ADJUSTMENT COMPUTAIONS

(SUG610)

Non-Linear
Dr. Sr Mohd Azwan Abbas
mohdazwanabbas@perlis.uitm.edu.my
Office: STAR Complex (F214)
Phone: 04-9882265
 INTRODUCTION
 In practice, functional models are normally non-linear
[non-linear problems and equations];
 Non linear model: measurements of distance, angle,
bearing, …
 Components of matrix A: not integer numbers
 Direct use of non-linear equations in LSE is very
complex and is rarely done

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 INTRODUCTION
Solution of non-linear equations?
 The non-linear equations are linearized using first order
Taylor’s series expansion [i.e. approximating solution]
 Solving the resulting linear equations [for corrections to
approximate solution]
 Iterating until the effect of the neglected higher-order
terms is minimized [repeat solving system of linearized
equations for corrections until corrections become
small]

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 MATHEMATICAL MODEL
 Non linear equation!

Based on true value

Based on adjusted/approximate value

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 TAYLOR THEOREM
 Taylor’s series expansion [X0=Approximate value of the
variable at which the function is evaluated]

Zero-order term First-order term Second-order term

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OBSERVATION EQUATIONS
OBSERVATION EQUATIONS
OBSERVATION EQUATIONS
OBSERVATION EQUATIONS

A.X = L + V
 EQUATIONS (NON-LINEAR MODEL)
(Jacobian/Design matrix)

(Lb & L0 = Observations & Approximate values, respectively)

(Weight matrix)
(Correction for unknown parameters)
(Adjusted parameters)
(Residual)

(A posteriori variance)

(Covariance matrix for adjusted parameters)

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OBSERVATION EQUATIONS
 Distance (Observation equation)
OBSERVATION EQUATIONS
OBSERVATION EQUATIONS
 Distance (Linearized observation equation)

= L +V

Where, L = Lb – L0
OBSERVATION EQUATIONS
 Azimuth (Observation equation)
OBSERVATION EQUATIONS

yj
 OBSERVATION EQUATIONS
 Azimuth (Linearized observation equation)

= L +V

Where, L = Lb – L0

- Multiply the result with (206265) to convert the units to seconds.

- L elements in units seconds.
OBSERVATION EQUATIONS
 Angle (Observation equation)

D a constant that depends on the quadrants in which the backsight

and foresight occur. This term can be computed as the difference
between the C as applied to the backsight and foresight azimuths;
OBSERVATION EQUATIONS

∂F yi − yb ∂F xb − xi ∂F yb − yi y f − yi
= = = −
∂xb IB 2 ∂yb IB 2 ∂xi IB 2 IF 2

∂F xi − xb xi − x f ∂F y f − yi ∂F xi − x f
= − = =
∂yi IB 2
IF 2 ∂x f IF 2 ∂y f IF 2
 OBSERVATION EQUATIONS
 Angle (Linearized observation equation)

= L +V

Where, L = Lb – L0

- Multiply the result with (206265) to convert the units to seconds.

- L elements in units seconds.
COMPUTATION STEPS
Solution Example 01
Example 02

Question:
Calculate the adjusted
coordinates of point U
Solution Example 02