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MATHEMATICS – 1 (A)

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MATRICES
IMPORTANT FORMULAE AND DEFINITIONS , IMPORTANT

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QUESTIONS , PREVIOUS PAPERS , MODEL PAPERS .

C.K. JUNIOR COLLEGE

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 MATRICES
Important formulae &definitions :
1.Matrix : An ordered rectangular array of elements is called a matrix.
We confine our discussion to matrices whose elements are real or

Complex numbers(real or complex valued functions).

Marices are generally enclosed by brackets.

We denote matrices by capital letters A ,B , C, ……..

Ex : A = ( ) B=* + C= [ ]

2.Order of a matrix : A matrix having m rows n columns is said to be of order

m x n read as m cross n or m by n.

Ex : i). A = * + is a matrix of order 2x2.

ii) B = [ ] is a matrix of order 3x2.

iii) C = * + is a matrix of order 2x3 .

iv) D = [ ] is a matrix of order 3x3.

3.Compact form of a matrix : In compact form the marices are generally

denoted by A = [ ]mxn where 1≤i≤m and 1≤j≤n.

Pg : 1 B. CHIRANJEEVI(Lecturer in Mathematics)
TYPES OF MATRICES :
4.Square matrix : A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number

of columns is called a square matrix.

Ex : i) [ ] is a square matrix of order 1.

ii) * + is a square matrix of order 2.

iii) [ ] is a square matrix of order 3.

5.Rectangular matrix : A matrix in which the number of rows is not equal to

the number of columns is called a rectangular matrix.

Ex : i) * + is arectangular matrix of order 2x3.

ii) [ ] ia a rectangular matrix of order 3x2.

6.Trace of a matrix : The sum of the elements of the principal diagonal of a

a square matrix A is called the trace of the matrix A .

and it is denoted by Tr (A).

Ex : If A =[ ] , then Tr (A) = 1 + (-1 ) + 1 = 1.

7. Diagonal matrix : If each non diagonal element of a square matrix is equal

to zero then the matrix is called a diagonal matrix.

Pg :2 B. CHIRANJEEVI ( LECTURER IN MATHS)

Ex : * + , [ ] are diagonal matrices .

8.Scalar matrix : If each non diagonal of a square matrix is zero and all diagonal

elements are equal to each other , then it is called a scalar matrix.

Ex : * + , [ ] are scalar matrices .

9.Unit matrix or Identity matrix : If each non diagonal of a square matrix is

equal to zero and each diagonal element is equal to one then

that matrix is called a unit matrix or identity matrix.

We denote the unit matrix of order n by In , simply denoted by I .

Ex : i) =[ ]

ii) = * +

iii) = [ ] are unit matrices.

10. Null matrix or Zero matrix : If each element of a matrix is zero , then it is

Called a Zero matrix or Null matrix .and it is denoted by

Omxn or simply by O .

Ex : O2 = * + , O3 = [ ] are null matrices.

.Pg : 3 B . CHIRANJEEVI (Lecturer in mathematics)

11. Row matrix and Column matrix : A matrix with only one row is called a
Row matrix (or row vector ) and matrix with only one column

is called a Column matrix (or column vector ).

Ex : [1 3 5] is a row matrix of order 1x3.

[ ] is a column matrix of order 3x1.

12. Triagular matrices : A matrix A = [ ] is said to be Upper triangular if aij = 0

for all i > j. A matrix is said to be Lower triangular if

aij = 0 for all i < j.

Ex : * + , [ ] are upper triangular matrices .

* + , [ ] are lower triangular matrices .

13.Equality of matrices : Matrices A and B are said to be equal , if A and B

are Of same order and the corresponding elements of

A and B are the same .

14. Sum of two matrices : Let A and B be matrices of same order,

then

The sum of A and B , denoted by A+B , is defined as

The matrix of the same order in which each element is the sum of
the corresponding elements of A and B .

Pg : 4 B . CHIRANJEEVI ( LECTURER IN MATHEMATICS )

15. Properties of Adddition of matrices :

I) Commutative property : A+B=B+A

ii) Associative property : A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C.

iii) Additive identity : A+0 =0+A=A.

iv) Additive inverse : A+B=B+A =0.

16.Scalar multiple of a matrix : Let A be a matrix of order mxn and k be

a scalar ( i.e., real complex number ) , then the mxn matrix

obtained by multiplying each element of A by K , is called

a scalar multiple of A and it is denoted by kA .

17.Multiplication of matrices : We say that matrices A and B are

Conformable for multiplication in that order if the

number of column of A is equl to the number of rows of B .

18. Properties of multiplication of matrices :

i) Associative Law : (AB)C = A(BC)

ii)Distributive Law : A(B+C) = AB+ AC (Left distributive law)

(A+B)C = AC+BC (right distributive law)

iii)Existence of multiplicative of identity : IA = AI = A.

19. Additive inverse of A is -A

20. Matrix multiplication is not commutative.

Pg : 5 B .CHIRANJEEVI ( Lecturer in mathematics)