & walk-in tunnels.
Varieties
1). Yayla from yukseel seed asia
2) Sevher
3) 6015
4) 6014
5) 6016
Parthenocarpic varities are used for tunnel cucumber.
Land preparation
Fine seed bed is required for cucumber for that we move cross wise chisel plough, two time
disc harrow, one time cultivator and one time rotavator for the prepration of fine seed bed
Application of basal dose of fertilizer
We spread three bags of DAP, one bag of sop, 5kg of zinc sulphate and 25 kg of borax after
that we make beds. The width of beds is 2 feet after that we lay laterals of drip irrigation system
over the beds after that we cover the beds through black plastic mulch sheet after that we stand
the tunnel structure, for area of one acer we require 270 tunnel pipes and 540 iron rods, the iron
rods are buried in soil and on these iron rods the tunnel pipes are fitted and iron ropes are used
to support the tunnel pipes and plastic sheet, plastic sheet of different gauges are available in the
market 12-14 gauge sheet is used for cucumber crop.
Sowing
Sowing is performed after from last week of November to 1st week of Dec. First we lay
the back plastic mulch sheet over the beds. For 1 acre we require 30 to 35 kg mulch sheet .In
mulch sheet we make holes by gas burner and we sow seed in these holes.. Plant to plant distance
is 9 inch- 1ft. and row to row distance is 2.5ft Remember that the plumule side of seed should be
in upward position and radical side towards the soil. While sowing of seed should be 1 inch deep
on surface of beds. Seed is sown manually at the rate of one seed per hill.
Germination
Germination starts after 3-4 days. A specific fragrance emerge from cucumber seed
during germination that attracts rodents especially mice during night hours. It decreases 50-80%
germination if not controlled. It is controlled by both manual as well as chemical method.
In manual the mice are controlled by labour having sticks and torch in their hands. They kill
them wherever mice is seen. While in chemical control baiting of Zinc Phosphide @ 4kg /40 kg
of wheat seed. First boil wheat seeds to avoid its germination around the tunnels.
Tunnel covering
White polythene sheets are used as protective covering against frost as well as its helps in
increasing temperature. These are removed after 15-20 February.
Fertilizers Applications
Before the start of flowering 1 bag of Urea/acre is applied in one month in split doses and
when flowering start 1 bag of Urea and 1 bag of SOP/acre/month is applied also in splits.
Picking
First picking is done in about first week of February. After first picking daily picking is
performed in cucumber grown in tunnel and its harvesting continue till May.
Temperature
Best temperature that is required for its best production is 25-30 degree centigrade. At
temperature below 10oC, growth is retarded.
• Aphid
• Jassid
• Thrips
• Leaf Miners
• Mites
• American Bollworm
• Army Bollworm
• Nematodes:
Attack of nematodes is Maximum during March and April
Powdery mildew
This disease attack when temperature is high and humidity is low.
Downy mildew
This disease occur when temperature is low and humidity is high and that is the most
harmful disease of tunnel cucumber the both of these diseases are controlled by different
fungicides. Acrobat (90/600 WP) (Dimethomorph 90+Mancozeb 600)
@200g/100 liters of water
VARIETIES
Hybrid seed is used to get good production because the basic aim of HZF is to get
maximum production per unit area to get maximum returns.
Irrigation to nursery plants
Its germination take places after10-12 days.
1. 1st water is applied again and again so that water reaches to the depth of 4 inches.
2. Daily 2 time’s water is applied but when the seed start to germinate water is not applied
for one day.
Land preparation
One cross cultivation of chisel plough followed by two cultivation by disc harrow, one
cultivation by cultivator followed by rotavator, After land preparation we spread basal fertilizer
which includes three bags of DAP and one bag of SOP, After that we make beds through bed
planter
Transplanting
Transplanting of nursery is done in about 15-20 February when night temperature above
10 0c and day temperature should be up to 30oC. If temperature is less, there is chance of frost
injury. Normally nursery is transplanted after 8-9 weeks of sowing. Before uprooting the nursery
water is applied to soften the soil to avoid root injury. Nursery should be at 6 leaves stage before
transplanting. Then follow up irrigation was applied. If we use furrow irrigation then at night we
irrigate the field at morning , the moisture travel upward through capillary action and in that
traveled moisture we transplant chillies seedlings, The planting geometry for furrow method of
irrigation is row to row 2 ft and plant to plant is 8 inch , If we use drip irrigation then we start
laterals 2 days before transplanting, The planting geometry for drip irrigation is row to row is 2.5
ft and plant to plant is 6 inch
Control
Imidacloprid @ 100-250 g/100L of water/acre were used to control aphid, jassid and thrips.
abamectin @ 500ml/100L of water was used to control mites.
Emamectin @ 75g/100 L of water were used to control American and Armyworm
Fertilizer
1. Basal dose
DAP= 3 bags as basal dose..
After transplanting next fertilizer is applied after 30-40 days.
1. Urea=1/2 bag/acre
Then after every 15 days 1 bag of Urea is applied.
3 Fertilizer and water should be applied at evening time.
Irrigation
Chilies are known to be sensitive to moisture stress at flowering and fruiting stage and
water at these stages will cause reduction in yield. In chilies the amount and frequency of
irrigation depends upon:
1. Soil type
2. Plant height
3. Humidity
4. Temperature
5. Sunlight
6. Wind velocity
In chilies irrigation is applied by irrigation trigger (enviroscan) and leaves are the best indicator
for this. When plant looks wilted after 5:00pm then it is necessary to irrigate the field. Irrigation
should be applied at morning or evening time. Excessive or little irrigation in chilies can be
harmful. Due to excessive standing of water root rot disease can occur. Light and frequent
irrigation is helpful in chilies due to its root system. Decreasing irrigation at the end of season
promotes ripening.
Weed Control
Severe weed pressure may reduce the yield due to strong competition, which is mostly
seen in the beginning of the growth. A successful weed control program is necessary for
producing healthy chilies. At later stage when crop competition is very low so weeds must be
controlled at their early stage. Weeds are controlled manually by hoeing in the field by expert
labor by khurpa.
Picking
First picking was done 1st week of May. Picking is done after 8-10 days interval.
Yield
Average yield at HZF was 11tons/acre.
And potential yield is 18 tons/ acre.
Strawberry
Nursery
The nursery of strawberry come from swat; different companies are involved in the
provision of strawberry nursery like green circle limited .The per plant cost of strawberry plant
with transport charges is 75 paisas.
Land preparation
One cross cultivation of chisel plough followed by two cultivation by disc harrow, one
cultivation by cultivator followed by rotavator, After land preparation we spread basal fertilizers,
After that we make beds through bed planter Transplanting.
The nursery of strawberry is transplanted in field from mid-November to end of November; First
we lay the back plastic mulch sheet over the beds. For 1 acre we require 30- 35 kg mulch sheet
.In mulch sheet we make holes by gas burner and we Transplant strawberry seedlings in these
holes. Remember the planting geometery of strawberry is 6 inch plant to plant distance and 2
foot row to row distance.
Fertilizer Rate
DAP = 3bags
SOP = 1 bag
Zinc Sulphate = 5kg
Boron = 2.5kg
The above recommendations are for one acre of strawberry.
Fruiting
The fruiting of strawberry starts from mid-January to start of February and it ends in April
–May.
Melon
Scientific name
Cucumis melo
Seed rate
Direct sowing
For 6 ft. bed size=8000 plants/Acre
50 g Packet have 3200 seed.2-3 packet required for one Acre.
Sowing Date:
20 December
Varieties:
NSC-2(National Seed Company):
• White melon
• Early maturing
• Very sweet
Melon-1(Syngenta)
• Yellow in color
• Early maturity
• Large fruit size
• Very sweet
Sowing Methods:
• Direct sowing:
Temperature
35°C (day time)
25°C (night)
This is the best temperature for maximum pollination and fertilization.
This is the best temperature for the best production of Melon fruits.
Picking
Yield
Melon 1 scored 400-420 mounds/Acre.
Disease
1. Fungal problems
2. Bacterial Blight
3. Downy mildew
4. Stem blight
5. Powdery mildew
Insects
Packing: Material:
After harvesting packing of melon is done. There are two types of packaging
material.
CARTON:
Each carton contains 12 to 18 pieces of melon depending upon the size of melon.
Yield
Approximately 400 mounds/acre
Transportation:
Transportation is done By Truck shown in picture. Transport the Melon in time for better sale.
Manage the melon bags vertically to avoid any wastage of fruit. Some soft material is place at
the bottom for safe journey.
Gujranwala
Rs 20,000
Peshawar
Rs 32-35,000
Islamabad
Rs28000
Source of Power
The power source for running of drip system is made available by electric power supply as well
as by PTO shaft of tractor. For electricity solar plates is connected for regulated supply of
electric power to motor.
Foot Valve
It prevent water moving out of centrifuge pump into pond. It is surrounded from its all side by
mesh to remove contamination from water. The size of that mesh is 0.05inch.
Filters
It is essential to prevent clogging of lateral opening. Clogging may be due to
• Macro organisms
• Suspended Material
• Other impurities (e.g. clay, sil
Sand Filters
Flow meter
Flow meter is placed in main line for measuring of flow.
It gives two types of readings
• Discharge (liter/second)
• Total volume (metric cube)
Drip irrigation installation pictures
WHEAT
Land preparation
First of all 1 time cutter, 2 times disc harrow, 1 time deep chisel plough and 1 time
cultivator was used to prepare the soil properly.
Sowing Time
At HZF wheat sowing start from 25 november and sowing completed till 1st December.sowing is
done by drill. At row to row 4inch.
Seed Rate
Following three varities are grown at HZF.TD1’FSD-2008 and SAHAR at the rate
of 60kg/ acre.The seed that is used is free from weed seed and diseases .and graded seed is used
for sowing.
Irrigation Time
Rouging
It is performed to eradicate weeds and the wheat plants other than sown variety for
commercial seed preparation purpose.
Area under early cotton is 5 acres at HZF main unit. That cotton is grown on zero tillage as relay
crop in standing cucumber crop under tunnel.
Varieties
Here Bt variety is sown.
The main verities are
Bt-886
Bt-986
Sowing time
Seed rate
Sowing method
Manual dibbling method locally called chopa used for the sowing of
cotton in wholes of black mulch sheet which is layed on beds and in these wholes cucumber is
already grown. Women labour is hired for the sowing of cotton. 5-6 workers are required to
complete 1 acre in one day. 2-3 seed used per hill. PxP distance is maintained to 9 inches as of
cucumber and row to row 2.5feet.
Fertilizers
Irrigation
As apply to cucumber crop.
There are following agronomic practices that are done at HZF for the production of cotton.
LAND PREPRATION
First of all we crush the cotton sticks with the help of sleshar then we use 1 time
disc harrow it is used to prevent big clods which are formed when we use chisel after that 1 time
we use chisel plough then 2 time cultivator if the fine seed bed is not prepared till then we use
the rotavator to make the fine seed bed
SOWING TIME
Sowing of cotton crop at HZF start from 4 may and it ends at 22 may at main unit
cotton is sown on an area of 30 acres.
Sowing method
Than after that make the beds with the help of cotton planter or cotton ridger. In some
planter there are facility to draw bed sow seed and drop fertilizer simultaneously in one move, at
HZF round about 80% of cotton sowing is done through mechanical planter and remaining
through manual dibbling or chopa method by woman labor.
SEED RATE
If we use mechanical planter then we require seed 12 kg/acre if we use dibbling or
chopa method then we require 8kg/acre delinted seed.
PLANTING GEOMATRY
ROW to ROW distance 30 cm and plant to plant distance is 4 inch, if we use single stick variety
than row to row distance 4 inch and for bushy variety row to row distance is 6 inches.
FERTILIZER
1bag TSP+18 KG UREA are apply as basal dose .After 45 days of sowing the spray of
micronutrient started,NPK @ 200 gm /100 litre of water,zinc and boron @200 gm/100 litre of
water.
GAP FILLING
Gap filling is done 6 to 7 days after sowing in normal condition in month of may cotton seed
germinate within 48 hour.
IRRIGATION
After sowing irrigation is done in such a way that water does not touch the seed and only seepage
move to seed.alternating irrigation is done on the basis of temperature and varietal
characteristics. The variety which have high transpiration rate require more frequent irrigation.
At early stages we irrigate the crop weekly and the irrigation interval increase to fortnightly as
age of crop increase but temp. is most important climatic parameter which effect interval of
irrigation to cotton crop.
WEEDS CONTROL
Pendimethylene is used as preemergence herbicide@1litre/100litre of water.
VARIETIES
Different varietis are sowing at main unit.
BT -121
S-1
FH- 142
BT- 886
BT -986
BT 555
BT 456 –
Less fruit to fruit distance in BT 886 it is best adopted variety at HZF.
Field visit by our faculty Professor
Thank you