COMBINED KHOLONGCHHU HEP &

CHAPLANGCHHU DIVERSION

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS REPORT

WAPCOS LIMITED
GURGAON
Combined Kholongchhu HEP & Chaplangchhu Diversion

Document information

Type of Document Report

Project name Combined Khongchhu HEP & Chaplangchhu Diversion

Document title Transient Analysis Report

Client WAPCOS Limited

Client contact Mr. Amit Gupta

Document number SS/Report/01/04092017

Document author Mr R. K. Sahoo

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Combined Kholongchhu HEP & Chaplangchhu Diversion

Contents
Document information ..................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 3
2. MODELLING THE WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM .......................................................... 3
2.1 Input Parameters: .................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Head Race Tunnel................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Friction Parameters: ............................................................................................... 5
2.4 Celerity .................................................................................................................. 5
2.5 Hydraulic Stability of Surge Tank ............................................................................ 6
2.6 Surge Tank Input Parameters ................................................................................. 7
2.7 Operating Rules: .................................................................................................... 7
3. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:........................................................................................... 9
4. WHAMO SIMULATION TIME HISTORIES:................................................................... 10

List of Tables:
Table 1 : Manning’s Roughness Co-efficient ........................................................................................... 5
Table 2 : Celerity ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Table 3 : Calculation of Thoma Area ....................................................................................................... 6
Table 4 : Summarizes the operating schedule for all the four cases. .................................................... 8
Table 5 : Max. Pr. Head at Junction between HRT & Connecting tunnel, Max. &Min. Water Level at
Surge Shaft & Max. Head at Turbine End ............................................................................................... 9
List of Figures:
Figure 1: System Schematic .................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2: Simulation Time history at Surge Shaft for Full Load Acceptance (100-0) ............................ 14
Figure 3: Simulation Time history at Surge Shaft for Full Load Acceptance (0-100) ............................ 15
Figure 4: Simulation Time history at Surge Shaft for Specified Load Acceptance followed by Full Load
Rejection (0-100-0) ............................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 5: Simulation Time history at Surge Shaft for Full Load Rejection followed by Sequential Load
Acceptance (100-0-100) ........................................................................................................................ 17
Figure 6: Simulation Time history at Turbine End for Load Acceptance followed by Full Load Rejection
.............................................................................................................................................................. 18
List of Annexure:
Annexure 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 11

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1. INTRODUCTION
Kholongchhu Hydro Electric Project (600 MW) is located on the Kholongchhu River in Trshiyangtse
District of Bhutan. The proposed Kholongchhu HEP comprises of a concrete gravity dam of 95 m high
and 165 m length at top, two intake cumulating into 4.7 m diameter feeder tunnel, with 350m long
two underground desilting chamber, 15.77 km long 5.7 m diameter horseshoe shaped head race
tunnel, a Surge tank of 9.5 m (finished) diameter followed by two steel lined pressure shafts each of
3.3 m diameter 2401 m in length bifurcating into 2.35 m dia just upstream of the Power House to
feed two generating units (total 4 units) installed inside the power house. The design discharge with
10% overloading for each unit is 24.48 m3/s and net head of 761.63m.

The Chaplangchhu Diversion arrangement is envisaged to be developed as a pure run-of-the river

scheme having no storage. The scheme is proposed by constructing a Trench weir as diversion
structure on Chaplangchhu nala and diverting the water through underground water conductor
system comprises of underground desilting chamber of length 110 m, inlet tunnel to drop shaft
1.8m x 2.1m & 218m long D-shape, 2.5 m dia circular shape drop shaft with 73m high and
connecting tunnel of 1.8m x 2.1m diameter D-shape of 485 m long to divert 4 m3/s discharge of
Chaplangchhu nalla in HRT of Kholongchhu H.E Project.

The proposed analysis is to assess pressure at various points in water conductor system (and water
levels in Surge Shaft) of Kholongchhu HEP Including impact of Chaplangchhu Diversion in transient
conditions. Transient conditions are the one in which sudden change in boundary conditions of the
flow causes extreme pressure to develop in the system. In a hydropower scheme, these conditions
are experienced during machine start up, sudden closure of the machine or combination of both.

2. MODELLING THE WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM

The software package used for the transient analysis is WHAMO (Water Hammer And Mass
Oscillations), developed by U.S. Army Corps Engineers, which is most widely used for the transient
analysis. IS 7396 Part I is used as a reference code. The water conductor system as described above
is modelled in WHAMO. As WHAMO accepts only circular conduits, diameter of equivalent area
circular section is entered for non-circular sections. Schematic of the system geometry is as shown in
the Figure 1.

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Figure 1: System Schematic

2.1 Input Parameters:

Following Input parameters are considered for WHAMO model.
1. Elevations:
Kholongchhu HEP
Full Reservoir Level (FRL) = 1572.00 m
Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL) = 1558.00 m
C/L Elevation of HRT at Surge shaft = 1482.85 m
C/L Elevation of Penstock at Turbine = 772.50 m.
Chaplangchhu Diversion:
Full Supply Level (FSL) = 1576.00 m
C/L Elevation of Drop shaft at top = 1574.92 m
C/L Elevation of Drop shaft at bottom = 1508.05 m
C/L Elevation of Connecting tunnel at HRT = 1507.36 m

2.2 Head Race Tunnel

The Headrace Tunnel (HRT) is located on right bank of the Kholongchhu river, which involves a
length of about 15.77 km from the end of desilting chambers to the surge shaft. The tunnel is 5.7 m
in diameter, horseshoe shaped and concrete lined. The HRT divided into two parts i.e. HRT-1 & HRT-
2. HRT-1 indicates from Intake to junction of Chaplangchhu and HRT-2 from junction of
Chaplangchhu to Surge Shaft. Design discharge with 10% overloading in HRT-1 and HRT-2 are 93.9

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m3/s and 97.9 m3/s respectively. As per WHAMO, only circular conduits is accepts. Therefore,
diameter of equivalent area circular section of main HRT-1 & HRT-2 are considered as 5.86 m for
non-circular sections.
Similarly, diameter of equivalent area of inlet tunnel & connecting tunnel of Chaplangchhu Diversion
is 2.09 m and diameter of drop shaft is 2.5 m which meets with main HRT of Kholongchhu HEP at RD
4446.0 m and center line elevation at 1507.36 m to divert 4 m3/s of discharge of Chaplangchhu nalla.

2.3 Friction Parameters:

Manning’s roughness coefficients are used for the water conductor system. The programme uses
Darcy-Weisbach friction formula. Hence Manning’s n is converted to Darcy-Weisbach “f” by
following formula (in FPS Units) as given in USBR EM07- Friction Factors for Large Conduits Flowing
Full.

r = hydraulic radius
Table 1 : Manning’s Roughness Co-efficient

Material Manning’s roughness coefficient

Maximum Minimum
Kholongchhu HEP
Concrete Lined (Head Race Tunnel & Surge Tank) 0.014 0.012
Steel Lined (Pressure Shaft) 0.012 0.01
Chaplangchhu Diversion
Concrete Lined (Inlet Tunnel, Drop Shaft & 0.014 0.012
Connecting Tunnel)

2.4 Celerity
Wave celerity is the speed with which a disturbance moves through a fluid. The celerity for head
race tunnel, surge tank & pressure shaft used in the model are given in the table below:
Table 2 : Celerity

Description Celerity (m/s) Celerity (ft/s)

Kholongchhu HEP
Head Race Tunnel 931 3054.47
Surge Tank 1479.9 4855.55

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Pressure Shaft
3.3 m dia. 978.8 3211.27
2.35 m dia. 1128.5 3702.43
Chaplangchhu Diversion
Inlet Tunnel & Connecting tunnel 1106.9 3631.57
Drop Shaft 1063.2 3488.19

2.5 Hydraulic Stability of Surge Tank

To ensure the hydraulic stability of surge tank the required minimum cross sectional area of surge
tank is governed by Thoma criterion. Thoma area of surge tank is given by Equation below:

Where Ath = Thoma area of surge shaft

At = Cross sectional area of head race tunnel
L = Length of head race tunnel
β = Coefficient of head loss for head race tunnel up to surge shaft
H0 = Net head on turbine
g = Acceleration due to gravity
Table 3 : Calculation of Thoma Area

Equivalent Dia.of tunnel 5.86 m

Length of tunnel from Desilting to Surge shaft 15770 m
Discharge with 10% overloading 97.9 m3/s
Manning's n 0.012
Net Head on Turbines 761.53 m
X-Sectional Area of tunnel At 26.94 m2
Velocity in Tunnel 3.63 m/s
Total Head Loss hf 18.29 m
β 1.39
Thoma area of Surge shaft Ath 20.53 m2
Factor of Safety 1.6
Required Asmin 32.85 m2
Required Φmin = 6.5 m
Provided Φmin = 9.5 m
Provided Asmin 70.88 m2

The calculations of head losses and Thoma area for the surge tank are given in Annexure – 1. The
minimum required cross sectional area of surge tank with factor of safety 1.6 is 32.85 m2. However,

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restricted orifice surge tank of size 9.5 m diameter is provided in the Salient features of the DPR.
Correspondingly, surge tank area of 70.88 m2 is provided.
The size of orifice is calculated based on the Calame and Gaden criterion as mentioned in clause
5.5.3.1 of IS 7396 Part-1. The calculations of the orifice size are given in Annexure – 1. The coefficient
of discharge (Cd) adopted for inflow and outflow through the surge tank orifice are considered as
0.62 and 0.75 respectively, which means a head loss coefficient (K = 1/ Cd2) of 2.6 and 1.78 for inflow
and outflow respectively. Considering the head race tunnel of 15770 long from desilting chamber to
surge shaft, the resistance offered by orifice of area about 4.155 m2 corresponding to 2.3 m orifice
diameter, is 73.54 m which satisfies the Calame and Gaden criterion (68.08 ≤ 73.54 ≤ 77.23).
Further, as per IS :7396 (Part-1), area of orifice should be such that the pressure in the tunnel at
orifice due to water hammer caused by total load rejection is nearly equal to the pressure due to
maximum rise of water level in the surge shaft at the time of worst upsurge. Considering the above
aspects, orifice area of 4.155 m2 corresponding to 2.3 m orifice diameter has been considered.

2.6 Surge Tank Input Parameters

Following Surge tank dimensions are provided in WHAMO software:
i. Type: Restricted Orifice Type
ii. Diameter of Surge Shaft (finished): 9.5 m
iii. Bottom of Surge Tank (Top of Orifice Slab): 1487.20 masl
iv. Top Elevation of Surge shaft: 1640.00 masl
v. Orifice Dia: 2.3 m
vi. Coefficient of discharge (inflow) 0.62
vii. Coefficient of discharge (outflow) 0.75

2.7 Operating Rules:

Keeping in view the objectives of the study and the design conditions for the sizing of surge tank
specified in IS: 7396 (Part-1) – 1985, the water conductor system of the project has been analyzed
for the following four cases:
Case 1: Load rejection
Case 2: Load acceptance
Case 3: Load acceptance followed by load rejection
Case 4: Load rejection followed by load acceptance

The time of closure (Tc) of 12 sec (for 100% to 0%) is adopted for the turbine. The time taken to start
the turbine is also taken as 12sec. The design discharge for each unit is 24.48 m3/s. Machine is
operated at no load with 10% of design discharge before loading it to 100%.

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Case 1- Load Rejection (100-0)

In case of Load rejection, all the machines are closed simultaneously. Guide vane opening reduces
from 100% to 0% in 12 sec. Minimum friction is assumed in the water conductor systems.
Kholongchhu reservoir is at FRL (El. 1572.0 m) and Chaplangchhu diversion is at FSL (El. 1576.0 m).

Case 2- Full Load Acceptance (0-100):

While accepting the load, machines are loaded one by one with a time lag of 216 sec. The time taken
by each unit to reach full load is 12 sec. Maximum friction is assumed in the water conductor system.
Kholongchhu reservoir is at MDDL (El. 1558.0 m) and Chaplangchhu diversion is at FSL (El. 1576.0 m).

Case 3- Specified Load Acceptance followed by Full Load Rejection (0-100-0):

All the units are loaded to full load in 12.0 s one by one with a time lag of 216 sec. At the point of
maximum positive velocity in HRT, which is observed to be 897.5 sec, load is rejected by all the
turbines simultaneously. Minimum friction & Reservoir at FRL are assumed to get the worst results.

Case 4- Full Load Rejection followed by Specified Load Acceptance (100-0-100): Load is rejected by
all the turbines simultaneously in 12.0 s and the load is accepted by first unit at the point of
maximum negative velocity in HRT, which is observed to be 219 sec. Simultaneously, one by one all
the units accepted the full load after time tag of 216 sec. Minimum friction and reservoir level is at
MDDL assumed to get the worst results.

Table 4 : Summarizes the operating schedule for all the four cases.
Unit-1 Unit-2 Unit-3 Unit-4
Time (s) Discharge Time (s) Discharge Time (s) Discharge Time (s) Discharge
(m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s)

Case: 100-0
0 24.48 0 24.48 0 24.48 0 24.48

30 24.48 30 24.48 30 24.48 30 24.48

42 0.00 42 0.00 42 0.00 42 0.00
5000 0.00 5000 0.00 5000 0.00 5000 0.00
Case: 0-100
0 2.44 0 2.44 0 2.44 0 2.44
30 2.44 246 2.44 462 2.44 678 2.44

42 24.48 258 24.48 474 24.48 690 24.48

5000 24.48 5000 24.48 5000 24.48 5000 24.48
Case: 0-100-0
0 2.44 0 2.44 0 2.44 0 2.44

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30 2.44 246 2.44 462 2.44 678 2.44

42 24.48 258 24.48 474 24.48 690 24.48
897.5 24.48 897.5 24.48 897.5 24.48 897.5 24.48
909.5 0 909.5 0 909.5 0 909.5 0
5000 0 5000 0 5000 0 5000 0

Case: 100-0-100
0 24.48 0 24.48 0 24.48 0 24.48
30 24.48 30 24.48 30 24.48 30 24.48
42 0 42 0 42 0 42 0
219 0 435 0 651 0 867 0
231 24.48 447 24.48 663 24.48 879 24.48
5000 24.48 5000 24.48 5000 24.48 5000 24.48

3. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

The WHAMO input files are run for above mentioned operating conditions and input parameters.
Results are summarized in Table 5 below.
Table 5 : Max. Pr. Head at Junction between HRT & Connecting tunnel, Max. &Min. Water Level at
Surge Shaft & Max. Head at Turbine End

Sr. Case At Drop Junction Surge Tank Turbine

No Shaft Point
Bottom Between
HRT & CT
Max. Max. Head Max Min Down Max Pressure Pressure
Head (masl) Upsurge surge Head Rise (%)
(masl) (masl) (masl) (masl)
1 100-0 1578.50 1602.14 1629.76 1544.99 900.02 12.5
2 0-100 1575.07 1558.31 1558.10 1528.65 792.00 0
3 0-100-0 1578.37 1600.83 1626.86 1541.42 897.15 12.2
(Max. Friction)
4 0-100-0 1578.52 1602.38 1633.78 1547.09 904.74 13.1
(Min. Friction)
5 100-0-100 1577.67 1589.37 1611.44 1516.89 880.54 10.1
(Max. Friction)
6 100-0-100 1577.70 1590.41 1616.98 1515.12 886.61 10.9
(Min. Friction)

Discussions on Maximum and Minimum Water level in Surge Shaft:

Maximum upsurge of 1633.78m is observed in case of Sequential Load Acceptance followed by Load
rejection and minimum down surge of 1515.12 m is observed in case of Full Load rejection followed
by Sequential Load Acceptance.
Max. Up Surge Level = 1633.78m
Free board = 1.50m

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Min. Required Top of Surge Level = 1635.28 m

Top of Surge Shaft to be provided = 1640.0 m
Min. Down Surge Level = 1515.12 m
Min. Water Cushion required = 2.00 m
Min. Required Bottom Level of Surge Shaft (Top of orifice Slab) = 1513.12 m
Bottom of Surge Shaft to be provided = 1487.2 m

4. WHAMO SIMULATION TIME HISTORIES:

WHAMO Simulation Time histories is enclosed below.

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Annexure 1
KHOLONGCHHU HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT
Design of Restricted Orifice Surge Tank
Full reservior level 1572 m
MDDL 1558 m
C/L of machine 772.5 m
Avg. Gross Head = 794.83 m
Discharge through HRT before Junction = 85.00 cumec
Diversion Discharge in Chaplangchhu = 4.00 cumec
Discharge through HRT after Junction = 89.00 m
Discharge with 10% overloading = 97.90 cumecs
Total headloss in WCS = 33.30 m
Rated Head = 761.53 m

1. LOSSES IN HRT
Friction Loss in HRT from RD 617.964 m to RD 721.964 (HRT Start)
Dia of HRT D = 4.7 m Horseshoe Shape
2 2
Wetted Area A7 = 18.32 m (A7=0.8293 D )

Wetted Perimeter P7 = 15.35 m (P7 = 3.267 * D)

Hydraulic radius R = 1.19 m (A7/P7)
Design Discharge Q2 = 46.95 cumecs
Velocity v7 = 2.563 m/s

Rugosity coefficient N = 0.0120

Length L = 104 m
Friction Loss hft1 = 0.078 m (hft1 = v72 N2 L / R4/3)
Friction Loss in HRT from RD 721.964 m to RD 4446 m (Junction point of Chaplangchhu Diversion)
Dia of HRT D = 5.7 m Horseshoe Shape
2 2
Wetted Area A8 = 26.94 m (A8=0.8293 D )

Wetted Perimeter P8 = 18.62 m (P8= 3.267 * D)

Hydraulic radius R = 1.45 m (A8/P8)
Design Discharge Q3 = 93.90 cumecs
Velocity v8 = 3.485 m/s

Rugosity coefficient N = 0.0120

Length L = 3724 m
Friction Loss hft2 = 3.980 m (hft2 = v82 N2 L / R4/3)

Bend Loss n = 2 (n=No. of bends)

v8 = 3.485 m/s
Kb = 0.100
hb1 = 0.1238 m (hb1 = n Kb v82 / 2g)

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Friction Loss in HRT from RD 4446 m to RD 16476 m (Surge Shaft)

Dia of HRT D = 5.7 m Horseshoe Shape
2 2
Wetted Area A9 = 26.94 m (A9=0.8293 D )

Wetted Perimeter P9 = 18.62 m (P9= 3.267 * D)

Hydraulic radius R = 1.45 m (A9/P9)
Design Discharge Q4 = 97.90 cumecs
Velocity v9 = 3.633 m/s

Rugosity coefficient N = 0.0120

Length L = 12030 m
Friction Loss hft3 = 13.975 m (hft3 = v92 N2 L / R4/3)

Bend Loss n = 2 (n=No. of bends)

v9 = 3.633 m/s
Kb = 0.100
hb2 = 0.1346 m (hb2 = n Kb v82 / 2g)
Total loss in tunnel htun = hft1+ hft2 +hb1 + hft3 +hb2
htun = 18.291 m
htun = 18.29 m

2. Thoma Area of Surge Shaft

Total head loss in HRT hf = 18.29 m
Coefficient of hydraulic losses β = hf/v2 = 1.39 m

Equivalent Dia.of Tunnel D = 5.86 m

2
Equivalent cross sectional area of HRT AHRT = 26.94 m

Velocity in Tunnel v = 3.63 m

Net head on turbine, H0 = 761.53 m
Length of HRT LHRT = 15770 m
2
Thoma Area of surge shaft Ath = (L*At)/(β*Ho*2g) = 20.53 m

Factor of safety = 1.6

Minimum Area of Surge Tank As = 1.6 X 20.53 = 32.85 m2
Diameter of Surge Tank required = 6.5 m
Provided Surge Shaft diameter = 9.5 m
Actual area of surge shaft provided = 70.88 m2

3. Dimension of Orifice (Calame Gaden Condition)

Maximum discharge through turbine, Q = 97.90 m3/s
Velocity of flow in HRT V0 = 3.634 m/s
2
Cross-sectional area of HRT, At = 26.94 m

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Length of HRT LHRT = 15770 m

2
Provided area of surge tank As = 70.88 m

Surge height neglecting friction and orifice losses,

Z* = V0 x sqrt(L/g X At/As) = 89.82 m

Total head losses in HRT = 18.29 m

Z* /Sqrt(2) +1/4 hf = 68.089 m
Z*/Sqrt(2) +(3/4) X hf = 77.234 m
Diameter of orifice Do = 2.3 m
2
Required area of orifice A0 = 4.155 m
Coefficient of discharge for inflow, Cd in = 0.620

Resistance offered by orifice for inflow,

hor in = QO2/(Cd in2X Ao2X2g) = 73.544 m

Calame & Gaden Condition for maximum flow for orifice area
Z* /Sqrt(2) +1/4 hf <= hor <= Z*/Sqrt(2) +(3/4) X hf

68.089 <= 73.544 <= 77.234 TRUE

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Figure 2: Simulation Time history at Surge Shaft for Full Load Acceptance (100-0)

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Figure 3: Simulation Time history at Surge Shaft for Full Load Acceptance (0-100)

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Figure 4: Simulation Time history at Surge Shaft for Specified Load Acceptance followed by Full Load Rejection (0-100-0)

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Figure 5: Simulation Time history at Surge Shaft for Full Load Rejection followed by Sequential Load Acceptance (100-0-100)

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Figure 6: Simulation Time history at Turbine End for Load Acceptance followed by Full Load Rejection

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