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PVP2010
July 18-22, 2010, Bellevue, Washington, USA
PVP2010-25774
Joseph Barron
Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding
Newport News, Virginia, USA
b.j.barron@ngc.com
The washers defined in Appendix M cover nominal sizes Appendix M notes that the service temperature of the
from ½ in. through 4 in. Appendix M also provides washers is based on the actual temperature of the bolting,
washer dimensions for metric applications from 14 mm to not the process fluid temperature. This is acknowledged
100 mm nominal size. Dimensions for the metric washers in B31.3 which considers the flange bolting temperature
were selected in the same manner as for the inch washers. to be 80% of the process fluid temperature for un-
Tables were developed in Appendix M defining the insulated flanges.
various washer dimensions and associated tolerances.
PURCHASE SPECIFICATION
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS Since no standard currently exists, Appendix M contains
In order for a washer to provide a low friction bearing information for the procurement of through-hardened
surface, it must have sufficient hardness to resist galling washers. The information is patterned after ASTM F436.
and indentation. Additionally, since many bolted flanged It details not only dimensional and material requirements
connections operate at elevated temperatures, the washer but also workmanship, sampling, testing and marking
material needs to be commensurate with the flange requirements.
bolting material. Based on the successful use of ASTM
F436 washer material on bolted flanged connections at The dimensional and material information contained in
assembly, the same hardness value of 38-45 HRC (353- Appendix M has been transferred into a draft ASTM
421 HBW) was selected for Appendix M washers. In standard for through-hardened washers. This draft
regard to material, again based on the successful use of standard is currently under review by the ASTM F16.02
F436 washers in lower service temperature bolted flanged Subcommittee on Steel Bolts. When issued, this ASTM
connections, the same carbon steel material was selected
CONCLUSION
This paper documents the need for developing a washer
standard specifically tailored for use on bolted flanged
connections attaching piping and pressure vessels and
why existing washer specifications were not appropriate
for these applications. The paper also defines the process
by which the dimensions and materials for these washers
were selected.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author notes that the development of Appendix M
was a collaborative effort of the entire ASME
Subcommittee on Flange Joint Assembly responsible for
the update of PCC-1–2010.
REFERENCES
[1] ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (2007) Figure 1 - Damaged Surface-Hardened Washer
[2] ASME B31.1 (2007), Power Piping on Pressure Vessel Flange
[3] ASME B31.3 (2008), Process Piping
[4] ASME PCC-1 (2010), Guidelines for Pressure
Boundary Bolted Joint Assembly
[5] ASTM A105 (2009), Standard Specification for
Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications
[6] ASTM A194 (2009), Standard Specification for
Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High
Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both
[7] ASME B18.22.1 (2008), Plain Washers
[8] ASTM F436 (2007), Standard Specification for
Hardened Steel Washers
[9] ASME B16.5 (2009), Pipe Flanges and Flanged
Fittings
[10] MSS SP-9 (2005), Spot Facing for Bronze, Iron and
Steel Flanges
Table 2
Service Temperature Limits
Figure 4 - 1-1/4 Nom F436 Washer on Low Alloy Steel 750°F (400°C) 1000°F (540°C)
4 Nom Class 1500 Flange
Martensitic Steel 800°F (425°C) 1200°F (650°C)
Precipitation
1025°F (550°C) 1500°F (815°C)
Hardening Steel