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Islamic Empires
Followers of Islam, called Muslims, conquered
or converted people as they spread their faith
throughout the Middle East and the Mediterranean.
Step 1 Collect two sheets Step 2 Fold down the top edges Reading and Writing
of paper and place them of the paper to form four tabs. As you read, use your
about 1 inch apart. foldable to write down
what you learn about
Islamic civilization.
This makes all
the tabs the
Write facts under each
Keep the same size. appropriate tab.
edges
straight.
369
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370
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Bedouin woman
making bread
373
(l)DiMaggio/Kalish/CORBIS, (r)Kevin Fleming/CORBIS
372-378 C11S1-824133 3/12/04 2:21 AM Page 374
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the trusted job of caravan leader and even-
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SAHARA Yathrib
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A Holy Journey
A pilgrimage to the holy city of Makkah often involved a long,
difficult journey across deserts and other rough country.
Muslim travelers carried palm leaves to show that they were
on a pilgrimage. Where was Muhammad born?
375
Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library
(t)C. Hellier/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (b)George Chan/Photo Researchers
MU57H0–A632MMAD
A.D.
and many
Muhammad experienced great poverty
Abd Allah, died before
hardships early in his life. His father,
uttalib, took care of
he was born. His grandfather, Abd al-M
e. Abd al-Muttalib felt
Muhammad in Makkah for a short tim
to raise a baby, but he
that Makkah was an unhealthy place
itical leader in the city.
could not leave because he was a pol
e of nomads. They
So he entrusted Muhammad to a trib
home, the desert. When
took the baby Muhammad to their
ther died. Two years
Muhammad was six years old, his mo
grandfather also died.
later, when Muhammad was eight, his
inherit anything, so
Arab custom did not allow minors to The Mosque of the Prophet
mad’s father and in Madinah contains
the property and money from Muham
n to him . To survive , Muhammad’s tomb.
grandfather could not be passed dow
of Abu Talib, his uncle
Muhammad needed the protection
who now headed the family. ys to
the car e of Abu Talib, Mu ham ma d traveled by camel on trading journe
Under hammad met a
ia. On one of the se trips, wh en he was about twenty-five years old, Mu
Syr r daughters.
and Muhammad married and had fou
wealthy woman named Khadijah. She ge to
at leas t two son s wh o did not live past childhood. Muhammad’s marria
They also had ant class.
de him a wea lthy ma n and a me mber of Makkah’s prosperous merch
Khadijah ma et his early
However, Muhammad could not forg
influenced
experiences. His childhood had deeply
tful person. He
Muhammad and made him a though
r Makkah and
often would go up into the hills nea
he would reflect
spend nights in a cave. Alone there,
and the growing
on the problems he saw in Makkah
h great wealth
tension between the few people wit
It was in these
and the many people with nothing.
el told him,
hills that Muhammad claimed an ang
“You are the Messenger of God.”
d saw in
Are any of the problems Muhamma
we see
The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem Makkah similar to problems in society
is
marks the place where Muhammad today? Explain.
have ascended to heaven.
believed to
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A child studies
the Quran
Muslim pilgrims surround the Kaaba in Makkah. When did
Muhammad’s soldiers capture the city of Makkah?
Islamic Empires
What’s the Connection? Meeting People
In Section 1, you learned how Umayyad (oo • MY • uhd)
Islam spread from Madinah to Sufi (SOO • fee)
Makkah. In time, Islam’s followers Abbasid (uh • BA • suhd)
brought their beliefs to all of Suleiman I (SOO • lay • MAHN)
Southwest Asia and parts of
Mogul (MOH • guhl)
Southeast Asia, Africa, and Europe.
Akbar (AK • buhr)
Focus on the
• Arabs spread Islam through preaching, Building Your Vocabulary
caliph (KAY • luhf)
conquest, and trade. (page 380)
Shiite (SHEE • eyet)
• While Muslims split into two groups, Sunni (SU • nee)
the Arab Empire reached new heights.
sultan (SUHL • tuhn)
(page 382)
SPAIN S
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Mediterranean Sea Damascus R.
INDIA
Jerusalem Pe
Cairo r si a
AFRICA nG
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0 500 mi. EGYPT
Madinah 20°N
0 500 km
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Makkah Arabian
Re
(Mecca)
R.
Sea
Nile
dS
ARABIA
ea
KEY
Islamic territory at
Muhammad's death, A.D. 632
Islamic expansion, A.D. 632–661
Islamic expansion, A.D. 661–750 After Muhammad’s death, the ter-
Byzantine Empire, A.D. 750 ritory in the Arab Empire expanded.
1. What area of Europe came under
Muslim control?
The Umayyad Mosque, also 2. Describe the territories conquered
known as the Great Mosque by the Arabs by the year A.D. 661.
of Damascus
379-386 C11S2-824133 3/12/04 3:26 AM Page 381
Ca
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Abbasid capital e R.
sp
Black Sea 40°N
ian
Former Umayyad capital
Trade route through Baghdad BYZANTINE
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EMPIRE
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Baghdad
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Medit
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ulf
20°N
Madinah
Re
dS
.
R
Makkah
le
ea
Ni (Mecca)
0 500 mi.
0 500 km
Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-Area projection
20°E 40°E
Baghdad was very close to Persia, and the 1055, they boldly took Baghdad itself. The
Abbasid rulers came to know and love the Seljuks were satisfied to rule only the
art and literature of Persia. government and army. They let the Abbasid
caliph remain as the religious leader. The
The Seljuk Turks Time brought many
Seljuk ruler called himself sultan (SUHL •
changes in the 500 years of Abbasid rule. In
tuhn), or “holder of power.”
Egypt and Spain, the Muslims wanted their
For 200 more years, the empire contin-
own caliphs. About the same time, a new
ued in this way. The Seljuks ruled, but it
people, the Seljuk Turks of central Asia,
was still the Abbasid dynasty. Then, in the
began moving south into the Arab Empire.
1200s, another people swept into the
The Abbasids were losing control.
empire. These were the fierce Mongols of
The Seljuk Turks were nomads and
central Asia. The Mongols were building
great warriors. When they first moved
their own empire and destroying many of
into the empire, the Abbasids hired them as
the civilizations they conquered. In 1258
soldiers. Soon, however, the Seljuk Turks
they stormed into Baghdad and burned it to
saw how weak the Abbasids were. They
the ground. The Arab Empire had ended.
decided to take power for themselves.
First, the Seljuks took over much of Contrast What is the dif-
what is now Iran and Turkey. Then, in ference between Shiite and Sunni Muslims?
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Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Tripoli Damascus r si
Jerusalem an
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AFRICA Cairo ARABIA
N ile
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Madinah
KEY
Re
Ottoman lands, c. 1300 EGYPT Makkah
d
New Territory Gained: 20°N
Se
(Mecca)
a
c. 1300–1326 (Osman)
1326–1451
1451–1481
1481–1520
1520–1566 (Suleiman I)
1566–1699
Hijab
Modern Muslim women
The teachings of Muhammad state that
women’s garments should not attract attention.
The female Muslim custom of hijab—wearing
garments that cover the head and body—
was followed only by upper-class women
during the first few hundred years
of Islam. In the Middle Ages, hijab
became more common.
Bettmann/CORBIS
OMAR KHAYYAM
1048–1131
verses
The Rubaiyat is a collection of 4-line
m that is
called quatrains. Find a modern poe
made up of quatrains.
Ibn Khaldun
392
Muslim Writing The Quran is probably the wrote in 1375 that all civilizations rise,
most famous collection of writings in the grow, and then fall. He also was one of the
first historians to study the effect of geogra-
Muslim world, but Muslims produced
phy and climate on people.
other famous works, as well. One of the
most well known is The Thousand and One Art and Buildings Muslims developed
Nights, also called The Arabian Nights. It their own form of art based on Islam.
includes tales from India, Persia, and Muslims are not allowed to show images of
Arabia. One of the stories tells about Muhammad or the events of his life in art.
Aladdin and his magic lamp. They believe that such images might cause
Another Muslim, the Persian poet Omar people to worship Muhammad instead of
Khayyam (OH • MAHR KY • YAHM), wrote the Allah. Instead, designs entwined with flow-
Rubaiyat (ROO • bee • AHT) around 1100. Many ers, leaves, and stars make up most Muslim
consider it one of the finest poems ever art. Muslims use these designs to decorate
written. walls, books, rugs, and buildings.
In addition to stories and poems, Muslims were known for their beautiful
Muslims wrote history. The great Muslim buildings. Mosques filled Muslim cities like
historian Ibn Khaldun (IH • buhn KAL • DOON) Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo, and Istanbul.
Islamic Mosque
In Islamic cities and towns, mosques were centers of religious
and daily life. Besides being places of worship, mosques also
served as meeting places, schools, and courts. What was the
most striking architectural feature of a mosque?
Dome
Beneath the dome is a wall that
Minarets faces the holy site of Makkah.
From the mosque’s towers, called Muslims pray facing this direction.
minarets, religious officials call Muslims
to prayer five times a day.
Courtyard
Worshipers gather in the
Well courtyard for prayers.
Every mosque has a well or fountain at
which worshipers can wash their faces, arms,
hands, and feet to show respect for God.
added porches, fountains, and
pools. To provide protection, they
surrounded the palaces with walls.
The most famous example of
a Muslim palace is the Alhambra
(al • HAM • bruh) in Granada (gruh •
NAH • duh), Spain. It was built in the
1300s.
Another famous Muslim build-
ing is the Taj Mahal in Agra (AH •
gruh), India. The Mogul ruler Shah
The Taj Mahal took more than 20 years to build.
Where is the Taj Mahal located? Jahan built it as a tomb for his wife after she
died in 1629. Made of marble and precious
Domes top many of the mosques, but a stones, the Taj Mahal is one of the world’s
mosque’s most striking feature is its most beautiful buildings.
minarets (MIH • nuh • REHTS). These are towers Today, the Muslim empires are gone.
from which a crier (KRY • uhr), or announcer, However, Islam is still a major world reli-
calls believers to prayer five times a day. gion. About one out of every six persons in
Islamic rulers lived in large brick palaces. the world is a Muslim.
These palaces often had courtyards at their Identify What contribu-
center. To cool the courtyards, palace builders tions did Muslims make in math and science?
A child studies
the Quran
nu b
e R. W E
Sea find out how the United States Constitution
sp
S
BYZANTINE the way Muslim empires treated religion
Se
Ti
Constitution? Explain.
gri
PERSIA
sR
SYRIA
.
Baghdad
Mediterranean Damascus
Eu
ph
Sea r
Jerusalem ates R.
Pe
EGYPT
PALESTINE r si a
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ulf
Analyze
Re
Equal-Area projection
(Mecca) “Wake! for the sun, the shepherd of
Ni
the sky,
KEY Has penned [confined] the stars within
Abbasid empire during reign Abbasid capital their fold on high,
of Harun al-Rashid, A.D. 800 Former Umayyad
capital And, shaking darkness from his mighty
limbs,
Scatters the daylight from his burning eye.”
Read to Write —Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám:
A Paraphrase From
23. Descriptive Writing Suppose you are Several Literal Translations,
an Arab merchant traveling in the desert by Richard Le Gallienne
with a caravan. Write three diary entries,
each describing the events of your day.
Each day you choose to describe should
focus on a different aspect of the life 28. What has been penned up by the sun?
of a merchant. Share your entries with 29. Personification is when a writer gives
the class. human qualities to something that
is not human. How does Khayyam
24. Using Your Write a poem or personify the sun in this stanza?
short story using the facts from your
completed foldable.
• Cincinnatus • Muhammad
Who were some c. 519–438 B.C. A.D. 570–632
398
(t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (bl)Smithsonian Institution, (bc)Michael Holford, (br)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY
398-399 UR3-824133 3/28/04 10:36 AM Page 399
• Christianity is major
How do these religion of the West
changes affect • Latin contributed many
words to English
today
• Birth date of Jesus is • Islam is a
me? Can you language
starting date for Western major religion today
add any? • Rome’s idea of a republic
followed by governments
calendar
• Developed algebra
today • Developed game of chess
399