DIN EN 12697-26-2012 (Eng)

June 2012
DIN EN 12697-26
D
ICS 93.080.20 Supersedes
DIN EN 12697-26:2004-10
Bituminous mixtures –
Test methods for hot mix asphalt –
Part 26: Stiffness
English translation of DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
Asphalt –
Prüfverfahren für Heißasphalt –
Teil 26: Steifigkeit
Englische Übersetzung von DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
Mélanges bitumineux –
Méthodes d’essai pour enrobés à chaud –
Partie 26: Rigidité
Traduction anglaise de DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
Document comprises 52 pages
Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.
In case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.
© No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission of

DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,
has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
A comma is used as the decimal marker.
National foreword
This standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road materials” (Secretariat: DIN,
Germany).
The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the Normenausschuss Bauwesen (Building and
Civil Engineering Standards Committee), Working Committee NA 005-10-10 AA Asphalt.
Amendments
This standard differs from DIN EN 12697-26:2004-10 as follows:
a) some editorial amendments have been made (e.g. addition of further symbols and units);
b) Clauses 5 “Sample preparation” and 6 “Checking of the testing equipment” have been added;
c) Equation (10) has been corrected;
d) Table A.1 “Minimum dimensions of the specimens” has been corrected;
e) some corrections have been made in Subclause A.3.3, and Subclauses A.3.4 and A.3.5 have been
deleted;
f) Subclause A.4.1 “Stabilising the specimen” has been deleted;
g) Subclause A.4.3 (formerly A.4.2.3) has been corrected and the NOTE has been deleted;
h) Subclause B.2.8 “Calibration” has been deleted;
i) Subclause B.3.2 “Sample manufacture” has been revised;
j) Subclause B.4.1 “Stabilising the specimen” has been deleted.
Previous editions
DIN EN 12697-26: 2004-10
2
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12697-26
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM March 2012
ICS 93.080.20 Supersedes EN 12697-26:2004
English Version
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt -

Part 26: Stiffness
Mélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai pour enrobés à Asphalt - Prüfverfahren für Heißasphalt - Teil 26: Steifigkeit
chaud - Partie 26: Rigidité
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 September 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12697-26:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Contents
Page
Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................4
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................7
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................7
3 Terms, definitions and symbols ...........................................................................................................7
3.1 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................7
3.2 Symbols ..................................................................................................................................................9
4 Principle ............................................................................................................................................... 10
5 Sample preparation ............................................................................................................................ 10
5.1 Age of the specimens ......................................................................................................................... 10
5.2 Drying of the specimen ...................................................................................................................... 10
5.3 Dimensions and bulk density of the specimens ............................................................................. 10
5.4 Temperature of the specimen before testing ................................................................................... 10
5.5 Number of test specimens ................................................................................................................. 10
6 Checking of the testing equipment ................................................................................................... 10
7 Test methods....................................................................................................................................... 11
7.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 11
7.2 Tests with sinusoidal or pulse loading............................................................................................. 11
7.3 Controlled strain rate loading............................................................................................................ 12
8 Temperatures ...................................................................................................................................... 13
9 Expression of results ......................................................................................................................... 14
10 Test report ........................................................................................................................................... 16
10.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 16
10.2 Information on specimen ................................................................................................................... 16
10.3 Information on test method ............................................................................................................... 17
10.4 Information on the test and results................................................................................................... 17
10.5 Optional information .......................................................................................................................... 17
11 Precision .............................................................................................................................................. 17
Annex A (normative) Two point bending test on trapezoidal specimens (2PB-TR) or on prismatic
specimens (2PB-PR) ........................................................................................................................... 18
A.1 Principle ............................................................................................................................................... 18
A.2 Equipment ........................................................................................................................................... 18
A.3 Specimen preparation ........................................................................................................................ 19
A.4 Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 20
Annex B (normative) Three point bending test on prismatic specimens (3PB-PR) and four point
bending test on prismatic specimens (4PB-PR) .............................................................................. 21
B.1 Principle ............................................................................................................................................... 21
B.2 Equipment ........................................................................................................................................... 22
B.3 Specimen preparation ........................................................................................................................ 23
B.4 Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 23
Annex C (normative) Test applying indirect tension to cylindrical specimens (IT-CY) ............................ 25
C.1 Principle ............................................................................................................................................... 25
C.2 Equipment ........................................................................................................................................... 25
C.3 Specimen preparation ........................................................................................................................ 30
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EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Page
C.4 Mode of operation ...............................................................................................................................31
Annex D (normative) Direct tension-compression test on cylindrical specimens (DTC-CY) ................... 33
D.1 Principle................................................................................................................................................ 33
D.2 Equipment ............................................................................................................................................ 33
D.3 Specimen preparation ......................................................................................................................... 33
D.4 Mode of operation ............................................................................................................................... 34
Annex E (normative) Test applying direct tension to cylindrical specimens (DT-CY) or to
prismatic specimens (DT-PR) ............................................................................................................ 36
E.1 Principle................................................................................................................................................ 36
E.2 Equipment ............................................................................................................................................ 36
E.3 Specimen preparation ......................................................................................................................... 36
E.4 Mode of operation ............................................................................................................................... 37
E.5 Derivation of the master-curve .......................................................................................................... 38
E.6 Determination of the stiffness modulus for the fixed loading time ............................................... 41
Annex F (normative) Test applying Cyclic indirect tension to cylindrical specimens (CIT-CY)............... 42
F.1 Principle................................................................................................................................................ 42
F.2 Equipment ............................................................................................................................................ 42
F.3 Specimen preparation ......................................................................................................................... 44
F.4 Mode of operation ............................................................................................................................... 45
Annex G (informative) Derivation of the master curve ................................................................................. 47
G.1 Principle................................................................................................................................................ 47
G.2 Theoretical background ...................................................................................................................... 48
G.3 Experimental data ................................................................................................................................ 49
G.4 Test report ............................................................................................................................................ 50
3
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 12697-26:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road
materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by September 2012.
This document will supersede EN 12697-26:2004.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The main changes deal with putting similar procedures in all the test in the general part of the standard. Also
the correct wording is applied within all the test procedures.
This document is one of a series of standards as listed below:
EN 12697-1, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 1: Soluble binder content
EN 12697-2, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 2: Determination of particle size
distribution
EN 12697-3, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 3: Bitumen recovery: Rotary
evaporator
EN 12697-4, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 4: Bitumen recovery:
Fractionating column
EN 12697-5, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 5: Determination of the
maximum density
EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk density
of bituminous specimens
of bituminous specimens by gamma rays
EN 12697-8, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 8: Determination of void
characteristics of bituminous specimens
EN 12697-10, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 10: Compactability
affinity between aggregate and bitumen
EN 12697-12, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 12: Determination of the water
sensitivity of bituminous specimens
EN 12697-13, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 13: Temperature
measurement
EN 12697-14, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 14: Water content
4
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
segregation sensitivity
EN 12697-16, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 16: Abrasion by studded tyres
EN 12697-17, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 17: Particle loss of porous
asphalt specimen
EN 12697-18, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 18: Binder drainage
EN 12697-19, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 19: Permeability of specimen
EN 12697-20, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 20: Indentation using cube or
Marshall specimens
EN 12697-21, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 21: Indentation using plate
specimens
EN 12697-22, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 22: Wheel tracking
indirect tensile strength of bituminous specimens
EN 12697-24, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 24: Resistance to fatigue
EN 12697-25, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 25: Cyclic compression test
EN 12697-26, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 26: Stiffness
EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling
EN 12697-28, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 28: Preparation of samples for
determining binder content, water content and grading
dimensions of a bituminous specimen
EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 30: Specimen preparation by
impact compactor
gyratory compactor
EN 12697-32, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 32: Laboratory compaction of
bituminous mixtures by a vibratory compactor
EN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 33: Specimen prepared by
roller compactor
EN 12697-34, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 34: Marshall test
EN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 35: Laboratory mixing
EN 12697-36, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt− Part 36: Determination of the
thickness of a bituminous pavement
EN 12697-37, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 37: Hot sand test for the
adhesivity of binder on precoated chippings for HRA
5
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
EN 12697-38, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 38: Common equipment and
calibration
EN 12697-39, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 39: Binder content by ignition
EN 12697-40, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 40: In situ drainability
EN 12697-41, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 41: Resistance to de-icing
fluids
EN 12697-42, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 42: Amount of foreign matters
in reclaimed asphalt
EN 12697-43, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 43: Resistance to fuel
EN 12697-44, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 44; Crack propagation by
semi-circular bending test
prEN 12697-45, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 45: Saturation ageing tensile
stiffness (SATS) conditioning test
prEN 12697-46, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 46: Low temperature
cracking and properties by uniaxial tension tests
EN 12697-47, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 47: Determination of the ash
content of natural asphalts
prEN 12697-48, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 48: Inter-layer bond
strength1)
prEN 12697-49, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 49: Skid resistance of
asphalt in the laboratory1)
prEN 12697-50, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 50: Scuffing resistance of
surface course1)
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
1) In preparation
6
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies the methods for characterising the stiffness of bituminous mixtures by
alternative tests, including bending tests and direct and indirect tensile tests. The tests are performed on
compacted bituminous material under a sinusoidal loading or other controlled loading, using different types of
specimens and supports.
The procedure is used to rank bituminous mixtures on the basis of stiffness, as a guide to relative
performance in the pavement, to obtain data for estimating the structural behaviour in the road and to judge
test data according to specifications for bituminous mixtures.
As this standard does not impose a particular type of testing device the precise choice of the test conditions
depends on the possibilities and the working range of the used device.
For the choice of specific test conditions, the requirements of the product standards for bituminous mixtures
should be respected.
The applicability of this document is described in the product standards for bituminous mixtures.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
of bituminous specimens
EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling
dimensions of a bituminous specimen
gyratory compactor
EN 12967-33, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 33: Specimen prepared by
roller compactor
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1.1
stiffness
σ
E=
ε
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
3.1.2
complex modulus
relationship between stress and strain for a linear visco-elastic material submitted to a sinusoidal load wave
form at time, t, where applying a stress σ × sin ( ω × t) results in a strain ε × sin (ω × (t − Φ)) that has a phase
angle, Φ, with respect to the stress
NOTE 1 The amplitude of strain and the phase angle are functions of the frequency, f, and the test temperature, Θ.
NOTE 2 The stress strain ratio defines the complex modulus E* as:
E * = E * × (cos (Φ ) + i × sin (Φ )) (1)
The complex modulus is characterised by a pair of two components. This pair can be expressed in two ways:
the real component E1 and the imaginary components E2:
E1 = E * × cos (Φ ) (2)
E2 = E * × sin (Φ ) (3)
the absolute value of the complex modulus E* and the phase angle, Φ:
E* = E12 + E2 2 (4)
E 
Φ = arctan  2  (5)
 E1 
NOTE 3 This second characterisation is more often used in practice. In linear elastic multi-layer calculations for
instance the E* modulus is generally used as input value for Young's modulus.
NOTE 4 For purely elastic materials, the phase angle is zero and then the complex modulus reduces to the Young's
modulus. This happens when bituminous materials are at very low temperatures. Then the complex modulus reaches its
highest possible value noted E∞.
3.1.3
secant modulus
relationship between stress and strain at the loading time, t, for a material subjected to controlled strain rate
loading:
σ (t )
E (t ) = (6)
ε (t )
with stress, σ(t), and strain, ε(t), at time t
NOTE 1 The strain law is:
ε (t ) = α i × t n (7)
where αi and n are constants.
NOTE 2 Several successive tests may be carried out on the same specimen for different values αi. For linear visco-
elastic materials, the secant modulus obtained for different values of αi at the same temperature depends on the loading
time, t, only.
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply:
E the stiffness (modulus), in megapascals (MPa);
E* the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa);
E1 the real component of the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa);
E2 the imaginary component of the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa);
E∞ the highest possible value of the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa);
F the loading force, in newtons (N);
h the mean thickness of the specimen, in millimetres (mm);
H the height of a cylindrical specimen, in millimetres (mm);
k the load area factor;
l0 the original length of the measurement area in millimetres (mm);
∆l the elongation of the measurement area in micrometers (µm);
L the span length between outer supports in bending tests, in millimetres (mm);
t the loading time, in seconds (s);
Θ the test temperature, in degrees celsius (°C);
z the displacement, in millimetres (mm);
f the test frequency in Hertz (Hz);
σ the applied stress, in megapascals (MPa);
ε the applied strain, in micrometer per meter or in microstrain (µm/m);
ω the angular speed, in radians per second (rad/s);
Φ the phase angle, in degrees (°);

-1
γ the form factor which is a function of specimen size and form (1/mm or mm );
µ the mass factor which is a function of the mass of the specimen and the mass of the movable parts that
influence the resultant force by their inertial effects (in g);
ν the Poisson's ratio;
∅ the diameter of a cylindrical specimen, in millimetres (mm).
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
4 Principle
Suitable shaped samples are deformed in their linear range, under repeated loads or controlled strain rate
loads. The amplitudes of the stress and strain are measured, together with the phase difference between
stress and strain.
5 Sample preparation
5.1 Age of the specimens
Prior to the start of testing, the specimens shall be stored on a flat surface at a temperature of not more than
25 °C for between 14 days and 42 days from the time of their manufacture. In the case of samples requiring
cutting and/or gluing, the cutting shall be performed no more than 8 days after compaction of the asphalt and
the gluing shall be performed at least 2 weeks from cutting. The time of manufacture for these samples is the
time when they are cut.
5.2 Drying of the specimen
After sawing and before gluing and/or testing, the specimens shall be dried to constant mass in air at a
relative air humidity of less than 80 % at a temperature not more than 20 °C. A test specimen shall be
considered to be dry after at least 8 h drying time and when two weighings performed minimum 4 h apart differ
by less than 0,1 %.
5.3 Dimensions and bulk density of the specimens
The dimensions of the specimens shall be measured according to EN 12697-29.
The bulk density shall be determined in accordance with EN 12697-6 or EN 12697-7. The bulk density of each
specimen shall not differ by more than 1 % from the average apparent density of the batch. Otherwise, the
specimen shall be rejected.
5.4 Temperature of the specimen before testing
The test shall not be started until the specimen has reached the required test temperature.
NOTE The specimen temperature can monitored using a dummy specimen or the required temperature conditioning
time can be evaluated in pre-tests. The needed conditioning time depends on the test equipment, specimen size and
tested material.
5.5 Number of test specimens
For all the mentioned tests, the minimum amount of specimens that need to be tested to get one test result
(=one stiffness modulus) is 4 specimens.
6 Checking of the testing equipment

The complete testing equipment shall be checked periodically with at least one reference specimen with a
known stiffness modulus (modulus and phase lag). To check the test equipment for Annexes A, B, C, or D, the
bending moment (E.I) of the specimen(s) shall be chosen to be equal to the bending moment of a normal
asphalt test specimen (adopting a stiffness modulus for the asphalt in the range of 3 GPa to 14 GPa); for
Annex E and Annex F an appropriate checking specimen with a known stiffness between 3 GPa and 14 GPa
shall be used. The reference specimen shall be tested at not less than 6 frequencies and 2 deflection levels.
The back-calculated stiffness moduli shall be within 2 % with respect to the known modulus and within 1,0° for
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
the known phase lag. If, due to the electronic components or mechanical equipment, systematic deviations (or
larger deviations) of:
 the stiffness modulus is observed, all electronic components and mechanical equipment shall be checked
for proper working and no procedure for the back-calculation software is permitted;
 the phase angle is observed, a correction procedure for the back-calculation software is permitted.
NOTE The geometry of the reference specimen should be selected so that it will lead to a mass comparable with the
mass of an asphalt specimen. The clamping of the reference specimen should be equal to the procedure for an asphalt
specimen. A reference material with a phase lag unequal to zero is preferred but a material like aluminium (E around
70 GPa, phase lag is zero) is also acceptable.
7 Test methods
7.1 General
The following test methods can be adopted by use of the relative form and mass factor (see Clause 9). The
testing procedures that shall be followed are described in Annexes A, B, C, D, E and F. If other test
procedures are used to characterise stiffness properties of bituminous mixtures, the equivalence shall first by
verified by comparison with one of these procedures and a statement on that equivalence shall be attached to
test reports.
NOTE Inter-laboratory tests have shown that the following mentioned bending tests are in good agreement provided
that the equipment is carefully calibrated and that some basic guidelines are strictly followed.
7.2 Tests with sinusoidal or pulse loading
7.2.1 Bending tests
The bending test options are:
 2PB-TR: test applying two point bending to trapezoidal specimens, see Annex A;
 2PB-PR: test applying two point bending to prismatic specimens, see Annex A;
 3PB-PR: test applying three point bending to prismatic specimens, see Annex B;
 4PB-PR: test applying four point bending to prismatic specimens, see Annex B.
7.2.2 lndirect tensile test
The indirect tensile test options are:
 IT-CY: test applying indirect tension to cylindrical specimens, see Annex C;
 CIT-CY: test applying cyclic indirect tension to cylindrical specimens, see Annex F.
7.2.3 Direct uniaxial tests
The direct uniaxial test options are:
 DTC-CY: test applying direct tension-compression to cylindrical specimens, see Annex D;
 DT-CY: test applying direct tension to cylindrical specimens, see Annex E;
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
 DT-PR: test applying direct tension to prismatic specimens, see Annex E.
7.2.4 Loading conditions
The amplitude and the frequency of the loading signal shall be controlled by a feedback control, which may be
based either on the force or on the displacement.
NOTE The waveform should be harmonic. Any distortion is the sign of an abnormal set up or of a resonance
phenomenon that can disturb the measurement.
7.2.5 Load amplitudes
The amplitude of the load shall be such that no damage can be generated during the time needed to perform
the measurements.
NOTE 1 Experience with a number of test methods has shown that for most bituminous mixtures strains should be kept
at a level lower than 50 microstrain (= 50 × 10–6 m/m) to prevent fatigue damage.
NOTE 2 It is known that, beyond certain levels of strain, non-linear behaviour (e.g. stress dependency) can be
displayed by the material. In such a case, the proportionality between stress and strain is no longer valid and the concept
of complex modulus defined above is no longer correct. This limit depends on the material but it also varies with
temperature for a given material.
NOTE 3 Special attention should be given in the highest range of temperature. Therefore, it is recommended to
perform linearity tests at the highest temperature to be undertaken within the testing programme. This test consists of
measuring the complex modulus at a fixed frequency for an increasing range of strains (or stresses) and to determine the
value of strain at which the modulus is no longer constant (starts to decrease).
NOTE 4 Attention should be paid to the danger of fatigue damage during testing by minimising the number of cycles or
loading time at each applied stress level and/or minimising the number of stress levels. It is recommended to carry out
also a reverse scheme of stress levels in order to see if any fatigue damage has occurred (see also NOTE 1).
NOTE 5 The admissible level of deformation is determined for the direct tensile test by a preliminary test at 10 °C,
50 microstrain and loading times 3 s and 300 s.
7.2.6 Loading frequencies
The range of frequencies is device dependent.
NOTE 1 Most equipment is able to cover a range between 0,1 Hz and 50 Hz. However, it is preferable to make it as
wide as possible in order to allow a logarithmic presentation of the isotherms. A typical set of frequencies could be 0,1 Hz,
0,2 Hz, 0,5 Hz, 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 5 Hz, 10 Hz, 20 Hz, 50 Hz and again the starting frequency of 0,1 Hz. This last measurement
is to check that the specimen has not been damaged during the loading with various frequencies. If the difference between
stiffness of the specimen at the first and last measurements at identical frequency and at the same temperature is greater
than 3 %, it can be concluded that the specimen is damaged and, therefore, cannot be used for further testing (e.g. at
different temperatures).
NOTE 2 Care should be taken to avoid resonance phenomena especially at high frequencies.
NOTE 3 Care should be taken that the heat is not accumulated in the specimen in an extent that the temperature
differs more than ±0,3 °C from the temperature of the climatic chamber. This problem is especially dominant at prolonged
measurements and/or higher frequencies.
7.3 Controlled strain rate loading
7.3.1 Test method
Uniaxial direct tensile test on cylindrical or prismatic specimens (DT-CY and DT-PR see Annex E) can be
adopted.
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
NOTE The procedure gives comparable test results to sinusoidal loading for loading time less than 1 s, if the moduli
at the loading time, t, expressed in seconds, are compared to the complex modulus at a frequency:
1
f = (8)
2π ×t
expressed in Hertz (Hz).
7.3.2 Loading conditions
A controlled rate displacement shall be applied to a specimen in direct tension to provide a constant strain rate
with n = 1 so that the strain law is:
ε (t ) = α i × t (9)
7.3.3 Strain amplitudes
7.3.3.1 Preliminary test
For direct tensile tests, at least one element test shall be performed in accordance with Annex E in order to
determine the level of the stiffness of the mixture. The conditions shall be a temperature of 10 °C, strain
amplitude of 50 microstrain, loading force F > 200 N and loading times 3 s and 300 s.
7.3.3.2 Strain amplitudes during the test
The maximum strain during the test shall be less than the values given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Strain expressed in microstrain to be applied during a controlled strain rate test in
accordance with the stiffness determined by a preliminary test to 50 microstrain
Stiffness, 10 °C, 3 s Stiffness, 10 °C, 300 s
Test temperature Θ ≥ 7,5 <1 ≥1

< 7,5 GPa
GPa GPa GPa
°C
Strain amplitude
microstrain
≤10 100 50 – –
10 ≤ Θ < 20 – – 200 100
20 ≤ Θ ≤ 40 – – 300 200
7.3.3.3 Test loading times
A series of tests shall be performed on the same specimen with various loading times and with the same
maximum strain given in Table 1. Four loading times shall be used for at least one test temperature, and at
least two loading times for the other test temperatures.
8 Temperatures
The temperature of the climatic chamber, in the vicinity of the specimen, shall be equal to the specified
temperature to ± 0,5 °C other than for the direct tension test for which the specific temperature conditions are
given in Annex E. For each test temperature, the specimen shall be placed in the climatic chamber for at least
4 h before testing.
13
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
NOTE 1 Requirements for test temperatures can be determined in the product standards for the bituminous mixtures.
NOTE 2 The closer tolerance for the direct tensile tests is necessary because master curves need to be derived from
the results.
NOTE 3 To model reality, the temperatures should cover the extremes of climatic conditions in actual full-scale
conditions. They should be close enough to allow a precise determination of a master curve by shifting the isotherms.
However, Product Specifications generally define one temperature and one frequency.
NOTE 4 The difference between two isotherms should not exceed 10 °C. A typical set of temperatures could be -30 °C,
–20 °C, –10 °C, 0 °C, +10 °C, +15 °C, +20 °C, +30 °C, +40 °C. The temperature of 40 °C should be used with care
especially for possible problems of non-linearity and also for possible creep of the specimens (especially in the case of
bending tests).
9 Expression of results
9.1 The measurements that shall be obtained during the test are the applied force, F, in Newtons (N), the
displacement, z, in millimeters (mm) and their phase angle Φ, in degrees (°). The places where they are
measured depend on the test device (see Table 2).
9.2 The two components of the complex modulus, when required, shall be calculated in MegaPascals
(MPa) in using Equation (10) for the real component E1 and Equation (11) for the imaginary component E2.
F 
E1 = γ ×  × cos (Φ) + 10 −6 × µ × ω2  (10)
z 
F
E2 = γ × × sin( Φ ) (11)
z
The mechanical material characteristics shall be derived from the measurements using the specific factors
given in Table 2 where
γ is the form factor as a function of specimen size and form (1/mm);
µ is the mass factor which is a function of the mass of the specimen, M, in grams (g) and the mass of
the movable parts, m, in grams (g) that influence the resultant force by their inertial effects.
NOTE The accuracy of the experimentally determined complex modulus is depending on the correct choice of the
form factor and the mass term. This requires a correct evaluation of the loading conditions as well as a precise calibration
of the test set up.
9.3 The stiffness modulus (the absolute value of the complex modulus E*) and the phase angle Φ, an
equivalent representation of the complex modulus, shall be derived using Equations (4) and (5).
NOTE Displacement measurements are made where the load is applied with the exception of indirect tensile method.
For the indirect tensile method, the displacement is measured on the diameter that is perpendicular to the diameter to
which the load is applied.
14
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Table 2 — Form and mass factors for different specimens and loading conditions
Form factor, γ Mass factor, µ

Type of loading
mm–1 (g)
12 L3  h2 h2 3 h 
2PB-TR ( 2 − ) − − ln 2  0,135 M + m a
3 2 h h 2 h1 
b(h1 − h2 )  1 1
4 L3 M
2PB-PR +m
3 4
bh
24 L3 L3 M+m
3PB-PR ≈
4 3 3 2
π bh 4bh
L2 A  3 A2  M m 
4PB-PR − b R ( X )  +  b
bh 3  4 L2  π 4 R (A) 
IT-CY and 1
× (ν + 0,27) –
CIT-CY b
15
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Table 2 — (continued)
Form factor, γ Mass factor, µ

Type of loading
mm–1 (g)
4h M
DTC-CY 2
+m
πD 2
DT-CY
1 0
DT-PR
a For usual dimensions of specimens.
12 L  1  L −l
R(X ) =
b , X = co-ordinate at which the deflection is measured.
×
2 2 2 2
, A=
A  (3 X/L − 3 X /L − A /L )  2
NOTE All dimensions in millimetres (mm); all masses in grams (g).
10 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
10.1 General
a) name and address of the testing laboratory;
b) a unique serial number for the test report;
c) name of client;
d) the number and date of this Standard;
e) signature of person accepting technical responsibility for the test report;
f) date of issue and age of the specimens at the time of testing (in days).
10.2 Information on specimen
a) type and origin of bituminous mixture;
b) method of manufacture of the bituminous mixture;
c) method of compaction.
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EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
10.3 Information on test method
a) test method by reference to the relevant annex of this document;
b) testing equipment.
10.4 Information on the test and results
a) sample identification;
b) bulk density of the specimen prior to testing, and the method used for its determination;
c) temperature at which the test was carried out;
d) frequency (or load time);
e) strain or displacement;
f) stiffness modulus.
10.5 Optional information
a) complex modulus and phase angle or E1 and E2 (real and imaginary components of the complex
modulus);
b) plots of data and graphs.
11 Precision
Reproducibility and repeatability of the two-point test method on isosceles specimens (see Annex A) have
been determined in accordance with ISO 5725-2 for 10 laboratories using different equipment. The
experiment was done on asphalt concrete AC10 at 15 °C and 10 Hz in 2000.2)
Results relating to E*: (9 laboratories, 1 excluded by statistical tests):
 Average value 15 °C 10 Hz: E* = 15 233 MPa;
 repeatability, standard deviation: σr = 118 MPa;
 repeatability, limit 95 %: r = 335 MPa;
 reproducibility, standard deviation: σR = 969 MPa;
 reproducibility, limit 95 %: R = 2 740 MPa.
2) DELORME, J-L, J-F CORTE and J-L GOURDON. Exactitude experiments in tests relative to pavements. Revue
Générale des Routes No. 713 2001/03.
17
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Annex A
(normative)
Two point bending test on trapezoidal specimens (2PB-TR) or on

prismatic specimens (2PB-PR)
A.1 Principle
This annex describes a method for measuring the stiffness modulus of bituminous mixtures using cantilever
bending test. A sinusoidal force, F = F0 × sin( ω × t), or a sinusoidal deflection, z = z0 × sin( ω × t), is applied to
the head of a specimens glued at its base to a stand fixed to a rigid chassis. Force, F0, or deflection, z0,
should be such that it causes a strain ε ≤ 50 × 10–6 in the most heavily stressed part of the specimen, which is
supposed to correspond with the linear range of the bituminous mixture. On the basis of, F0, z0 and phase
angle, Φ, the complex modulus is calculated at different temperatures and frequencies.
A.2 Equipment
A.2.1 Test machine enabling the application of sinusoidal dynamic deflection at the top of the specimen at
least within the range of frequencies from 3 Hz to 30 Hz. The embedment of specimen stands in the rigid
chassis shall be such that, for a given deflection, for a metal specimen, the strain, ε, measured on the test
machine shall not be more than 5 % lower than the strain, ε, measured on a L-shaped frame made up of steel
with a minimum thickness of 80 mm, under a force of about 50 N (see Figure A.1).
Key
1 deflection at head 3 embedment to be verified
2 supporting plate of the metal base of the 4 test machine
embedment 5 L-shaped steel frame
Figure A.1 — Verification of the embedment
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
NOTE 1 The metal specimen should have approximately the same impedance as the specimen, e.g.
F/z = (350 ± 50) N/mm.
NOTE 2 For example a metal parellelopipedal specimen of dimensions (13,5 ± 1) mm × (30 ± 1) mm × (250 ± 10) mm
with a base, and having a Young's modulus of approximately 70 GPa, is suitable for testing this embedment.
A.2.2 Ventilated thermostatic chamber in which the average temperature of the air draught near the
specimens can be fixed to ±0,3 °C at the specified test temperature throughout the whole duration of the test.
If the test machine is not placed in the thermostatic chamber, the temperature of the stand of the specimen
shall meet the requirements imposed to the air draught.
A.2.3 Measuring equipment existing of:
A.2.3.1 Sensors, capable of measuring the dynamic force with an accuracy of ± 3 %.
A.2.3.2 Sensors, capable of measuring the deflection up to 0,2 mm with an accuracy of 1 µm.
A.2.3.3 Phase angle measuring device, with an accuracy of ± 1°.
NOTE The phase angle due to the electronic measuring device should be deducted from the measured phase angle,
to obtain the actual phase angle, Φ. The phase angle due to the electronic measuring device is measured for each test
frequency on a metal specimen as described in A.2.1.
A.3 Specimen preparation

A.3.1 The specimens shall be of trapezoidal (see Figure A.2) or prismatic shape with constant thickness
and shall have the dimensions given in Table A.1.
Table A.1 — Minimum dimensions of the specimens
Dimensions of Prismatic specimens Trapezoidal specimens

the specimens mm mm
mm D ≤ 22 mm D > 22 mm D ≤ 14 mm 14 < D ≤ 22 mm 22 < D ≤ 40 mm
B 56 ± 1 70 ± 1 70 ± 1
b 40 ± 1 80 ± 1 25 ± 1 25 ± 1 25 ± 1
e 40 ± 1 80 ± 1 25 ± 1 25 ± 1 50 ± 1
h 120 ± 1 240 ± 1 250 ± 1 250 ± 1 250 ± 1
NOTE D is the upper sieve size of the aggregate in the mixture, in millimetres (mm)
A.3.2 Obtain the specimens by sawing from slabs made in the laboratory according EN 12697-33 or from
slabs extracted from road surfaces having a thickness ≥ 60 mm. The longitudinal axis of the plate shall be
parallel with the horizontal compaction axis of the mixture.
A.3.3 Each specimen shall be glued by its base to a metal stand (see Figure A.3) in such a manner that this
operation guarantees good geometrical positioning of the specimen in relation to its stand. The cap fixing the
specimen to the alternating stress machine shall be glued to the head of the specimen. The stand shall have a
minimum thickness of 10 mm.
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Key
1 groove of approximately 2 mm
2 metal base
Figure A.2 — Geometry of the specimens Figure A.3 — Fixation of the specimen
A.4 Procedure
A.4.1 The specimen shall be subjected to a sinusoidal force at the target frequency ± 5 % applied at the
head for a minimum time of 30 s and a maximum time of 2 min to an imposed deflection corresponding with a
strain, ε, less than 50 microstrain.
A.4.2 The force, F0, the deflection, z0, and the phase angle, Φ, shall be measured over the last 10 s of
the test.
A.4.3 The complex modulus may be determined for the required temperature and for the required
frequency. If the master-curve has to be determined, the complex modulus shall be determined at not less
than 4 temperatures separated by not more than 10 °C, and for each temperature at not less than 3
frequencies evenly spaced on a logarithmic scale with a minimum ratio of 10 between the extreme
frequencies.
20
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Annex B
(normative)
Three point bending test on prismatic specimens (3PB-PR) and four

point bending test on prismatic specimens (4PB-PR)
B.1 Principle
This annex describes a method for measuring the stiffness of bituminous mixtures using bending test. A
prismatic specimen is subjected to three-point or to four-point periodic bending with free rotation and
(horizontal) translation at all load and reaction points. The bending is realised by the movement of the centre
load point(s) in vertical direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the specimen. The vertical positions
of the two end points remain fixed. The applied periodic displacement is symmetrical about the zero, and
sinusoidal, and the displacement amplitude shall be constant as a function of time. During the test, the force
needed for the deformation of the specimen is measured as a function of time as well as the phase lag
between the force signal and the displacement signal. From this, the stiffness modulus of the tested material
is calculated.
NOTE The principal concepts of a four point bending test are shown in Figure B.1.
Key
1 applied load 5 deflection
2 reaction 6 return to original position
3 specimen 7 free translation and rotation
4 specimen clamp
Figure B.1 — Basic principals of 4-point bending
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
B.2 Equipment
B.2.1 Loading system, consisting of a bending bed. The load shall be applied to the specimen by means of
loading jack(s) via the bending bed. There shall be:
 one jack on the middle clamp at x = L/2 for the three point bending test;
 two jacks on the inner clamps at x = A and x = L – A for the four point bending test.
B.2.2 Clamping device, capable of clamping a specimen (beam) in the bending frame in order to provide
horizontal translation and rotation freedom at all supports. The back-calculated stiffness modulus for a
reference beam with a known stiffness modulus shall be within 2 % for the modulus and within 0,5° for the
phase lag (see B.2.8).
In the case of the four point bending test, the assumed pure bending between the two inner clamps shall be
checked by measuring the deflections at the inner clamp (x = A) and in the middle of the specimen (x = L/2).
The ratio of the amplitudes of the centre deflection and the deflection at the inner clamps shall be a constant
that is defined as:
Z ( L / 2) R( A) 3 L2 − 4 A2
= = (B.1)
Z ( A) R( L / 2 ) 4 A × (3 L − 4 A)
NOTE A should be chosen in the interval 0,25 < A/L < 0,4 but preferably close to one third of the effective length L
(ASTM configuration). In that case, the ratio will be 1,15. If A/L is chosen outside this interval, the equations given in this
annex are no longer applicable without introducing substantial errors.
B.2.3 Control system, for the movement of the actuator, in order to control the bending of the specimen, in
such a manner as to be conform to the requirements laid down for the applied displacement (see B.4.2).
NOTE It is recommended that the control system should include a programmable function generator and a control
circuit with which the desired load signal can be generated. The control system should ensure that the controlled
displacement of the specimen does not show oscillations during the test.
B.2.4 Load cell, with a measuring range of at least ± 2 000 N and with an accuracy of 1 %. The force shall
be measured midway between the centre two clamps.
NOTE The resonance frequency of the load cell and the coupled moving mass should be at least a factor of 10
higher than the test frequency.
B.2.5 Displacement transducer, with a measuring range of about ± 1,0 mm and with an accuracy of 1 %.
The displacement shall be measured at the diagonal centre of the top surface or that on the lower surface of
the specimen.
NOTE The resonance frequency of the transducer and the coupled moving mass should be at least a factor of 10
higher than the test frequency.
B.2.6 Electronic data registration equipment, low-noise amplifiers with a range that approximately
corresponds to the maximum values of the measuring range of the transducers. Measuring instruments with
analogue or digital displays shall be such that the measuring amplifiers can be read with a resolution of 1 N for
the force and 1 µm for the displacement.
NOTE The dynamic behaviour of the transducers and the electronic measuring apparatus can be the cause of
measuring errors that are considerably greater than the maximum permissible values. It is recommended that the
supplier’s specifications are checked in this respect. Another important factor to be considered is whether the electronic
equipment is adequately shielded against the influence of external electrical and magnetic sources of interference capable
of producing measuring errors.
B.2.7 Thermostatic chamber, in which a constant test temperature can be maintained to within an
accuracy of ± 0,5 °C in the vicinity of the specimens.
NOTE It is recommended that a sufficiently large thermostatic chamber is chosen, so that additional specimens can
be acclimatised during testing.
22
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
B.3 Specimen preparation
B.3.1 Dimensions
B.3.1.1 The specimen shall have the shape of a prismatic beam with the following nominal proportions
and tolerances:
 the total length Ltot shall not exceed the effective length by more than 10 %;
 the difference between maximum and minimum measured value per dimension shall be 1,0 mm at the
most;
 the angle between adjacent longitudinal surfaces shall not deviate from a right angle by more than 1°.
NOTE It is also recommended that:
— the effective length L should not be less than six times whatever the highest value is for the width B or the height H.
— the width B and the height H should be at least three times the maximum grain size D in the tested material.
B.3.1.2 The total length shall be measured four times with a ruler with an accuracy of 1,0 mm in the
centre of the top and the bottom surfaces. The height and the width shall be measured with vernier callipers
with an accuracy of 0,1 mm at the places where the clamps are to be installed (x = 0, x = L/2 and x = L [3PB] or
x = 0, x = A, x = L − A and x = L [4PB]). The length of the test specimen shall be calculated as the arithmetic
mean of the length measurements. The width and the height of the specimen shall be calculated similarly from
the width measurements and the height measurements, respectively. Specimens not complying with the
specimen requirements shall not be tested.
NOTE Technical limitations of the apparatus in combination with the maximum grain size in the asphalt mixture can
make it difficult to comply with the requirements as to width B, B/D > 3 and H/D > 3. If any of these requirements are not
met, the test will not be strictly in accordance with this annex and this non-compliance should be explicitly mentioned in
the report.
B.3.2 Sample manufacture
The specimens subject to the test shall be obtained by sawing from slabs made in laboratory or taken from
road layers. The slabs made in the laboratory shall have at least a thickness of the required height H plus
20 mm. The beams shall be sawn from the middle. The distance of the beam to the border of the slab shall be
at least 20 mm. In principle, the same procedure holds for beams sawn from slabs taken from road layers. If
the thickness of the road layer is too small to meet the requirement with respect to the ratio between height H
and the maximum grain size D, the beams shall be rotated over an angle of 90°. In such cases, the width B of
the beam shall not be able to meet the requirement and shall be reported.
The longitudinal axis of the specimen shall be parallel with the major direction of compaction.
B.4 Procedure
B.4.1 Three (3PB) or four (4PB) clamps shall be fastened to the specimen at mutual spacings (centre to
centre) of L/2 and L/2 for the 3PB test and A, L − 2A and A for the 4PB test. The tolerance on the spacings
shall be ± 2 mm.
NOTE It is advised in case of 4PB tests to take A near or equal to L/3 in order to be able to use the first order back-
calculation procedure.
B.4.2 In the test set-up, the specimen shall be rotated through 90° along its longitudinal axis with
respect to its position either in the slab made in the laboratory or obtained from the road.
23
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
NOTE Hence, a horizontal longitudinal specimen surface by its orientation in the slab should become a vertical
specimen surface by its orientation in the test set-up.
B.4.3 The beam shall be weighed as well as all the moving parts between the load cell and the beam
(e.g. moving frame, clamps and deflection sensor) and the points on the beam where these masses have
there influence shall be determined in order to correctly calculate the mass factor.
NOTE Normally, the locations where the masses act are at the inner clamp(s).
B.4.4 The specimen shall be subjected to a sinusoidal force in order to obtain the required strain
amplitude of (50 ± 3) microstrain. The deflection amplitude shall stay within 2 % of the nominal value.
B.4.5 The force, F0, the deflection, z0, and the phase angle, Φ, shall be recorded, together with the test
temperature and the frequency.
th
B.4.6 The initial stiffness modulus shall be determined as the modulus for a load cycle between the 45
and the 100th load repetition.
NOTE The initial stiffness modulus is typically determined at the 100th cycle because this is often defined as the initial
stiffness modulus value and, more importantly, the required parameters (e.g. strain amplitude) should be constant by the
cycle at which the stiffness modulus is determined.
24
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Annex C
(normative)
Test applying indirect tension to cylindrical specimens (IT-CY)
C.1 Principle
This annex describes a method for measuring the elastic stiffness of bituminous mixtures using an indirect
tensile test. The method is applicable to cylindrical specimens of various diameters and thickness,
manufactured in the laboratory or cored from a road layer.
C.2 Equipment
C.2.1 General devices
C.2.1.1 Thermometer and/or thermocouples and/or platinum resistance sensors, of appropriate range,
which shall be capable of measuring to ± 0,1 °C for determining the temperature of the specimen and the
storage and test environment.
C.2.1.2 Jig, to hold a cylinder of test material for cutting of specimens.
C.2.1.3 Saw, capable of cutting and trimming specimens to the required dimensions.
NOTE A diamond-tipped saw blade is recommended.
C.2.2 Test equipment
C.2.2.1 Steel load-frame.
NOTE A suitable example is shown in Figure C.1.
C.2.2.2 Two stainless steel loading strips, conforming to Table C.1. The face in contact with the specimen
shall be concave and shall extend over the full width of the specimen. The edges of the loading strips shall be
rounded to avoid cutting the specimen during testing. A means of centralising the lower strip with the loading
axis of the steel load frame shall be provided. The upper strip shall make contact with the loading system via a
spherical seating.
25
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Key
1 pneumatic load actuator 6 LVDT adjuster
2 steel load frame 7 LVDT mounting frame
3 loading cell 8 lower loading strip
4 upper loading strip 9 LVDT alignment jig
5 test specimen
Figure C.1 — Example of the test equipment
Table C.1 — Dimensions of loading strips
Nominal specimen Radius tolerance of

Width of loading strip
diameter concave segment
mm
mm mm
80 10 ± 0,1 40 ± 1
100 12 ± 0,1 50 ± 1
120 15 ± 0,1 60 ± 1
150 19 ± 0,1 75 ± 1
200 25 ± 0,1 100 ± 1
26
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
C.2.2.3 Loading system (see Figure C.1)
C.2.2.3.1 A suitable load actuator shall be incorporated by means of which a load can be applied along the
vertical diameter of the specimen via the loading strops. The load actuator shall be capable of applying
repeated load pulses with rest period. The load shall have a haversine waveform or close to it (see
Figure C.2). The loading time shall be controlled during the test.
Key
1 peak load
2 pulse repetition period
3 rise-time
Figure C.2 — Form of load pulse, showing the rise-time and peak load
C.2.2.3.2 The rise-time, measured from when the load pulse commences and which is the time taken for
the applied load to increase from initial contact load to maximum value, shall be (124 ± 4) ms. The peak load
value shall be adjusted to achieve a target peak transient horizontal deformation of 0,005 % of the specimen
diameter.
NOTE In order to achieve this, the height of the crosshead may have to be adjusted (see NOTE 1 of C.4.1).
C.2.2.3.3 The applied load shall be measured, using a load cell with an accuracy of 2 %. The pulse
repetition period (see Figure C.2) shall be (3,0 ± 0,1) s.
C.2.2.3.4 The load area factor shall be the ratio of the shaded area in Figure C.2 to the product of the rise
time and peak load. When this factor deviates from 0,60, the measured stiffness modulus shall be corrected
using the method described in C.4.3.3.
NOTE 1 The recommended load area factor is 0,60.
NOTE 2 The recommended rise-time is (124 ± 4) ms but other rise-times may be used. The load pulse applied is
selected to achieve a transient peak horizontal deformation. Experience indicates suitable values of peak horizontal
deformation are (7 ± 2) µm for a 150 mm nominal diameter specimen and (5 ± 2) µm for a 100 mm nominal diameter
specimen, although, with some materials, other values of peak horizontal deformation may be required to generate
adequate load and deformation response.
NOTE 3 When the stiffness modulus of a material is relatively high, the loading time short, or the test temperature low,
the capacity of the loading system may be insufficient to generate the specified horizontal load and deformation. In this
instance, a smaller diameter sample or reduced sample thickness may be required.
C.2.2.4 Steel annulus, with an outside diameter of either (100 ± 5) mm or (150 ± 5) mm. The width of the
annulus shall be not greater than 70 mm and the internal diameter shall be selected so that it shall simulate an
effective indirect tensile stiffness modulus of between 1 500 MPa and 3 000 MPa.
27
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
NOTE The steel annulus may be fitted with a frame with adjustable clamps for the linear variable differential
transducers and an integral system for transmitting the applied load along the vertical diameter of the annulus.
C.2.3 Deformation measurement system, capable of monitoring the transient horizontal diametral
deformation of the specimen during the application of a load pulse. The accuracy of measurement shall be
better than 0,2 µm over the range ± 50 µm. The recorded peak horizontal deformation shall be the amplitude
of the change in the horizontal diameter of the specimen.
NOTE 1 A suitable arrangement for measuring horizontal diametral deformation is shown in Figure C.3. Two Linear
Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTS) are mounted opposite one another in a rigid frame clamped to the specimen
(see Figure C.4). During the test, the frame shall only be supported by the clamps and it shall not be in contact with any
other part of the equipment.
NOTE 2 In order to minimise distortion of the frame, a torque measuring device may be used, to tighten the clamps.
NOTE 3 It can be necessary to use disc ended LVDTs for testing open graded materials.
NOTE 4 Other suitable devices for deformation measurements are also accepted such as extensometers. The accuracy
should be 0,2 µm.
C.2.4 Recording equipment, comprising a digital interface unit connected to a microcomputer, which shall
monitor and record the electrical signals from the load and deformation transducers. The rate of data
acquisition shall be such that, during the application of a load pulse, the signal from each transducer is
scanned at a rate of at least 500 Hz.
C.2.5 Constant temperature enclosure, consisting of a cabinet or a suitable room with forced air circulation,
in which the specimen can be conditioned and in which the test can be performed.
28
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Key
1 LVDT adjuster 3 LVDT mounting frame
2 LVDT 4 securing clamps
Figure C.3 — Arrangement for measuring horizontal diametrical deformation
29
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Key
1 locating channel for loading frame 3 alignment bar adjusting nuts
2 LVDT frame alignment frame 4 alignment bar release lever
Figure C.4 — LVDT alignment jig
C.3 Specimen preparation
C.3.1 Preparation
C.3.1.1 Cylindrical specimens shall have a thickness between 30 mm and 75 mm and a nominal diameter
of 80 mm, 100 mm, 120 mm, 150 mm or 200 mm. Both dimensions shall be chosen relative to the nominal
maximum aggregate size of the mixture.
NOTE 1 It is recommended that the specimen thickness should be as close to the layer thickness as possible, but not
exceeding 75 mm nor less than 30 mm.
NOTE 2 Test samples can be cored from a compacted pavement layer, or from laboratory compacted slabs, or may be
prepared in suitable laboratory moulds. However, it cannot be inferred that laboratory prepared specimens will give results
identical to those obtained from specimens cut from a compacted pavement layer.
NOTE 3 Result of different diameter should not compare to each other until further investigations have done.
C.3.1.2 Each core shall be of the nominal diameter ± 5 mm. Using the saw, each core of material
submitted for test shall be trimmed to form a nominal right cylinder. Any projecting aggregate particles shall be
removed by trimming the core surface flush. The cylinder shall be clamped in the jig and sawn into slices with
a thickness in the range 30 mm to 75 mm, each slice constituting a specimen.
NOTE The interface between pavement layers or the surface of a specimen should be avoided. If traces of the
interface cannot be removed, the test specimen is inhomogeneous and should be discarded or the fact recorded on the
test report.
C.3.1.3 The thickness of each specimen shall be measured in accordance with EN 12627-29.
C.3.1.4 Using a suitable marker, a diameter shall be drawn on one flat face of the specimen. A second
diameter shall be drawn at (90 ± 10)° to the first. Both diameters shall be labelled appropriately.
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EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
C.4 Mode of operation
C.4.1 Mounting the specimen
C.4.1.1 The loading strips shall be wiped clean using a solvent if necessary.
C.4.1.2 After bringing the specimen to the specified temperature, the specimen shall be set up for the test
with one of the marked diameters vertical. The setting up procedure, including the adjustment of the
transducers and measurement system, shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
NOTE 1 In setting the height of the crosshead, it should be recognised that the requirement is to achieve a definite
peak load at target rise time. The shape of the load pulse is influenced by the stiffness modulus and size of specimen
under test. The height of the crosshead should be adjusted to achieve a load area factor of (0,60 ± 0,10). For routine
testing, the target load area factor is 0,60.
NOTE 2 It is important that, in the case of LVDT, the mounting frame is clamped evenly and securely to the specimen.
Care should be taken to ensure that no over-tightening of the securing clamps occurs. One way of achieving this is to
apply a constant torque to each of the securing clamps.
C.4.2 Stiffness measurement
C.4.2.1 Conditioning load pulses
At least 10 conditioning pulses shall be applied in order to enable the equipment to adjust the load magnitude
and duration to give the specified horizontal diametral deformation and time.
C.4.2.2 Deformation measuring
C.4.2.2.1 If necessary, the deformation measuring devices shall be brought back to about the middle
portion of their operating ranges. A further five load pulses shall be applied to the specimen and, for each load
pulse application, the variation of applied load and horizontal diametral deformation with time shall be
measured and recorded and the load area factor shall be determined.
C.4.2.2.2 The crosshead shall be positioned to give a load area factor within the range 0,50 to 0,70. If this
positioning is not achieved, the specimen shall be discarded and the results rejected. The recommended
target for the load area factor shall be 0,60.
NOTE 1 If the horizontal diametral deformation is less than 3 µm or greater than 20 µm, either the test temperature or
the test method is unsuitable.
NOTE 2 If the vertical stress is less than 0,5 kN, either the test temperature or the test method is unsuitable.
C.4.2.3 Calculation of the measured stiffness modulus
C.4.2.3.1 Using the measurements from the 5 load pulses, the measured stiffness modulus shall be
determined for each load pulse using following equation.
F × (ν + 0,27 )
E = (C.1)
(z × h )
where
E is the measured stiffness modulus, expressed in megapascals (MPa);
F is the peak value of the applied vertical load, expressed in Newtons (N);
z is the amplitude of the horizontal deformation (see Figure C.5) obtained during the load cycle,
expressed in millimetres (mm);
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EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
h is the mean thickness of the specimen, expressed in millimetres (mm);
ν is the Poisson's ratio.
C.4.2.3.2 If the Poisson’s ratio is not determined, a value of 0,35 shall be assumed for all temperatures.
C.4.2.3.3 The measured stiffness modulus shall be adjusted to a load area factor of 0,60 using following
equation.
E ' = E × (1 − 0,322 × (log ( E ) − 1,82 ) × (0,60 − k )) (C.2)
where
E’ is the stiffness modulus, expressed in megapascals (MPa), adjusted to a load area factor of 0,60;
k is the measured load area factor;
E is the measured stiffness modulus in megapascals (MPa) at a load factor k, expressed in degrees
Celsius (°C).
NOTE Equation (C.2) is only valid for stiffness moduli between 2000 and 5000 MPa at 20ºC.
Key
X time
Y deformation
1 deformation amplitude
Figure C.5 — Deformation amplitude
C.4.2.4 Stiffness modulus of the specimen
C.4.2.4.1 The specimen shall be removed from the test equipment, rotated through (90 ± 10)° about its
horizontal axis and replaced according to the test procedure given in C.4.1. The test and calculation shall be
repeated in accordance with C.4.2.2 and C.4.2.3.
C.4.2.4.2 If the mean value of the stiffness modulus from this test shall be within +10 % or −20 % of the
mean value recorded for the first test, the mean for the two tests shall be calculated and recorded as the
stiffness modulus of the specimen.
C.4.2.4.3 If the difference between the two values is greater than that specified above, the results shall be
rejected.
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EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Annex D
(normative)
Direct tension-compression test on cylindrical specimens (DTC-CY)
D.1 Principle
A sinusoidal strain ε = ε0 × sin(ω t) is applied on a cylindrical sample glued on two steel plates screwed to the
loading rig. ε0 should be ≤ 25 × 10–6 to be in the linear range of the bituminous mixture. With measured F0
and phase angle Φ, the complex modulus is calculated at different temperatures and frequencies.
D.2 Equipment
D.2.1 Test machine, enabling the application of sinusoidal dynamic deformation, with a range of frequencies
from 0,1 Hz to 20 Hz.
D.2.2 Thermostatic chamber, with the average temperature of the air draught near the specimens that can
maintain test temperature with an accuracy of ± 0,5 °C.
D.2.3 Measuring devices
D.2.3.1 Load cell, able to measure a force between 1 N to 6 000 N with an accuracy of 5 % between 1 N and
200 N, and 1 % above 200 N.
D.2.3.2 Phase angle measuring device, with an accuracy of ± 1°.
D.3 Specimen preparation

D.3.1 The specimen shall be an orthogonal cylinder (see Figure D.1) obtained either by core drilling and
sawing slabs (made in laboratory according to EN 12697-33 or from the road) or by gyratory compactor
according to EN 12697-31.
D.3.2 The specimen shall have:
 a diameter (∅) between 50 mm and 160 mm inclusive and greater than or equal to 4 times D; the
tolerance on the diameter in the measurement area shall be less than 0,5 mm;
 a length (H) between 1,8 and 3 times the specimen diameter.
Figure D.1 — Geometry of the specimens
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EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
D.3.3 In order that the sample can be drilling in the width of the core, cores extracted from the road shall
have:
 a diameter (∅) that is at least 20 mm greater than the required length of the specimen (H);
 a width at least 10 mm greater than the required diameter of the specimen (∅).
D.3.4 Each specimen shall be glued by its two extremities (see Figure D.2) on steel plates. The ball joints of
the extremities shall allow the position of the specimen to be adjusted. When the right position has been
found, the rotation of the ball joints shall be prevented. The axis of the cylinder shall be parallel to the axis of
the movement of the compacting device.
D.3.5 Then, the only movement that shall be allowed for the top plate is the uniaxial load in tension-
compression. The plate of the bottom shall be fixed to the rig and sinusoidal strain shall be applied to the top
plate.
Key
1 load cell
2 sample
3 steel plates glued to sample
Figure D.2 — Example of fixation of the specimen for DTC-CY
NOTE The load may be applied and/or measured on the top or the bottom of the specimen.
D.4 Mode of operation
D.4.1 Stabilising the specimen
Cored specimens shall be stored between two weeks and two months before test. For each test temperature,
the specimen shall be kept at the temperature for a minimum of 4 h in the testing chamber. The test shall be
started at the lowest temperature.
D.4.2 Procedure
D.4.2.1 The specimen shall be subjected to a sinusoidal strain with an amplitude ε0 ≤ 25 microstrain.
D.4.2.2 The complex modulus may be determined for the required temperature and for the required
frequency. If the master-curve has to be determined, the complex modulus shall be determined at not less
34
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
than 4 temperatures separated by not more than 10 °C and for each temperature at not less than 3
frequencies evenly spaced on a logarithmic scale with a minimum ratio of 10 between the extreme
frequencies.
NOTE The four temperatures are usually 10 °C; 20 °C; 30 °C; and 40 °C and the six frequencies are usually 0,1 Hz;
0,3 Hz; 1,0 Hz; 3,0 Hz; 10 Hz; and 20 Hz.
35
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Annex E
(normative)
Test applying direct tension to cylindrical specimens (DT-CY) or to

prismatic specimens (DT-PR)
E.1 Principle
The principle of the test consists of submitting a specimen to uniaxial tensile loads at given temperatures and
loading times according to an imposed monotonous and increasing law of strain ait. The specimen shall be
stabilised before and after each element test.
E.2 Equipment
E.2.1 Tensile test machine capable of applying a strain that increases linearly, z = ait.
E.2.2 Measuring devices
E.2.2.1 Load cell, able to measure a force with an accuracy of 5 % between 50 N and 200 N, and 1 %
above 200 N.
E.2.2.2 Extensometer system, comprising three elongation measurement sensors arranged at 120 °, with
a gauge length between 45 mm and 205 mm. The length of the measurement area l0 shall be known to 1 mm.
The elongation ∆l shall be measured to ± 1 µm. After the transitory period, the linearity error of the elongation
laws applied shall be less than 0,3 µm.
The transitory period is the period of time from the start of the test. It corresponds to the time needed to reach
an elongation of 1,5 µm.
E.2.3 Bonding device, enabling the bonding parts to be bonded at the ends of the specimens so that their
respective axes meet.
E.2.4 Thermostatic chamber, capable of maintaining the test temperature to ± 0,2 °C at a single point
situated in the middle level of the measurement area, at a maximum distance from the specimen of 30 mm, in
the front of the chamber. For test temperatures 0 °C and 15 °C, the maximal range of temperature measured
at least on 4 points on the periphery shall be less than 0,5 °C.
E.3 Specimen preparation
E.3.1 Cylindrical specimen
E.3.1.1 Cylindrical specimen shall be an orthogonal cylinder (see Figure D.1) obtained either by core
drilling and sawing slabs (made in laboratory according to EN 12697-33 or from the road) or by gyratory
compactor according to EN 12697-31.
E.3.1.2 The specimen shall have:
 a diameter (∅) between 50 mm and 160 mm inclusive and greater than or equal to 4 × D; the tolerance
on the diameter in the measurement area shall be less than 0,5 mm;
 a length (H) between 2 and 3 times the specimen diameter.
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EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
E.3.1.3 In order that the sample can be drilling in the width of the core, cores extracted from the road
shall have:
 a diameter (∅) that is at least 20 mm greater than the required length of the specimen (H);
 a width at least 10 mm greater than the required diameter of the specimen (∅).
When the specimen is taken from the road or slabs prepared in laboratory, the axis of the cylinder shall be
parallel to the axis of the movement of the compacting device.
E.3.1.4 The specimen shall be stored in such a manner that the dimensions remain unchanged.
E.3.1.5 For each bituminous mixture, a minimum of four repetitions shall be carried out.
E.3.2 Prismatic specimen
E.3.2.1 Prismatic specimen shall be sawn from slabs taken from the road or made in the laboratory
according to EN 12697-33.
E.3.2.2 The specimen shall have
 a rectangular section with sides between 20 mm and 100 mm and greater than twice D. The larger side
shall be at least 1,7 the length of the smaller side of the rectangular section. The tolerance on the sides in
the measurement area shall be ± 0,5 mm;
 length (H) shall be between 1,8 and 3 times the larger side of the rectangular section.
E.3.2.3 The axis of the prismatic piece test shall be parallel to the axis of movement of the compacting
device.
E.3.2.4 The specimens shall be stored in such a manner that the dimensions remain unchanged.
E.4 Mode of operation
E.4.1 Stabilisation of the specimen
E.4.1.1 Temperature stabilisation
Before series of loading at a given test temperature, the specimens shall be kept to the test temperature
± 1 °C at least 4 h for specimens with a diameter or a width less or equal to 100 mm and 8 h in other cases.
Before fitting the specimen on the test machine, the chamber shall be at the test temperature for at least 4 h.
E.4.1.2 Preliminary mechanical stabilisation
The specimen shall be fitted onto the test machine. The applied load during fitting shall not exceed 100 N. The
specimen shall be kept without stress for at least 30 min. The specimen shall be kept without displacement of
the machine for at least 60 min for test temperatures less than −5 °C and for at least 30 min for other test
temperatures.
E.4.1.3 Mechanical stabilisation between tests
After an element test, the deformation shall be cancelled by applying a compression load equal or less than
300 N. The specimen shall be kept without a uniaxial load for at least 100 s.
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EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
E.4.2 Procedure
E.4.2.1 An element test shall be defined by choosing:
 the test temperature Θj;
 the level of strain;
 the loading time ti (with precision of 2 %).
E.4.2.2 The element test shall be carried out and the stress σ (ti, Θj) determined for the deformation εj.
E.4.2.3 Figure E.1 shows the principle of the test.
Key
1 sample 4 sensor (1 of 3)
2 measurement area 5 transitory period
3 force
Figure E.1 — Principle of the DT-CY test
E.5 Derivation of the master-curve
E.5.1 Isotherms
At least four loading times are necessary for at least one test temperature and at least two loading times for
other test temperatures (see Figure E.2).
The values of the stiffness are presented graphically in a logarithmic scale under a form of isotherms of the
stiffness in function of loading times following the principle of Annex G using loading time instead of
frequency.
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Key
Y stiffness, in MPa
X loading time, in s
1 - 5 °C
2 0 °C
3 + 10 °C
4 + 15 °C
Figure E.2 — Example of isotherms
E.5.2 Master curve at a fixed temperature
The master curve at a fixed temperature shall be built up by shifting the isotherms drawn at other
temperatures by a translation strictly along the loading time scale. The shifting factor between isotherm at
temperature θ1 and isotherm at temperature θ2, shall be determined by calculation as indicated Figure E.3 in
order to obtain a continuous curve at the required temperature.
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Key
Y stiffness, in MPa
Figure E.3 — Determination of the shift factor
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
E.6 Determination of the stiffness modulus for the fixed loading time
The stiffness modulus for the required loading time is determined on the master-curve at the required
temperature (see Figure E.4).
Key
Y stiffness, in MPa
1 - 5 °C
2 0 °C
3 + 10 °C
4 + 15 °C
--- master curve at + 15 °C
Figure E.4 — Example of stiffness modulus for a loading time of 0,02 s and a temperature of 15 °C
41
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Annex F
(normative)
Test applying Cyclic indirect tension to cylindrical specimens (CIT-CY)
F.1 Principle
This annex describes a test method to characterise the stiffness of bituminous mixtures under sinusoidal
loading using Cyclic Indirect Tensile Test (CITT). The method is applicable to cylindrical specimens,
manufactured in the laboratory or cored from a road layer.
During multistage tests different temperatures and loading frequencies are applied on the specimens in order
to determine the master curve.
F.2 Equipment
F.2.1 Test machine
A test apparatus which enables a sinusoidal loading of the specimen within the required accuracy shall be
applied. A PC and software for measuring and saving the data is necessary.
F.2.2 Loading
For the acquisition of the loading a measuring unit is required. The measuring range should be 50 kN with a
accuracy of ± 50 N.
NOTE The maximum load capacity required depends on the size of the specimen, the testing temperature and
character of the material.
F.2.3 Displacement
The measurement system to record the horizontal deformation of the specimen should include at least two
displacement transducers or one extensometer that need to be attached directly to the specimen or strain
gauges glued to the surface of the specimen. The displacement transducers shall be placed centric on the
cross sectional area of the specimen. The minimum measuring range for displacement transducers shall be
4 mm (each displacement transducer 2,0 mm) with a accuracy of 0,1 µm. The accuracy class of the
displacement transducers (minimum 0,3) and the extensometer (minimum 0,2) respectively shall be reported
in the test report.
In addition, the vertical specimen deformation can be measured by displacement transducers in order to
determine the Poisson’s ratio and the phase angle. The displacement transducers shall be placed on the
upper loading strip. Any measurement at the loading cylinder or on the loading bars is not allowed. The
measuring range for displacement transducers shall be at least 7 mm with an accuracy of at least 1 µm.
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Key
1 LVDT
2 frame
3 set screws to fix the frame to the specimen
Figure F.1 — Example for the measurement of the horizontal deformation – frame with LVDTs
Key
1 loading piston
2 test specimen
3 extensometer
4 deflection strip
5 loading strips
Figure F.2 — Example for the measurement of the horizontal deformation — strain gauges with
extensometer
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
F.2.4 Thermostatic chamber
Thermostatic chamber, in which the required test temperature can be maintained within an accuracy of
± 0,5 °C in the vicinity of the specimens.
NOTE It is recommended that a sufficiently large thermostatic chamber is chosen, so that additional specimens can
be acclimatised during testing.
F.2.5 Recording and measuring system
Recording and measuring devices for determining the compressive load and the horizontal deformations
which shall be capable of measurement at least 10 measuring points for each load cycle. The load and
displacement should be measured and registered synchronically at the same time.
F.2.6 Loading strips
For the tests loading strips made out of tempered steel (recommendation: Rockwell hardness HRC 56 to 58)
with a concave segment are required. The radius of curvature and the width of the loading strips b should be
chosen in dependence on the specimen radius. The dimensions of loading strips are listed in Figure F.3.
Upper and lower loading strips shall form one plane. The loading strips shall be fixed to the loading frame and
the loading piston without any hinges.
Nominal specimen Nominal specimen

∅ 100 mm ∅ 150 mm
Loading r = (50 ± 1,0) mm r = (75 ± 1,0) mm
strips
b = (12,7 ± 0,2) mm b = (19,1 ± 0,2) mm
Lengths > h + 20 mm Lengths > h + 20 mm
Figure F.3 — Dimensions of loading strips
F.3 Specimen preparation
F.3.1 Test specimen
At each test temperature 4 specimens shall be tested. An additional specimen may be needed for estimating
the required loading condition.
The cylindrical specimens subject to the test shall be obtained in accordance with:
 test specimen drilled from laboratory-prepared slab of asphalt according to EN 12697-33;
 test specimen prepared from drilled core taken from the road according to EN 12697-27.
The cores shall be taken from the pavement in vertical direction. The layers need to be separated by sawing if
the cores are taken from the pavement consisting of different layers.
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
The specimen dimensions should comply with the requirements listed in Table F.1. Any damage on the
specimens shall be avoided. Only undamaged specimens shall be tested.
F.3.2 Specimen dimensions
Each specimen shall form a nominal cylinder. The specimen dimensions required are listed in Table F.1.
Table F.1 — Specimen dimensions
Maximum grain size Specimen diameter Specimen height

mm mm mm
≤ 16 100 ± 3 40 ± 2
> 16 to < 32 150 ± 3 60 ± 2
≥ 32 150 ± 3 90 ± 2
The height and diameter of the specimens shall be measured in accordance with EN 12697-29. The deviation
from the right angle should be less than 3°. The lateral area of the specimen should have an even surface.
F.4 Mode of operation
F.4.1 Test temperature
In minimum, the following 4 test temperatures shall be chosen: −10 °C, 0 °C, 10 °C and 20 °C.
If required, more test temperatures can be chosen between −10 °C and 20 °C. The test temperature shall be
within ± 0,5 °C of the target temperature.
F.4.2 Mounting the specimen
The loading strips shall be wiped clean using a solvent if necessary.
A conditioned specimen shall be placed between the loading strips that it seats itself properly without
extensive movement and so that the two faces of the specimen are nominally perpendicular to the loading
strip. Place the upper loading strip on the top of the specimen and seat it such that there is no excessive
movement. Adjust the system to measure the horizontal deformation.
NOTE It is important that, in the case of LVDT, the mounting frame is clamped evenly and securely to the specimen.
Care should be taken to ensure that no over-tightening of the securing clamps occurs. One way of achieving this is to
apply a constant torque to each of the securing clamps.
F.4.3 Procedure
F.4.3.1 General
The specimen is usually subjected to a force controlled harmonic sinusoidal loading without rest periods.
Table F.2 shows the load frequencies spectrum as well as the number of load cycles required for the
multistage tests.
Table F.2 — Load cycles required for the multistage-tests
Load frequency Number of load cycles Analysis of load cycle
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
10 Hz 110 98 to 102
5 Hz 100 93 to 97
1 Hz 20 13 to 17
0.1 Hz 10 3 to 7
F.4.3.2 Load frequency
The tests shall be conducted at a constant load at different load frequencies in a range between 0,1 Hz and
10 Hz in minimum (preferable 60 Hz) for each specimen and test temperature.
F.4.3.3 Definition of the lower load level
The lower stress level for the tests shall be 0,035 MPa.
F.4.3.4 Definition of the upper load level
The upper load limits shall be determined in that manner that the initial horizontal strains in the specimen
centre are in a range between 0,05 ‰ to 0,10 ‰. To determine the upper load limit the following procedure
might be applied for every testing temperature.
NOTE Reasonable stress amplitudes can be determined by testing a single specimen with CITT in a force-sweep
test. Each stress amplitude shall be applied for a limited number of load cycles.
F.4.4 Checking of specimen deterioration
The test conditions should be chosen to avoid any damage of the specimen during testing. This can be check
by applying the same test conditions for the first and last single test. If the test results differ more than 15 %,
the results of this multistage test should not be used. The test shall be repeated by using a new specimen.
However, the test conditions should be modified (reduction of the stress level).
In minimum three specimens should be tested at each temperature.
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
Annex G
(informative)
Derivation of the master curve
G.1 Principle
The stiffness modulus of bituminous mixes obey the frequency-temperature superposition principles. This
means that a master curve of the complex modulus can be constructed for a reference temperature from
experimental data over a limited range of frequencies and temperatures, provided that a shift factor is used to
calculate the reference frequency.
Key
A experimental range
B range covered by the master curve
Figure G.1 — Derivation of the master curve
The aim of the master curve is to determine the stiffness modulus at any arbitrary combination of loading
frequency and test temperature. For this purpose, the stiffness has to measured at various frequencies and
temperatures. These results are used to determine the parameters in an Arrhenius equation, which is used
often in this case.
In this annex, the determination of the master of the stiffness is based on the approach of Arrhenius.
Alternative approaches can also be used, e.g. the Christensen-Anderson model. In all cases in the report on
the determination of the mastercurve, the theoretical background of the used model shall be incorporated.
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EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
G.2 Theoretical background

The basis form of the master curve is:
 f  1 1 
lg  = lg (α T ) = C ⋅  −  (G.1)
 fs   T TS 
with
∆H ∆H b
C = lg (e ) ⋅ = = (G.2)
R 2 ,303 ⋅ R 2 ,303
where
C is the experimental constant, in K;
T is the actual temperature, in K;
Ts is the arbitrary chosen reference temperature, in K;
R is the Universal gas constant = 8,314 4 J/K/mole;
∆H is the activation energy, in kJ/mole;
αT is the shift factor;
f is the loading frequency at temperature T, in Hz;
fs is the loading frequency at temperature Ts, in Hz.
Equation G.1 is called the Arrhenius Equation. In literature, various values for C are mentioned. The C-value
depends on the activation energy which depends on the characteristics oh the bitumen and filler. The C-value
for a specific asphalt mix can be determined with the following equation:
b
lg (S mix ) = lg (η 0 ) + lg (e ) − lg (t ) (G.3)
T
where
Smix is the stiffness modulus E as a function of loading time and temperature, in MPa;
η0 is the dynamic viscosity, in Pa⋅s;
b is the constant, depending on the shift factor αT;
t is the loading time, in s;
T is the test temperature, in K.
The value of the parameter b can be calculated with the stiffness modulus at temperature Tx which is
determined by shifting the stiffness modulus measured at temperature Ty at the same loading time (or
frequency). Equalising the stiffness modulus Smix,A determined at a loading time t1 and temperature TX to a
stiffness modulus Smix,B determined at a loading time t2 and temperature TY finally results in:
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DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
b  1 1  t   f 
 −  = lg (t 2 ) − lg (t1 ) = lg  2  = lg  1  (G.4)
2 ,303  TY TX   t1   f2 
The shift factor log(αT) corresponds with lg (f1/f2).
The constant C can now easily be determined. At any combination of loading time and temperature, the
C-value will be different. For this reason, the C-value shall be determined at a combination of low temperature
and high loading frequency, a combination of high temperature and low loading frequency and a middle
combination of frequency and temperature.
After determination of the C-value, the stiffness, temperature and loading frequency can be gathered in a
fictive temperature Tfict.
1
Tfict = − 273 (G.5)
1 lg ( f char / f )
−
T a + 273 C
where
Tfict is the fictive asphalt concrete temperature where the stiffness shall be determined, in °C;
Ta is the actual temperature, in °C;
fchar is the characteristic loading frequency which is used to determine the master curve, in Hz;
f is the loading frequency, in Hz.
Using linear regression the coefficients of Equation (6) can be determined for a chosen characteristic loading
frequency:
ln (S mix ) = c1 + c 2 ⋅ Tfict + c3 ⋅ Tfict

2
+ c 4 ⋅ Tfict
3
(G.6)
G.3 Experimental data

To determine a mastercurve of the stiffness, a frequency spectrum of initial complex (stiffness) moduli at
several test temperatures shall be performed. This test shall consist of response measurements at a range of
nominal frequencies (e.g. 1 Hz, 3 Hz, 5 Hz, 8 Hz, 10 Hz, 20 Hz, 30 Hz and 60 Hz and subsequently again at
1 Hz). The loading mode in this pre-test shall be constant deflection representative for a maximum strain
amplitude of less than 50 µm/m. At each frequency, a representative number of load repetitions shall be
applied in order to measure the stiffness modulus accurately. For lower frequencies 50 load repetitions are
enough; at higher frequencies 200 load cycles shall be applied. In order to avoid premature fatigue damage,
the total number of applications for all frequencies together shall not exceed 3 000. At low temperatures
(Θ ≤ 10 °C), there shall be a short rest period of about 10 min before the actual fatigue test starts.
In order to develop a representative master curve, at least 3 specimens shall be tested. From each specimen,
the stiffness modulus of the mix shall be measured at 4 temperatures and at each temperature at
10 frequencies. The difference between various temperatures shall be at least 10 °C The combination of
frequency and temperature shall be chosen in such a way that the resulting stiffness moduli at various
temperatures have an overlap.
NOTE Typical test temperature are -15 °C, 0 °C, 15 °C and 30 °C and typical loading frequencies are 0,1; 0,2; 0,5; 1;
2; 5; 8;10; 20; 30 and 50 Hz.
For an AC 16 bin/base 40/60, the following parameters are found assuming Ts = 20 °C and fchar = 8 Hz:
49
DIN EN 12697-26:2012-06
EN 12697-26:2012 (E)
 C = 9 175 K
 c1 = 10,139 533 26
 c2 = −0,023 403 44
 c3 = −0,001 008 16
 c4 = 0,000 000 55
G.4 Test report

The test report includes the following information:
 characteristics of the mix;
 loading conditions (type of test, test temperatures and frequencies);
 numerical values of the parameters including graphical representations;
 temperature or frequency range covered by the master curve;
 reference to this standard.
50

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June 2012

Document comprises 52 pages

© No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission of

A comma is used as the decimal marker.

This standard differs from DIN EN 12697-26:2004-10 as follows:

c) Equation (10) has been corrected;

d) Table A.1 “Minimum dimensions of the specimens” has been corrected;

f) Subclause A.4.1 “Stabilising the specimen” has been deleted;

h) Subclause B.2.8 “Calibration” has been deleted;

i) Subclause B.3.2 “Sample manufacture” has been revised;

j) Subclause B.4.1 “Stabilising the specimen” has been deleted.

DIN EN 12697-26: 2004-10

ICS 93.080.20 Supersedes EN 12697-26:2004

Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt -

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 September 2011.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

This document will supersede EN 12697-26:2004.

This document is one of a series of standards as listed below:

3 Terms, definitions and symbols

3.1 Terms and definitions

E * = E * × (cos (Φ ) + i × sin (Φ )) (1)

with stress, σ(t), and strain, ε(t), at time t

NOTE 1 The strain law is:

where αi and n are constants.

For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply:

E the stiffness (modulus), in megapascals (MPa);

E* the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa);

E1 the real component of the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa);

E2 the imaginary component of the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa);

E∞ the highest possible value of the complex modulus, in megapascals (MPa);

F the loading force, in newtons (N);

h the mean thickness of the specimen, in millimetres (mm);

H the height of a cylindrical specimen, in millimetres (mm);

k the load area factor;

l0 the original length of the measurement area in millimetres (mm);

∆l the elongation of the measurement area in micrometers (µm);

t the loading time, in seconds (s);

Θ the test temperature, in degrees celsius (°C);

z the displacement, in millimetres (mm);

f the test frequency in Hertz (Hz);

σ the applied stress, in megapascals (MPa);

ε the applied strain, in micrometer per meter or in microstrain (µm/m);

ω the angular speed, in radians per second (rad/s);

Φ the phase angle, in degrees (°);

ν the Poisson's ratio;

∅ the diameter of a cylindrical specimen, in millimetres (mm).

5.1 Age of the specimens

5.2 Drying of the specimen

5.3 Dimensions and bulk density of the specimens

The dimensions of the specimens shall be measured according to EN 12697-29.

5.4 Temperature of the specimen before testing

5.5 Number of test specimens

6 Checking of the testing equipment

7.2 Tests with sinusoidal or pulse loading

7.2.1 Bending tests

The bending test options are:

7.2.2 lndirect tensile test

The indirect tensile test options are:

 IT-CY: test applying indirect tension to cylindrical specimens, see Annex C;

7.2.3 Direct uniaxial tests

The direct uniaxial test options are:

 DTC-CY: test applying direct tension-compression to cylindrical specimens, see Annex D;

 DT-CY: test applying direct tension to cylindrical specimens, see Annex E;