Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Norzima Zulkifli
Rosnah Mohd. Yusuff Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia
Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
Serdang, Malaysia norzima@eng.upm.edu.my
rosnah@eng.upm.edu.my
Ahstract- Simulation of time-based and sensor-based traffic but higher in installation and maintenance costs (Coleri et. al,
light control system at four-way intersection using Arena 2004). There has been a study of implementing infrared
simulation software was studied. Introduction of sensors in sensors in the two phase traffic light system with real model
traffic light system has been developed to reduce waiting time done in HUM, Malaysia (Albagul et. aI, 2006). Several
of vehicles at intersection. Simulation with Arena is done to simulations modeling of traffic light system has been
observe if the improvement of sensor-based system is conducted, such as fuzzy logic control system to mimic
significant over the current system ( fhed-time) and to evaluate
human intelligence in controlling traffic conditions of two
the effects of implementing sensor-based system in busy and
phase system (Tan, et. aI, 1996); CELLSIM traffic
normal road condition. Algorithm of traffic light sequence is
simulation that controls traffic based on calculation of spaces,
done first prior to development of simulation. Then, the
acceleration and movement of cars using cellular automata
simulation of traffic light system is developed for both normal
and busy traffic condition and the data obtained is analyzed
(CA) and car-following (CF) (Bham and Benekobal, 2001);
using statistical process control. From the result, average
comparison of FRESIM (Freeway simulation using
waiting time for sensor-based system was 62.5% less than time CORSIM) and Car-Following Steady State behavior (Rakha
based system for each vehicle in the normal traffic condition, and Crowthe, 2001); Fuzzy Signal Control (FUSICO) based
and 15% less for busy traffic condition. This shows significant on HUTSIM traffic signal controller that mimic human
improvement based on the paired T-test done. thinking in traffic control using computer algorithm
(Koskinen et. aI, 2007) and solving traffic problem using
Keywords- Traffic light control system, Arena, simulation Arena simulation on multiple intersections two-phase system
modeling to determine the best green light timing on certain traffic
condition (Yang and Wen, 2008).
I. INTRODUCTION The objective of this study is to simulate four-phase
traffic light system at four-way intersection using Arena
Fixed time control of traffic light system used in simulation software to see the difference and improvements,
Malaysia is not very efficient, especially at the roads where if any, between time-based traffic light system and sensor
not all of the junctions are busy (Tan et aI., 1996). Therefore, based traffic light system in normal and busy traffic
all vehicles have to wait for their turn to move at the condition. Data obtained from simulation analysis were
junctions, even though there are no vehicles moving from the compared using paired T-test to see if implementation of
green-lighted junction. This can lead to impatient vehicles to sensors can help to minimize waiting time of vehicles at the
break the law and run over the red lights, which resulted in intersection.
serious consequences such as accidents or fines. However,
with the usage of the sensor-type traffic signal, and II. METHODS
application of some intelligent control for the sensor-type
The methods used in the study were as follows:
traffic light, the time for vehicles to wait in the traffic light
can be minimized. A. Programming Sequence of Traf
f ic
Several studies have been done on implementation of
The programming for sequence of traffic light can be
sensors in traffic light. There are two types of sensors done by understanding the criteria and characteristics of
implemented in the traffic light system, the intrusive traffic light system involved. For this study, a traffic light
(induction loop detectors, micro-loop detectors and system of four-way intersection involved (North, South, East
pneumatic road tube) and non-intrusive (infrared, video and West), with up to six phases of traffic lights;
image processing, microwave radar and laser) type. Intrusive • Phase 1 - East and West green, the rest red
type provides higher accuracy than the non-intrusive type,
789
• Phase 2 East green, the rest red
- represented in first block of model as shown in Figure 1.
• Phase 3 North green, the rest red
-
Here the arrival rate of the vehicles is determined by the
• Phase 4 North and South green, the rest red
-
road condition of the intersection, whether it is busy or not.
• Phase 5 South green, the rest red
-
Therefore, the arrival rate of 1.7 seconds is used for a
• Phase 6 West green, the rest red
-
normal and less busy road condition, and the arrival rate of
However, phases that has been used in this study only 1 second is used for busier road condition, based on the
allow one junction to move, therefore, Phase 1 and Phase 4 study done by Yang and Wen (Yang and Wen, 2008).
is eliminated from the study to reduce the complexity and There is a little difference for simulation of traffic light
confusion of the system for developers and users. state that would differentiate between the time-based system
The configuration of traffic light system has been done as and the sensor-based system. The same simulation model of
follows: the state of traffic light is used with a little configuration
added for the inclusion of the sensor-based system. The
• The green light sequence is based on clockwise
movement, starting with east junction, followed by addition of modules in sensor-based system is to change the
north, west and south. duration of traffic light. If sensor detects three or less
vehicles in the system, it changes duration to two seconds, if
• For time-based system, the green light is always be
more vehicles detected, it changes to 20 seconds.
20 seconds for each junction.
• Sensor is used to scan the condition on the road, if C. Analysis ofData
there are three or less vehicles waiting in the There were two sets of data that has been analyzed: data
junction, indicating that system is not busy and from time-based system and the sensor-based system. These
allowing for two seconds of green light. data obtained from the reports generated by Arena after the
• If there are more vehicles waiting in junction, entire simulation fUll . They were analyzed to see if the
indicating that road is busy, 20 seconds of green improvement in waiting time of vehicle is succeeded or not.
light is allowed. The data is compared by using the paired T-test, a way to
Based on configuration above, algorithms have been compare two sets of data to see if significant improvement
developed for time-based and sensor-based system. With the has been made or not. The paired T-test of the data acquired
algorithms developed, the simulation model can be done. from the simulation is done in two tests: the paired T-test of
E. Simulation Modeling of Traffic Light System Using
the data from the simulation in normal traffic condition and
Arena the paired T-test of the data from the simulation of busy
traffic condition.
Models of time-based system and sensor-based system
As the simulation generates vehicles in random arrival
are constructed using Arena. The difference between both
time based on exponential distribution, average waiting time
systems are the timing of green lights, therefore the model
is different in different simulation run.
should be built to reduce the redundancy of the work. There
would be two main sections within the work frame of the
Arena software; the simulation of traffic junction (Figure 1)
and the simulation of traffic light state (Figure 2).
Simulation of the traffic junction represents the arrival of
vehicles into the system and the queue situation in each of
the junction, while the simulation of traffic light state
determining the state of the green lights for the intended
junction. Therefore, the framework of the simulation of
traffic condition is similar for both time-based traffic light
control system and sensor-based traffic light control system,
but for simulation of the traffic light state, it would be a
Figure 1. Model of the traffic junction situation
little bit different with the inclusion of different timing
because of the sensor function involved. Furthermore,
simulation is modeled based on the traffic condition, busy
and normal. The busy and normal road condition can be
manipulated by the parameters of the arrival entity;
therefore there is no change of the model made. To analyze
the performance of the time-based and sensor-based traffic
light system, the simulation has the run length of 200
seconds for each run and replicated to 25 runs for statistical
purpose.
The vehicles arriving into the system are generated in the
Create module called Car Arrives at Intersection which is
790
Figure 3. Traffic light simulation models for (a) time based system (b
sensor-based system)
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS TABLE 1. STATISTICAL DATA FROM SIMULATION AND PAIRED T
TEST
Figure 3 (a) and (b) show the simulation models for time
DATA FROM NORMAL CONDITION Busy CONDITION
based and sensor-based during run. SIMULATION
Simulation has been run for 200 seconds for 25 run for AND Time- Time- Sensor-
each time-based and sensor-based system in normal and busy ANALYSIS Based Sensor-Based Based Based
..
condItIon. Data from the reports generated in Arena is mean Sample size 25 25 25 25
waiting compiled in Microsoft Excel before the paired T-test Mean 20.0139 7.5102 19.97 17.4334
is done using Microsoft Excel. Figure 4 shows the time (in Variance 3.4906 44.0932 2.2394 8.5886
791
junction and optimal traffic light duration is different from
one intersection to another. These parameters need to be
studied first to obtain the optimal solutions for the intended
traffic light system. However, the simulation done within
the study provided general solution for implementing
sensors in the traffic light control system.
Therefore, by implementing sensor in traffic light system,
the waiting time for vehicles in the junctions at the
intersection can be reduced significantly as has been proven
by statistical method. Further improvements can be made in
the system by modifying the parameters in the simulation
suitable for intended studies.
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Figure 4. Mean waiting time of time-based and sensor-based system in
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