CS221: Digital Design

Dr. A. Sahu
Dept of Comp. Sc. & Engg.
Dept of Comp. Sc. & Engg.
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

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 Outline
• Course, Attendance, Reference Book
Course Attendance Reference Book
• What do we study in this course?
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• Why should this be studied?
• How is the course structured?

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 CS221
• 75%
75% Attendance is Mandatory 
A d i M d
• 3 Programming assignment + 2 Quiz + 
3 Programming assignment + 2 Quiz +
1 Take home
–Any kind of Copy/Plagiarism  lead to `F’ 
Grade

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CS221: Course Structure
CS221:  Course Structure
• Boolean Algebra, Logic Minimization and 
realization
• Flip‐flops, registers, counters, Finite state model
p p g
• Synthesis of synchronous sequential circuits
• Number representation: fixed and floating 
Number representation: fixed and floating
point; 
• Addition, subtraction, multiplication and 
Additi bt ti lti li ti d
division of numbers.
• Current trends in digital design: ASIC, FPGA..
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CS221: Text & References
CS221: Text & References
• Text Book
– Vahid
V hid Frank, Digital Design, Preview Edition, 
F k Di i l D i P i Edi i
Wiley India Pvt Ltd, 2010
– M. Morris Mano
M Morris Mano and M. D. Ciletti, Digital Design, 
and M D Ciletti Digital Design
4/e, Pearson Education, 2007.
• References 
– R. H. Katz and G. Boriello, Contemporary Logic Design, 2/e, 
Prentice Hall of India, 2009.
– A. P. Malvino, D. P. Leach and G.Saha, Digital Principles and 
Applications 7/e McGraw Hill 2010
Applications, 7/e, McGraw Hill, 2010.
– S. C. Lee, Digital Circuits and Logic Design, Prentice Hall of India, 
2006.
– J. F. Wakerly, Digital Design Principles and Practices, 4/e, Prentice 
J F Wakerly Digital Design Principles and Practices 4/e Prentice
Hall of India, 2008.
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 Web, marks, timing, venue 
, , g,
• Course website: 
http://jatinga iitg ernet in/~asahu/cs221/
http://jatinga.iitg.ernet.in/ asahu/cs221/
• Mark distribution
– 25% : 3 Prog. Assignment + 2 Quiz + Home work 
% i i k
– 35% : Mid Semester
– 40% : End Semester
• Class Timing & Venue
– Venue: 1201, Timing : Slot B 
– Mon:9‐10, Tue:10‐11, Wed:11‐12, Other one hour is 
make up slot
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 CS221 Course Objectives
CS221 Course Objectives
To learn ‐
To learn 
• Basic principle behind digital system
• Efficient design and reuse. 
• Interfacing with external world
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• Working of components inside a 
computer
• Analog vs digital 

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 Why Study Digital Design?
Why Study Digital Design?
• Look “under the hood” of computers
– Solid understanding ‐‐> confidence, insight, even 
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better programmer when aware of hardware 
h fh d
resource issues
• Electronic devices becoming digital
– Enabled by shrinking and more capable chips
bl d b h i ki d bl hi
– Enables:
• Better devices: Better sound recorders, cameras, 
cars cell phones medical devices
cars, cell phones, medical devices,...
• New devices: Video games, PDAs, ...
– Known as “embedded systems”
• Thousands of new devices every year
yy
• Designers needed: Potential career direction
Satellites DVD Video Musical
players recorders instruments
Portable
music p
players
y Cell p
phones Cameras TVs ???

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

 Digital Design: Motivation
Digital Design: Motivation
• Implementation
Implementation basis for modern computing 
basis for modern computing
devices
– Constructing large systems from small components
Constructing large systems from small components
– Another view of a computer: controller + datapath
• Inherent parallelism in hardware
Inherent parallelism in hardware
– Parallel computation beyond 61C 
• Counterpoint to software design
Counterpoint to software design
– Furthering our understanding of computation

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 Digital Design
Digital Design 
• What is digital ?
– Digital camera, Digital TV, Digital Watch, Digital 
Radio, Digital City (e‐city), Digital Photo Frame …etc
– Which gives the things in countable form
– Scene (analog)  to Image (digital)  
• Why digital ?
– Countable form, makes easy to manage
– Easy management makes more useful and versatile  
• What digit ?
What digit ?
– How to count: Decimal digit: 0 to 9
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 1.2
What Does “Digital” Mean?
• Analog signal • Digital signal
– Infinite possible values – Finite possible values
• Ex:
Ex: voltage on a wire 
voltage on a wire • Ex: button pressed on a
created by microphone keypad
Sound waves
move the
th
membrane, 1 2 3 4

2
which moves digital 
the magnet,
signal
microphone
i h
analog 
which creates
signal
current in the nearby wire
Possible values: Possible values:
1 00 1 01 2 0000009
1.00, 1.01, 2.0000009,  4
valuee

valuee
0 1 2 3
0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
4
... infinite possibilities 3 That’s it. 
2
1
0
time time

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 What Digit? =>> Number System 
What Digit?   Number System
• Famous Number System: Dec, Rom, Bin
Famous Number System: Dec Rom Bin
• Decimal System: 0 ‐9
– May evolves: because human have 10 finger 
M l b h h 10 fi
• Roman System
– May evolves to make easy to look and feel
– Pre/Post Concept: (IV,  V  & VI) is (5‐1, 5 & 5+1) 
• Binary System, Others (Oct, Hex)
– One can cut an apple in to two
pp

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 Design & Logic Design
Design  & Logic Design  
• What is design?
– Given
Given problem spec, solve it with available components
problem spec solve it with available components
– While meeting quantitative (size, cost, power) and 
qualitative (beauty, elegance)
• What is logic design?
h i l i d i ?
– Choose digital logic components to perform specified 
control, data manipulation, or communication function 
, p ,
and their interconnection
– Which logic components to choose?
Many implementation technologies (fixed‐function
Many implementation technologies (fixed function 
components, programmable devices, individual 
transistors on a chip, etc.)
– Design optimized/transformed to meet design 
Design optimized/transformed to meet design
constraints
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 Digital Signals with Only Two Values: 
Binary
• Binary digital signal ‐‐ only two
possible values
ibl l

value
– Typically represented as 0 and 1
1
– One Binary digit
O Bi di it is a bit
i bit 0
time
– We’ll only consider binary digital signals
– Binary is popular because
Binary is popular because
• Transistors, the basic digital electric 
component, operate using two voltages
• Storing/transmitting one of two values is 
easier than three or more (e.g., loud beep 
or quiet beep, reflection or no reflection)
or quiet beep, reflection or no reflection)
 Example of Digitization Benefit
p g
• Analog signal (e.g., audio) 

lengthy traansmission
Volts

(e.g, cell phone)
may lose quality 3 3
– Voltage levels not  2 2
saved/copied/transmitted  1 original signal 1 received signal
perfectly 0
0
• Digitized version enables  time time
near‐perfect save/cpy/trn.  How fix ‐‐ higher, lower, ?
01 10 11 10 11
– “Sample” voltage at 

lengthy transmission
particular rate, save sample  a2d

(e.g, ceell phone)
Volts
a
using bit encoding
– Voltage levels still not kept 
perfectly 1 digitized signal
digitized signal 1
0 0
– But we can distinguish 0s 
from 1s time time
Can fix ‐‐ easily distinguish 0s 
Let bit encoding be:  01 10 11 10 11 and 1s, restore
1 V: “01” Digitized signal not d2a
2 V: “10” perfect re‐creation,
Volts

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3 V: “11” but higher sampling 
V

rate and more bits per 
rate and more bits per 2
encoding brings closer. 1
0 time
 Advance Digital Logic Design
Advance Digital Logic Design 
• Complicated Circuit (Processor, Memory)
• IC, MSI, LSI, VLSI, ULSI…  
• CAD Tool to accelerate
CAD Tool to accelerate
– Design, Model, Simulate, Validate, Test
– Placing, Routing, Power distribution
Placing Routing Power distribution
• VHDL/Verilog Simulation
• Schematic Editor
h d
• Embedded System (Area, Power, Cost)

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Thanks

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