EVM Full Report - Sghadei

MINI PROJECT ‘10 1 EVM
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Dreams never shape to reality unless a lot of effort and hard work is put into
it. And no effort bears fruit in the absence of support and guidance. A lot of
effort and hard work has been put into this project in course of the three
months taken to complete it. It has been strenuous but very satisfying
experience.
At the outset, we thank God almighty for making our endeavour a success. We
also express our gratitude to MR. MANOJ V. J. , Head of the Department
for providing us with adequate facilities, ways and means by which we were
able to complete this project.We express our sincere gratitude to our Project
Guide MRS. VEENA C. BHASKAR and project co-ordinator Miss.
Prabha Raj C. and Miss Preeja P. K. , Electronics & Communication
Engineering Department for her constant support and valuable suggestions
without which the successful completion of this project would not have been
possible.
We express our immense pleasure and thankfulness to all the teachers and staff
of the Department of Electronics & Communication, CUSAT for their
cooperation and support. And at the end we would like to extend our heartiest
thanks to our family members, seniors and class mates, who always supported
us throughout and lend their helping hand in making this project a successful
one.
DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

Electronic
Voting
Machine
Mini project

CONTENT
1. Abstract……… ………… ……… 04

2. Introduction… …… ……… ……05
3. Block diagram… …… ……… …06
4. Components required … … … 07
5. Circuit diagram… ……… … …24
6. Working Of the Instrument … 27
7. Application ……… …… ………29
8. Soldering ………… ……………30
9. Waveform ………………………33
10. Result ……………………………35
11. Conclusion …… ……… ………36
12. Advantage and Disadvantage 37
13. Reference ………………………38
14.Datasheet ………………………39

ABSTRACT
India is the largest democracy of the world . People’s active participation in the
formation of the government is an important aspect of a democratic
government. This is ensured by elections. Conducting free and fair elections in
a populous country like India is an uphill task. It’s a challenge to conduct
elections for selection of candidates to represent the people of the country at
different levels. Even more important is the timely declaration of results. This
is necessary to bring stability in the governance and steady economic growth
of the nation .
Till now we have been using the paper and ballot system for conducting. The
loop holes in this traditional system are gradually widening .Its more
susceptible to booth capturing and result manipulation. Even more tedious is
the task of counting the votes and declaring the results.
An ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE is an answer to all these problems.
It’s a technological masterpiece. Many countries worldover have shown
their interest in learning the mechanism behind this simple yet powerful
machine. Its got a very simple interface,its tamperproof, prevents bogus voting
and it has helped in getting rid of the time consuming task of counting .

INTRODUCTION
EVM stands for Electronics Voting Machine. It’s a lot different from the
traditional ballot paper system both in terms of mechanism and performance.
Its USP is its simple user interface. Even a person who never got a chance to
go to schools can use it without much difficulty. The front panel shows all the
candidates standing for the election along with their party symbols. There is a
button corresponding to each of the candidates. To cast a vote just press the
button beside to the candidate. A successful vote is indicated by a green light
and a short beep.
There is a dedicated counter for each of the candidate ,which is placed inside.
With each vote the counter corresponding to the candidate increases and is
displayed through a LCD screen. This arrangement is kept under lock. After
the election’s over the polling officer can open the lock and view the votes and
declare the result.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Prevent bogus voting + visual indicators

CANDIDATE
1
XOR Control
CANDIDATE
gates flip flop
2
LED
LCD LCD
SCREEN SCREEN
COUNTER COUNTER
Candidate 1 VOTE COUNTING Candidate 2

COMPONENTS REQUIRED
 Resistors
 7404 IC
 7408 IC
 7447 IC
 7473 IC
 7490 IC
 FND 507 : Seven segment display
 LEDs
 Beeper

RESISTOR
Function :-
Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in
series with a light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through
the LED.
Example: Circuit symbol:
Connecting and soldering :-

Resistors may be connected either way round. They are not damaged by heat
when soldering.
Resistor values – The resistor colour

code :-
Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega Ω .
1 Ω is quite small so resistor values are often given in k Ω and M Ω.
1 k Ω = 1000 Ω 1 M Ω = 1000000 Ω.
Resistor values are normally shown using coloured bands. Each colour
represents a number as shown in the table. Most resistors have 4 bands:
 The first band gives the first digit.

 The second band gives the second digit.
 The third band indicates the number of zeros.
 The fourth band is used to shows the tolerance (precision) of the
resistor.

This resistor has red (2), violet (7), yellow (4 zeros) and gold bands.
So its value is 270000 Ω = 270 k Ω.
On circuit diagrams the Ω is usually omitted and the value is written 270K.
The Resistor
Colour Code
Colour Number
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9

 220 Ω RESISTOR :
Typically 220 ohm ,1/4 watt resistor can be used with various circuit.The
colour band of the resistor is Red, Red, Brown, Gold.
 Type:Carbon film resistor

 Tolerence:5%
 Size:1/4watt
 Value:220Ω
 270Ω RESISTOR :
Typically 270 Ω,1/4watt resistor can be used with various circuit.The colour
band is Red,Purple,Brown,Gold.
 Type:Carbon film resistor

 Tolerence:5%
 Size:1/4 watt
 Value:270Ω

IC' S
IC 7404
IC 7404 is a NOT gate, also called an inverter has only one input and, of
course , only one output.
NOT GATE Logic-Rules:
The output is the inverse of the input, in otherwords if the input is HIGH then
the out put is LOW and if the input is LOW the output is HIGH.

IC7408
IC 7408 is an AND gates has two or more input but only one output .It is also
called an all or nothing gate.
AND GATE Logic Rules:
The output assumes the logic HIGH state , only when each of its input is at
logic HIGH state.

IC 7486
XOR stands for exclusive OR. XOR gate compares two values and if they are
So Y = A B. It is also called an anti-coincidence or inequality detector.
XOR GATE Logic Rule:
An X-OR gate produces an active HIGH output only when the input are not
equal.The output of an X-OR gate is the modulo sum of its two input.

IC 7490
The 7490 is a decade counter (mod-10) which consists of four master- slave
flip-flops internally connected to provides a divide-by-2 and a divide -by-
5counter.Gates direct-reset line are provided to inhibit count input to either a
logic 0 or to a BCD count
When used as a BCD counter ,the B input must be externally connected to the
QA output. The A input receive the incoming count, and a count secquence is
obtained to in accordance with the BCD count output.two gates input are
provided to reset the counter to 0; in addition ,two more input are also
nprovided to reset the counter to a BCD count of 9 for the 9’s compement
decimal applications.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
Function :-
LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.
Example: Circuit symbol:
Connecting and soldering :-

LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram
may be labelled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it
really is k, not c, for cathode!). The cathode is the short lead
and there may be a slight flat on the body of round LEDs. If you can see inside
the LED the cathode is the larger electrode (but this is not an official
identification method).
LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you
are very slow. No special precautions are needed for soldering most LEDs.
Colours of LEDs :-
LEDs are available in red, orange,
amber, yellow, green, blue and white.
Blue and white LEDs are much more
expensive than the other colours.The
colour of an LED is determined by the
semiconductor material, not by the
colouring of the 'package' (the plastic body). LEDs of all colours are available
in uncoloured packages which may be diffused (milky) or clear (often

described as 'water clear'). The coloured packages are also available as diffused
(the standard type) or transparent
COLOUR WAVELENGTH (nm) VOLTAGES (V) MATERIALS
Red 610 <ʎ< 760 1.63 <v<2.03 GaAsP, AlGaInP,
GaP
Green 500< ʎ<570 1.9<v<4.0 InGaN , GaP
AlGaInP
Symbol :-
Anode cathode

7 - SEGMENT DISPLAY
A seven-segment display (abbreviation: "7-seg(ment) display"), less

commonly known as a seven-segment indicator, is a form of electronic
Display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the
more complex dot-matrix displays. Seven-segment displays are widely used in
digital clocks electronic meteters, and other electronic devices for displaying
numerical information.
In a simple LED package, each LED is typically connected with one terminal
to its own pin on the outside of the package and the other LED terminal
connected in common with all other LEDs in the device and brought out to a
shared pin. This shared pin will then make up all of the cathodes (negative
terminals) OR all of the anodes (positive terminals) of the LEDs in the device;
and so will be either a "CommonCathode" or "Common Anode" device
depending how it is constructed.

555 TIMER
The 8-pin 555 timer is one of the most

useful Integrated Circuits (ICs) . It is also
one of the cheapest and most-rugged
chips.The most common types of outputs
can be categorized by the following .
Astable - producing a square wave

Monostable - producing a single pulse
when triggered
Bistable - a simple memory which can be
set and reset
Astable Operation :-
The capacitor C charges via R1 and R2 and when the voltage on the capacitor
reaches 2/3 of the supply, pin 6 detects this and pin 7 connects to 0v. The
capacitor discharges through R2 until its voltage is 1/3 of the supply and pin 2
detects this and turns off pin 7 to repeat the cycle.
The top resistor is included to prevent pin 7 being damaged as it shorts to 0v

when pin 6 detects 2/3 rail voltage. Its resistance is small compared to R2 and
does not come into the timing of the oscillator

Charging and Discharging Times :-

T1 = 0.693 (R1 +R2) C
T2 = 0.693*R2*C2
Features Of 555 Timer :-

 The 555 Timer is a highly stable & inexpensive device for generating
accurate time delay or oscillation.
 It can provide time delays ranging from microseconds to hours.
 It can be used with power supply voltage ranging from +5V to +18V.
 It is compatible with both TTL & CMOS logic circuits.
 It has very high temperature

PIEZO BUZZER
Features :-
RATED FREQUENCY : 3,500Hz
OPERATING VOLTAGE : 3-28Vdc
CURRENT CONSUPTION : 6Ma@12Vdc
SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL(30cm) : 88Db@12vdc
KINGSTAGE BUZZER : KPE-272
DIMENSIONS : 32 mm Di
PIN SPACING : 17.8 mm

TRANSISTOR
Function :-
Transistors amplify current for example they can be used to amplify the small
output current from a logic IC so that it can operate a lamp, relay or other high
current device. In many circuits a resistor is used to convert the changing
current to a changing voltage, so the transistor is being used to amplify voltage.
A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current, or

fully off with no current) and as an amplifier (always partly on).The amount of
current amplification is called the current gain, symbol hFE.
For further information please see the Transistor Circuit page.
Types of transistor :-
There are two types of standard
transistors, NPN and PNP, with different circuit
symbols. The letters refer to the layers of
semiconductor material used to make the transistor.
Most transistors used today are NPN because this is
the easiest type to make from silicon. If you are new to Transistor circuit symbols
electronics it is best to start by learning how to use
NPN transistors.
The leads are labelled base (B), collector (C) and emitter (E).
These terms refer to the internal operation of a transistor but they are not much
help in understanding how a transistor is used, so just treat them as labels!
A Darlington pair is two transistors connected together to give a very high

current gain.In addition to standard (bipolar junction) transistors, there
are field-effect transistors which are usually referred to as FETs. They have
different circuit symbols and properties and they are not (yet) covered by this
page.

CAPACITORS
Function :-
Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuit
because it takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used
to smooth varying DC supplies by acting as a reservoir of charge. They are
also used in filter circuits because capacitors easily pass AC (changing) signals
but they block DC (constant) signals.
There are many types of capacitor but they can be split into two
groups, polarised and unpolarised. Each group has its own circuit symbol.
Polarised capacitors (large values, 1µF +)
Examples:
Circuit symbol:
Electrolytic Capacitors
Electrolytic capacitors are polarised and they must be connected the correct
way round, at least one of their leads will be marked + or -. They are not
damaged by heat when soldering.
There are two designs of electrolytic capacitors; axial where the leads are
attached to each end (220µF in picture) and radial where both leads are at the
same end (10µF in picture). Radial capacitors tend to be a little smaller and
they stand upright on the circuit board.

It is easy to find the value of electrolytic capacitors because they are clearly
printed with their capacitance and voltage rating. The voltage rating can be
quite low (6V for example) and it should always be checked when selecting an
electrolytic capacitor. If the project parts list does not specify a voltage, choose
a capacitor with a rating which is greater than the project's power supply
voltage. 25V is a sensible minimum for most battery circuits.
Unpolarised capacitors (small values,

up to 1µF) :-
Examples: Circuit symbol:
Small value capacitors are unpolarised and may be connected either way
round. They are not damaged by heat when soldering, except for one unusual
type (polystyrene). They have high voltage ratings of at least 50V, usually
250V or so. It can be difficult to find the values of these small capacitors
because there are many types of them and several different labelling systems!
Many small value capacitors have their value printed but without
a multiplier, so you need to use experience to work out what the
multiplier should be!

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ( improved part)
The supply to this circuit will be from the green LED . So that on successful
casting of vote we can hear the beep.

WORKING OF THE INSTRUMENT

When no switch is pressed the inverter gets a input of + 5 V ,and the
corresponding output is high. When a switch is pressed we get a high at the
corresponding inverter output and at the corresponding AND gate input. For
making the vote to count for the respective candidate ,we need another high
input . This we get from the JK flip flop (IC 7473 ).
Exclusive OR gate (IC7486) prevents the voter from pressing more than one
button i.e. trying to vote for more than one candidate. IC 7473 locks itself
once a vote has been cast and thus prevents multiple votes by a person. With
casting of the vote, both the Green and Red LEDs are lightened
simultaneously. The green LED is an indication for the voter that a successful
vote has been cast. And the Red LED is for the polling officer ,it indicates him
that he has to reset the flip flop so that the next voter can cast his vote.
Pin 13 of IC7473 goes ‘low’ as soon as a ‘valid’ vote is recorded. This in turn
blocks all AND gates to avoid further counting of votes, till the officer in
charge resets the system through switch S5 at his table. Resetting of S7 should
be done only when the voter has come out of the both after casting his vote.
The counting of votes is carried out by the counters wired using IC 7490.
Only ‘unit’ and ‘ten’ positions are implemented in this circuit. Depending on
the number of voters expected , the hundred and thousandth position can be
wired. The votes corresponding to S1-S4 are counted by counter C1-C4
respectively. Switch S6 must be kept under a lock and key arrangement. It

should be reset before the voting starts and should not be disturbed there after
till the voting is over and the results have been declared.
Counters will store the digits as far as supply continues without failure. So an
uninterrupted + 5V supply derived from a battery is advisable.

APPLICATIONS
1. It is used in general elections for choosing candidates to represent

people at various stages.
2. It can be used in school ,college student union elections.
3. It can be used to find the general opinion of people on various issues.
4. Anywhere where majority opinion is to be found out.

SOLDERING
Soldering iron :-
The iron consist of an insulating handle connected via a metal shank to the bit.
The function of bit is to :
1. Store and deliver molten solder and flux.
2. Store heat and pass it to the compounds.
3. Remove extra solder from joints.
Soldering bit is made of copper because it has good heat capacity and thermal
conductivity.Some iron have thermostatic control to keep the temperature of
bit constant, various wattage such as 10 w 25 w,35 w, 60 w, 100 w are
available.
Soldering flux :-
Flux is a medium used to improve the degree of wetting. The desirable
property of flux are :

1. It should provide a liquid cover for the material and avoid air gap to the
soldering temperature.
2. It should dissolve any oxide on metal surface.
3. It should be easily displaced from the metal by molten soldering

operation.
4. Residue should be removable after soldering operation.
The flux consists of Zinc Chloride or olive oil with active such as glycol acid,
Ammonium chloride and organic acids. By adding activates , flow and activity
is increased without affecting corrosion.
Solder :-
The three grades of solder generally used for soldering are 40/60 , 50/50 ,60/40
,etc of tin and lead respectively. The 60/40 w solder has high cost but it melts
at lowest temperature, flow more freely, takes less time to harden and
generally makes it easier to do good soldering job. Solder is generally available
in the form of wire. Flux is also incorporated in solder wire itself. In such case
no extra flux is necessary.

Soldering with iron :-
The surface to be soldered must be cleaned and fluxed . the soldering iron is
switched on and allowed to attain soldering temperature . the solder in the form
of wire is applied near the component and heated with iron. The surface to the
solder are fitted , iron is removed and joints are cooled without any
disturbance.
The following are the advantage of soldering :
1. A good soldering provides a good permanent resistance path .
2. Makes good electrical link between PCB and leads of component.
3. Retain the required strength with temperature variation.

WAVEFORM
A) Waveform of edge-triggered J-K flip-flop
CLK
J Input
Output
B) Waveform of NOT gate
A Input
X Output

C) Waveform of AND gates
Input
X
Output
D) Waveform of OR gates
A
Input
Output

RESULT
The Electronic Voting Machine was assembled successfully
and the desired result was obtained.

CONCLUSION
The Electronic voting machine helped the voter
to cast his vote in a hassle free manner and for the poling officer it
proved to be a more convenient way to count the votes and declare
the result.

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
Advantage :-
1. Simple user interface.
2. Less cost
3. Quick results
4. Fair elections
5. Tamperproof
Disadvantage :-
1. Limited no. of candidates.
2. More candidates mean implies complicated circuit.

REFERENCES
1. Fundamentals of Digital Circuit By ANAND KUMAR
2. ELECTRONICS FOR YOU
3. Electronics Portal – WIKIPEDIA
4. www.alldatasheet.com
5. www.datasheetcatalog.com
6. Electronics Lab Manual by K. A. Navas
7. Internet search engines – www.google.com

DATASHEET

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MINI PROJECT ‘10 1 EVM

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

1. Abstract……… ………… ……… 04

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

formation of the government is an important aspect of a democratic

government. This is ensured by elections. Conducting free and fair elections in

a populous country like India is an uphill task. It’s a challenge to conduct

elections for selection of candidates to represent the people of the country at

is necessary to bring stability in the governance and steady economic growth

susceptible to booth capturing and result manipulation. Even more tedious is

the task of counting the votes and declaring the results.

An ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE is an answer to all these problems.

It’s a technological masterpiece. Many countries worldover have shown

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

traditional ballot paper system both in terms of mechanism and performance.

button beside to the candidate. A successful vote is indicated by a green light

and a short beep.

declare the result.

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

Prevent bogus voting + visual indicators

Candidate 1 VOTE COUNTING Candidate 2

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

Example: Circuit symbol:

Connecting and soldering :-

Resistor values – The resistor colour

 The first band gives the first digit.

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

 Type:Carbon film resistor

 Type:Carbon film resistor

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

NOT GATE Logic-Rules:

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

AND GATE Logic Rules:

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

So Y = A B. It is also called an anti-coincidence or inequality detector.

XOR GATE Logic Rule:

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

Example: Circuit symbol:

Connecting and soldering :-

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

COLOUR WAVELENGTH (nm) VOLTAGES (V) MATERIALS

Red 610 <ʎ< 760 1.63 <v<2.03 GaAsP, AlGaInP,

Green 500< ʎ<570 1.9<v<4.0 InGaN , GaP

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

A seven-segment display (abbreviation: "7-seg(ment) display"), less

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

The 8-pin 555 timer is one of the most

Astable - producing a square wave

The top resistor is included to prevent pin 7 being damaged as it shorts to 0v

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

Charging and Discharging Times :-

Features Of 555 Timer :-

DEPT OF ELEC & COMMN CUSAT santosh ghadei

OPERATING VOLTAGE : 3-28Vdc

CURRENT CONSUPTION : 6Ma@12Vdc

SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL(30cm) : 88Db@12vdc

KINGSTAGE BUZZER : KPE-272

PIN SPACING : 17.8 mm