ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I give all glory and honor to ALMIGHTY GOD who gave me his guiding hands
throughout this project. I also take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to all
those who had given guidance, advice and encouragement for my project.

First and foremost, I would like to convey my sincere gratitude to the Management,
Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Pattoor, for their whole hearted support and for
providing me with great infrastructure necessary for the development of my project.

Also I would like to express my sincere thanks Dr. S Suresh Babu, the Principal,
Sree Buddha College of Engineering and Dr. E.K. Bhass, Head of the Department of Civil
Engineering, for permitting me to do this project.

I am extremely grateful to my project coordinator Mr. Ashok Mathew, Assistant

Professor in Department of Civil Engineering who has been a true support and always been
a helping hand on each phase of the project.

I also like to express my sincere gratitude to my project guide Ms. Shobha

Elizabeth Thomas for her proper guidance that helped me lot in completing this project
successfully. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the staff who have helped
and supported me to do this project.

Last but not least; I am grateful to all my friends and parents for their valuable
support and help.

SUBIN GEEARGHESE

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 ABSTRACT

The seismic vulnerability assessment for the existing structures has been carried out for the
revised seismic codes IS 1893: 2016 and IS 13920: 2016 through structural health
monitoring. The retrofitting process, characterization and reliability analysis of the existing
structures, for keeping them structurally safe and functional is high. Therefore, the
employment of structural health monitoring (SHM) and operational modal analysis (OMA)
techniques can be worthy alternatives for structural characterization and safety
management. The seismic assessment of monumental buildings as well as the existing
structures requires the consideration of safety and conservation objectives, in the existing
structures and the cultural heritage assets. In this context, three modelling strategies of
different complexity are proposed: equivalent frame model, rigid macro-block model and
finite element model and introduce a new approach for heritage and existing structures
assessment so-called Reliability Analysis Based on Vibration Measures (RABVIM). In the
first part, a full three-dimensional non-linear static analysis and a simpler approach directly
based on the limit analysis theorems are used in order to understand the macro-scale
structural behavior. Afterwards, the results of the finite element method analyses performed
on a detailed 3D model containing the ETABS2016 are used in order to investigate the
causes of the crack pattern on this important artistic asset. The existing structures, are being
checked whether they pass recommendations of the new code. If the tested structure does
not meet the safety requirements as per the new code suitable methods for retrofitting
techniques are suggested.

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 CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

Acknowledgement i

Abstract ii

Contents iii

List of figures v

List of tables vii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL 1

1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY 2

1.3 AIM OF THE STUDY 3

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 3

1.5 ETABS SOFTWARE 4

1.6 SEISMIC RETROFITTING 4

1.6.1 Performance objectives 5

1.6.2 Techniques 6

1.7 MODAL ANALYSIS 6

1.8 RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD 7

1.9 TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS 8

1.10 STOREY DRIFT 9

1.11 STOREY DISPLACEMENT 9

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2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10

2.1 GENERAL 10

2.2 INDIAN CODES FOR SEISMIC RESISTANT 10

DESIGNS
2.2.1 Major Seismic Design Codes for By Other 11

Countries

2.2.2 Seismicity in India 11

3 METHODOLOGY 17

3.1 GENERAL 17

3.2 SELECTION OF GEOMETRY 18

3.3 ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION 19

3.4 MODELLING 20

3.5 LOAD FORMULATION 24

3.5.1 Seismic Load Calculation for Zone III 24

3.5.2 Seismic Load Calculation for Zone V 25

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27

4.1 GENERAL 27

4.2 ANALYSIS DATAS 27

4.3 RETROFIT WITH X BRACINGS 41

4.4 COMPARITIVE STUDY OF THREE MODELS 45

4.5 RESULT INTERPRETATION 47

5 CONCLUSIONS 48

7 REFERENCES 49

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Sl. No. Title Pg. No.

Fig. 1.a Infill shear trusses University of California dormitory, 5

University of California dormitory, Berkeley

Fig. 1.b External Bracings of reinforced concrete parking garage 5

Fig 1.1 Displacement Patterns https://wiki.csiamerica.com/download) 7

Fig. 2.1 Seismic zoning map of India (IS: 1893-2002, part 1) 11

Fig 3.1 Overview of methodology 17

Fig 3.2 Overview of process of seismic vulnerability assessment 18

Fig: 3.3 Plan of MODEL 1&2: Symmetric building – Square shape 20

Fig: 3.4 Elevation of MODEL 3&4: Weak Storey (4.5m Height) 20

Fig: 3.5 Plan of MODEL 5&6: Geometrical Irregular Building 21

Fig: 3.6 Plan of MODEL 7: Torsional Irregular Building 21

Fig: 3.7 MODEL 1&2: Symmetric building – Square shape 22

Fig: 3.8 Elevation of MODEL 3&4: Weak Storey (4.5m Height) 22

Fig: 3.9 MODEL 5&6: Geometrical Irregular Building 23

Fig: 3.10 MODEL 7: Torsional Irregular Building 23

Fig 4.1 Displacement of Model 1 in X direction 28

Fig 4.2 Storey Drift of Model 1 in X direction 29

Fig 4.3 Model 2 maximum storey displacement of Symmetric 30

Building with Zone V (Along X Axis)

Fig 4.4 Storey Drift of Model 1 of Symmetric Building with Zone V 31

in X direction

Fig 4.5 Model 3 maximum storey displacement of Weak Storey with 32

bottom storey of 4.5m Height with Zone III (Along X Axis)

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Fig 4.6 Storey Drift of Model 3 of Symmetric Weak Storey with 33
bottom storey of 4.5m Height with Zone III (Along X Axis)

Fig 4.7 Model 4 maximum storey displacement of Weak Storey with 34

bottom storey of 4.5m Height with Zone V (Along X Axis)

Fig 4.8 Storey Drift of Model 4 of Symmetric Weak Storey with 35

bottom storey of 4.5m Height with Zone V (Along X Axis)

Fig 4.9 Model 5 maximum storey displacement of Geometrical 36

Irregular Building with Zone III (Along X Axis)

Fig 4.10 Storey Drift of Model 5 of Symmetric Weak Storey with 37

bottom storey of 4.5m Height with Zone V (Along X Axis)

Fig 4.11 Model 6 maximum storey displacement of Geometrical 38

Irregular Building with Zone V (Along X Axis)

Fig 4.12 Storey Drift of Model 6 of Geometrical Irregular Building 39

with Zone V (Along X Axis)

Fig 4.13 Model 7 maximum storey displacement of Torsional Irregular 40

Building with Zone V (Along X Axis)

Fig 4.14 Storey Drift of Model 7 of Torsional Irregular Building with 41

Zone V (Along X Axis)

Fig 4.15 a) PLAN and ELEVATION of Model 2, b) 3D of Model 2 42

Retrofitted with X Bracings in Seismic Zone V

Fig 4.16 Model 2 maximum storey displacement of Retrofitted 43

Symmetric Building with Zone V (Along X Axis)

Fig 4.17 Storey Drift of Model 2 of Retrofitted Symmetric Building 44

with Zone V (Along X Axis)

Fig 4.18 Maximum Storey Displacement of structures 45

Fig 4.19 Maximum Storey Drift of structures 45

Fig 4.20 Maximum Storey Displacement Comparison of Model 2 and 46

Retrofitted Model 2

Fig 4.21 Maximum Storey Drift of structures Comparison of Model 2 47

and Retrofitted Model 2

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 LIST OF TABLES

Sl. No. Title Pg. No.

Table 2.1 Seismic RVS Damage Potential 12

Table 2.2 Seismic hazards related to seismic zones 12

Table 3.1 Details and dimension of the building models 18

Table 3.2 Material properties of M25 concrete 19

Table 3.3 Model Details 19

Table 3.4 Seismic Details as per IS 1893: 2002 19

Table 3.5 Seismic Details as per IS 1893: 2016 19

Table 3.6 Various load data 24

Table 3.7 Model 1 Calculated Base Shear 25

Table 3.8 Model 2 Calculated Base Shear 25

Table 3.9 Model 3 Calculated Base Shear 25

Table 3.10 Model 4 Calculated Base Shear 26

Table 3.11 Model 5 Calculated Base Shear 26

Table 3.12 Model 6 Calculated Base Shear 26

Table 3.13 Model 7 Calculated Base Shear 26

Table 4.1 Storey Displacement of structure Model 1 (mm) 27

Table 4.2 Storey Drift of Model 1 (mm) 28

Table 4.3 Storey Displacement of structure Model 2 (mm) 29

Table 4.4 Storey Drift of Model 2 30

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Table 4.5 Storey Displacement of structure Model 3 (mm) 31

Table 4.6 Storey Drift of Model 3 32

Table 4.7 Storey Displacement of structure Model 4 (mm) 33

Table 4.8 Storey Drift of Model 4 34

Table 4.9 Storey Displacement of structure Model 5 (mm) 35

Table 4.10 Storey Drift of Model 5 36

Table 4.11 Storey Displacement of structure Model 6 (mm) 37

Table 4.12 Storey Drift of Model 6 38

Table 4.13 Storey Displacement of structure Model 7 (mm) 39

Table 4.14 Storey Drift of Model 7 40

Table 4.15 Storey Displacement of structure Model 2 Retrofitted (mm) 42

Table 4.16 Storey Drift of Model 2 Retrofitted 43

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