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CASE REPORT
The risk of severe ITP resulting from vac- bocytopenia was detected. Therefore,
cination is low. No cases of ITP associated the recent MMR vaccine was suspected
with MMR vaccine have yet been reported as the cause of his thrombocytopenia.
for Thailand. We report here the case of Because the patient had gastrointestinal
a 10-month old infant who developed bleeding from severe thrombocytopenia,
thrombocytopenia with bleeding after intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (1 g/
receiving the MMR vaccine. The case was kg/day) was administered daily for 2 days
successfully managed with a therapeutic and intravenous dexamethasone at 6 mg/
platelet transfusion, corticosteroids and day was also given. On the second day of
intravenous immunoglobulin. hospitalization, the patient’s hematocrit
decreased to 24.9%, and the platelet count
CASE REPORT decreased to 8.0x109/l. He was transfused
with 100 ml leukocyte-poor packed red
A well-nourished 10-month old Thai blood cells and 1 unit of platelet con-
boy living in Lop Buri Province pre- centrate. The following day, his platelet
sented with pallor, dry lips, petechiae, count had increased to 51.7x109/l and his
and purpura extensively distributed hematocrit was stable. Three days after
over his body and oral mucosa. He had IVIG administration, the patient was no
reportedly passed dark-colored stools longer pale, and the petechiae and pur-
for 3 days. The patient had received an pura had disappeared. He finally began
MMR vaccine at King Narai Hospital 8 passing yellow-colored stools which had
days prior to admission. He was afebrile previously been dark. His platelet count
with a heart rate of 120 beats/min and a then increased to 100.9x109/l. The corti-
blood pressure of 100/60 mmHg. Cardio- costeroid was discontinued on the fourth
vascular, respiratory and neurological day of hospitalization. He was discharged
examinations were unremarkable. Lymph home after a 5 day hospital stay with a
nodes, liver and spleen were not palpable. platelet count of 165.8x109/l. He appeared
A complete blood count revealed a he- healthy and had a normal platelet count
moglobin level of 10.2 g/dl, a hematocrit at the follow-up visit (Fig 1).
of 30.3%, a white cell count of 6.64x109/l
(31% neutrophils, 65% lymphocytes, 3% DISCUSSION
atypical lymphocytes, 1% monocytes,
and no blast cells) and a platelet count This patient presented with an acute
of 8.5x10 9/l. A peripheral blood smear episode of gastrointestinal bleeding and
showed normochromic normocytic red severe thrombocytopenia eight days
cells, some polychromasia, no schisto- after MMR vaccination. After exclusion
cytes, a normal white blood cells with of other possible causes of thrombocy-
predominant lymphocytes, and mark- topenia, the diagnosis of MMR vaccine
edly decreased platelets. A coagulogram associated ITP was made. ITP is rarely
revealed a normal prothrombin time and caused by MMR and it is the only vac-
a normal activated partial thromboplastin cine with a proven association with ITP
time. Renal and liver function tests were (Cecinati et al, 2013). The pathogenesis is
normal. Viral serologies (dengue NS-1 hypothesized to be the result of molecular
antigen, IgM, IgG, and anti-HIV) were mimicry and/or immune provocation by
all negative. No other cause of throm- specific antigen exposure that activates
Platelet
Hematocrit
Days
Hospitalization Follow-up
Fig 1–Serial hematocrit and platelet counts in patient with MMR vaccine associated ITP.
the immune response to platelets in sus- after MMR immunization, 93% of cases
ceptible individuals (Johnsen, 2012). A resolved within 6 months (Mantadakis
systematic review of the literature found et al, 2010). The development of chronic
12 studies from 10 countries showing ITP after MMR vaccination and severe
the incidence of ITP after MMR vacci- bleeding episodes in MMR-induced ITP
nation ranges from 0.087 to 4 cases per are also rare (Kuhne et al, 2003). The case
100,000 vaccine doses (Mantadakis et al, described here had severe thrombocyto-
2010). This variation may be due to dif- penia with active gastrointestinal bleed-
ferent surveillance methods rather than ing, which was treated with transfusion
a difference in the incidence, since the of packed red blood cells and platelets to
incidence was higher in countries with prevent further complications.
active surveillance systems compared to The current guidelines of the Work-
those with passive surveillance systems. ing Party of the British Committee for
MMR vaccine-related ITP usually occurs Standards in Haematology Task Force for
within 6 weeks of vaccination (Cecinati initial management of children with acute
et al, 2013). In most cases, clinical symp- ITP state that intervention is reserved for
toms are mild and may include bruising children with hemorrhage and a platelet
and petechiae, which resolve spontane- count <20 x 109/l or for those with a life-
ously within a few days to a few weeks threatening bleeding irrespective of the
(Cecinati et al, 2013). One study found that platelet count (Blanchette and Bolton-
of all children diagnosed with acute ITP Maggs, 2008). The traditional regimen is