Three Thousand Wild Tigers

When I began intensive tiger research for our Tigers Forever book project two years back, I was
shocked to learn, through a series of casual conversations, that almost no one is aware of the cat’s
precarious state. When I tell people that just 3,200 tigers are left in the wild, their mouths drop.
And that was last year: In discussions with some of the world’s top tiger experts over the last
month, I’ve learned that the current number now may hover closer to 3,000. There are about that
many captive tigers in Texas. Most of those are privately owned.

Tigers, the largest of the world’s cats, are the heart and soul of Asia’s jungles, grasslands, and
deserts. They’re so adaptable that they even thrive in the frigid Himalayan foothills and the
mangrove water-world of the Indian/Bangladeshi Sunderbans—and they are the dominant
predator, literally the kings and queens, of every ecosystem they inhabit. But Asia’s exploding
human population is eating away their forest home, and both tigers and their prey have been
caught in the crosshairs, killed in vast numbers by trophy hunters and more recently, by poachers.

In just 100 years’ time, we humans have engineered their grand-scale demise. A century ago,
more than 100,000 tigers roamed across 30 nations, from Turkey eastward to Siberia, throughout
Southeast Asia down to the tip of Indonesia. Today, they hang on in just 13 countries; though
they’re the national animal of six nations, they’ve vanished from two of them, North and South
Korea. They’ve disappeared from 93 percent of their former range; just 42 “source sites” are
known, areas that conservationists say have the potential to seed tiger recovery.These sites are
scattered across the continent. Half of all our wild tigers live in India.

Recently, the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute analyzed the genetic vigor of tigers in a
string of reserves across central India, where I just spent three weeks. One of them, Pench Tiger
Reserve, is a 100-square-mile (257-square-kilometer) patch that looks like an illustration from The
Jungle Book: groves of towering bamboo, big-leafed teak trees and “strangler fig” banyans filled
with acrobatic langur monkeys. But Pench is essentially a leafy island. It’s hard to believe that a
century ago, this was mostly unbroken forest. Today it, (like many parks, especially in India) is
being squeezed by an encroaching, teeming sea of humanity. These parks are bordered by a
patchwork of rice paddies, crop fields, hemmed in by villages, cities, and all sorts of development.
The surrounding land is segmented by roads, railways, scarred by massive mines and other
barriers that render it dangerous and virtually impassable for these wide-ranging predators.

Researchers found that in Pench and other reserves that lacked corridors connecting them to
other forests, tigers were far more inbred. Those cats had 47 to 70 percent less gene flow, and as
we know from the medical history of European royalty, inbreeding does not create the healthiest
bloodlines.

Tigers have lived in these lands for millennia; like all modern cats, they originated in Southeast
Asia. The great roaring cats, Panthera were the first to branch off the cat family tree 10.8 million
years ago. It’s a group that includes tigers, lions, leopards, jaguars and snow leopards.
The earliest tiger fossils are two million years old. That ancient ancestor eventually evolved into
nine subspecies as they slowly adapted to Asia’s various landscapes, prey, and climate. Three of
the nine blinked into extinction over the last 80 years. The last known Bali tiger died out during the
1930s; the Javan and Caspian tiger both disappeared in the 1970s. Six subspecies remain: the
Bengal, Indochinese, Malayan, Sumatran, Amur (Siberian)—and the South-China, which is gone
from the wild, existing only in captivity. All are endangered. In 1996, the Sumatran tiger was
reclassified as critically endangered, one step from oblivion.

Okay, so why don’t we all know that tigers are slipping towards the edge? Part of the reason might
be because we see them all the time in zoos and at the circus. But captive tigers don’t count:
they’re gone from the wild gene pool and even if they could be released, they wouldn’t know how
to hunt or survive outside of an enclosure and their familiarity with people would make them
dangerous. And it’s nearly impossible to move a new individual into a place where tigers live.
These cats are incredibly territorial and will fight to the death over their carefully delineated home
territory.

Another big reason that many of us don’t realize there are so few tigers is that for the last 40 years
or so, conservation organizations have loudly claimed that they’re saving them. It’s a way to keep
donations rolling in. But the fact is, only a few of them are making headway in a few locations.
Billions of dollars have been fundraised and spent, yet tiger numbers continue to plummet.

To save the tiger, protecting those 42 precious source sites is critical. In 2010, fully protecting
those sites was estimated at a cost of $82 million a year.