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prepositions or postpositions:
a contrastive study
6th International Contrastive Linguistics Conference (Berlin) 30, SEP. 2010
SPACE TIME
At house At noon
On the car On Sunday
Tokyo-ni (in Tokyo) Getsuyou-ni (on Monday)
Tokyo-kara (from Tokyo) Asu-kara (from tomorrow)
Egyetem-en (at Univ.) Kedd-en (on Tuesday)
Reitaku University
2/27
Major temporal meanings: previous studies
Space and Time can be considered together
Reitaku University
3/27
Unusual temporal expressions 1/2
Time-related cases in Hungarian
• Distributive-temporal:-nta/-nte
– Napo-nta (day-dis.temp) “every day”
– Hete-nte (week-dis.temp) “every week”
– > This usage is rare
Reitaku University
4/27
Unusual temporal expressions 2/2
Reitaku University
5/27
Purpose of this contrastive study
Temporal meanings using cases, prepositions, or
postpositions; NP-based temporal forms
• Cross-linguistic: IE, Finno-Ugric, East Asia, New Guinea
• 10 temporal meanings of in-essive, pre-essive, post-
essive, perlative, and allative: Is “Space to Time” change
cross-linguistically usual (or universal)?
• Two kinds of temporal meanings:
– Life-based time (primitive, abstract time): Day,
morning, afternoon, at the same time, etc.
– Watch-based time (including calendar time):Minute,
hour, week, etc: Is there any difference?
Reitaku University
6/27
Sample languages: 6 languages including creole
Reitaku University
7/27
Basic information on sample 6 languages
Genera Basic word Number of Prepositional
order cases or
postpositional
English Indo-European SVO Genitive and Prepositions
accusative
Hungarian Finno-Ugric No dominant 18 cases and Postpositions
order additional
cases
Japanese East Asia, SOV 11 cases Postpositions
unknown
Chinese East Asia, Sino- SVO No case Prepositions
Tibetan
Amele Trans-New SOV No case Postpositions
Guinea
Tok Pisin Melanesia, SVO No case Prepositions
Creole
Reitaku University
8/27
Method of this study Paulo, Coelho’s
“Alchemist” (A)
“By the River Piedra I sat down and
wept”(P)
Watch- “11 minutes”(E)
Reitaku University
9/27
10 temporal meanings in this study
Reitaku University
10/27
1. English, Prepositions based on space:
at, on, in, from, until, from
Adpostional adverb: ago (Kurzon2008)
Reitaku University
11/27
2. Japanese, Cases based on space: ni, made
Space-based adpositional nouns: kan(between), mae (before),
go(after), koro (around) / mae-ni
Reitaku University
12/27
3. Hungarian, Cases based on space: Sublative (onto),
Superessive (on), Inessive (in), Terminative (until)
Cases based on time: Temporal (-kor), Distributive-temporal (-nta)
Others: Postposition based on space: Inside (belül), non-grammticalized noun “kor”;
“ages, days, time, years”
Reitaku University
13/27
4. Chinese, Prepositions based on space: Zai
Adpostional noun: zhong (bell), shi (time), shi jian (time)
Adpostional adverb: qian (before), hou (around)
Many temporal meanings are realized in “no marking”
Reitaku University
14/27
5. Amele, Postpositions based on space: na (at, on, in, with, of)
Pre-essive and pos-tessive: both are hedoob; adverbial
Borrowings: kilok, minut, Mande, week
Reitaku University
15/27
6. Tok Pisin, Prepositions based on space: long (multifunctional)
Adpostional adverbs: bipo, bihain, inap
Borrowings: kilok, minut, Mande, wik, moning, taim
Long 4 kilok Preposition, space and borrowing “clock”
Long 2 minut Preposition, space and borrowing “minute”
Long Mande Preposition, space and borrowing “Monday”
Bipo long wanpela wik Preposition, space, Adpositional adverb (bipo) and
borrowing “week”
Belo kaikai No marking, lexical
Igo inap moning Adpositional adverb (igo, inap) and borrowing “enough,
morning”
Tripela day bihain Adpositional adverb (bihain) and borrowing “day”
Long dispela moning/ Preposition, space and borrowing “morning” / no summer
taim bilong san (dry and wet season)
Taim mi yangpela yet No marking, clause-like, and borrowing “time, young, yet”
Reitaku University
16/27
Examples 1/2: In-essive
• Piedra
– En: It closed at noon
– Jp: Juuniji-ni-wa shimaru karana (twelve o’clock-
case “ni”- case “wa”; topic marker)
– Hu: Dél-ben bezárt (south-inessive case)
– Ch: zhong1 wu3 (noon: lexical)
– Am: ahinec saab (lunch eating: borrowed from
Tok Pisin?)/ 12 kilok-na
– Tp: belo kaikai (lunch eating)/ long 12 kilok
Reitaku University
17/27
Examples 2/2: pre-essive
• Alchemist
– En: He had had the same dream that night as a
week ago,
– Jp: Kare-wa isshuukan mae-ni mitayume-to (one
week adpositional noun “before”-ni (inessive))
– Hu: Ugyanazt álmodta, mint a múlt hét-en, (last
week-superessive “on”)
– Ch: shang4 zhou1 (last week; no marking)
– Am: Week osol hedoob (week one “before”:adv.)
– Tp: bipo long wanpela wik (“before” prep one week)
Reitaku University
18/27
Grammatical forms with Space and Time meanings
English Japanese Hungarian Chinese Amele Tok Pisin
At four (inessive) S “at” S “ni” Time S “na” S “long”
On Monday (inessive) S S “ni” S (on) S “na” S “long”
At noon (inessive) S “at” S “ni” S (in)
That morning S “zai4” S “na” S “long”
(inessive)
At the same time S “at” S “ni” S (in)
(inessive)
For 2 minutes S (onto) S “na” S “long”
(perlative)
A week ago (Pre- S “ni” S (on) S “long”
essive)
bipo
As a child (Pre-essive) S (in)
5 minutes later Bihain
(Post-essive)
Until dawn (allative) S S S S “zai4”
Numbers 5/10 6/10 7/10 2/10 4/10 5/10
Reitaku University
19/27
Observed forms: frequent grams and others
•Every language has at least one grammatical form, mainly for
inessive meaning
•They are cases, prepositions, or postposition, including Space
Frequent grammatical form Other options
English Prepositions on space (at, “for”, adpostional adverb “ago”,
no marking, temporal clause
on, in)
Hungarian Cases (temporal/locative) No marking, postposition, noun
“kor”
Japanese Case (X-ni) Adpositional nouns: kan, mae,
go, adverbial
Chinese One preposition (zai4 X) No marking, adopostional noun
“time”
Amele One postposition (X-na) Adpositional adverb “hedoob”,
no marking
Tok Pisin One preposition (long X) No marking, “bipo, bihain”
Reitaku University
20/27
Variations of the related non-grammatical forms
Reitaku University
23/27
Differences between Watch-based and Primitive time
Watch-based Life-based
Grammatical Yes Yes, but not many in
markers Amele and Tok Pisin
Adpositional Observed in pre-essive, and post-
phrases essive meanings
Hungarian locative Cases with “ON” Cases with “IN”
cases
English, Japanese No significant difference
Chinese Mainly lexical, only one preposition
“zai4”is used for in-essive and allative
Amele, Tok pisin postp, prep+ Lexical or not used
borrowed nouns with postp, prep
from English
Reitaku University
24/27
Conclusion: Space and time are not used together so
much (esp. Chinese, Amele).
Reitaku University
25/27
Tenkyu tumas long tok bilong mi!
Acknowledgments:
• Grant-in-aid from Linguistic Research Center, Reitaku University, Japan; Linguistic
Documentation and Analysis of Fieldwork studies: Papua New Guinea and Germany (2010)
with Ken Sasahara
• Grant-in-aid from Linguistic Research Center, Reitaku University, Japan; A study of
locational expressions in the languages of New Guinea island (2009)
• Amele & Tok Pisin: Villagers in Sein, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
• Chinese: Yanyun Chen
• Hungarian: data gathered at University of Miskolc, Hungary
Reitaku University
References (selected):The slides are available from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/37709708/
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Hapelmath, Martin. 1997. From Space to Time: temporal adverbials in the World’s Languages. Munich:
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