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Deskripsi
IV. Laporan kemajuan Belajar Mandiri Ke- empat
Sumber Belajar Bidang Studi
A. Ringkasan materi (sepertiga pertama dari keseluruhan materi pada
sumber belajar bidang studi)
Chapter IX
Discussion
It is a problematic discourse which presents different points of
view. The purpose of a discussion text is to present arguments and
information from different view points. A discussion text provides
information about controversial issues and present arguments from two
sides: the pros and cons. The generic structure of discussion text are issue,
supporting argument, argument against, and recommendation or
conclusion. Its language features are relating to verb or to be; using
thinking verb; using additive; contrastive, and causal connection; using
modalities; using adverbial of manner and conjunction or transition.
One of the practical tools that can help improve the coherence of
our writing is to use a concept map. it is also known as reverse outline. It
organizes our ideas effectively. Cohesion is also a very important aspect of
academic writing which connect our ideas at he sentence level and at the
paragraph level. In short, coherence refers to how easy it is to understand
the writing. While, cohesion refers to connectivity in a text
Chapter X
Hortatory Exposition
A hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text to
persuade the listeners or readers that something should or should not
happen or be done. This kind of text can be called as argumentation
because the speakers or writers need explanation to strengthen his/ her
arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea.
The difference of analytical and hortatory exposition is on the
term of its generic structure in the last part that is called as reiteration in
analytical and recommendation in hortatory exposition. In analytical
exposition, reiteration is used to give emphasis on the writer’s opinion by
restating point of view. While in hortatory exposition, recommendation is
used to give advice or such a suggestion to the readers to make a choice by
considering the presented argument.
The generic structure of hortatory are thesis (it is the author’s
point of view to present the announcement of issue of concern or
arguments that will follow in the next section), arguments (it is a series of
argumets which lead to recommendation to convince the audience),
recommendation (it presents the statement of what ought or ought not to
happen).The arguments need some requirements. They are a new
paragraph for each argument, each topic sentence for new paragraph, after
topic sentence comes the details to support the arguments and emotive
words are used to persuade the audience into believing the author.
The lexicogrammatical features of it are focus on generic human
and non- human participants, the use of material processes, using present
tense, and using conjuction. The language features of hortatory exposition
includes abstract nouns, action verb, temporal connective, and modal
auxiliaries.
Some examples of hortatory exposition are: editorial, letter to the
editor, and letter to a politician.
There must be cohesion and coherence in making academic
writing. Coherence means the connection of ideas at the idea level
(statement development). It will support your argument, synthesize and
support reading, organize and clarify ideas. there are four ways to achieve
coherence. They are repeating key nouns and using pronouns, use
transition signals, and arrange the sentences in logical orders. Meanwhile,
cohesion focuses on the grammatical aspects of writing. There are two
types of cohesion. firstly, the grammatical cohesion consists of reference,
subsitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Secondly, the lexical coesion
consists of reiteration, and collocation.
Chapter XI
Critical Reading and Writing
Critical reading is a subject matter in any single text which lead to
particular understanding by offering example, argument, sympathy, or a
contrast to clarify a point. On the contrary, non- critical reading is any
single text which provide facts by restating a text.
The types of reading and discussion are analysed on the three steps.
They are what a text says (restatement), what a text does (description), and
what a text means (interpretation). The goals of critical reading are to infer
content and language, classify the language choice and classify choice of
content and language.
Critical writing is typical comments to feedback on writing which
needs critically engagement in the source material. The characteristic
features of critical writing are a clear and confident refusal; a balanced
presentation of reasons; a clear presentation of your own evidence and
argument; and a recognition of the limitations in your own evidence,
argument and conclusion.
There is a difference between descriptive writing and critical
writing. The descritptive writing is simple which only represent the
situation without any analysis or discussion. Whereas, critical writing is an
academic debate. We need to weigh up the evidence and arguments of
others and our own. It needs a much higher level of skill. For example, we
must consider the quality of the evidence and argument, indentify key
positive and negative aspect, assess the relevance and usefulness to the
debate, and identify the woven of our argument. Moreover, critical writing
invlves considering evidence to make reasoned conclusions. It uses more
than one source in developing and argument. It also evaluates and analyses
the information from different sources.
B. Materi yang sulit dipahami
Critical writing is little bit difficult to understand. We critically have to be
able to analyze and evaluate the text. We create some questions to break
our mental block. The questions should be relevant to the topic issues in
terms of the language feature and element of critical writing text. In short,
we must be able to recognize the levels of critical writing. Firstly, a
description level provides a background of the discussion of the essay.
Secondly, analysis questions some evidences and arguments concerning
the issue. Lastly, evaluation raises some implication, solusion, and
recomendation which pinters to the future.
D. Materi apa saja yang tidak esensial namun ada dalam sumber belajar
Materi
We can say that all of the material in these chapters (9 until 11) are not
essential for junior high school students. On the one side, students can
trully express their ideas and feelings to be read by others by writing. On
the other hand, the junior high students meet some difficulties in writing a
short essay in terms of choosing the right theme, and building their
vocubulary in developing sentences into a unified paragraph. In my
opinion, it is hard for the english teacher in junior high school to motivate
their student in achieving writing competency since the students do not
have enough knowledge to bring about their ideas. They do not have
reading interest. Consequently, the writing competency may becomes the
last stage of the English syllabus for junior high school. In addition, The
junior high students are not focussed on developing critical thinking via
writing skill. They are not broadly triggered to learn subject matter by
digesting and analyzing a topic issue in an essay. However, they are only
charged to describe some pictures in English writing. The teacher should
not assess their students in the point of grammar. He/ she only judges their
English sentence patterns whether they good enough in describing the
pictures.
1. The text portrays the subject The text gains the readers’
matter by providing analytic knowledge by by memorizing
activities. the statements within a text.
2. It leads to a particular selection It learns the facts of the
of facts to particular situation or to discover an
understanding by evaluating and accepted interpretation of those
analyzing the evidence. events
3. It reflects on what text does by It recognizes what a text says
offering example, arguing, and restating the key remarks.
appealing for sympathy, making
a contrast to clarify a point.
4. For example: For example:
Smoking habits can lead you Smoking habits can lead
to death. There have been many you to death. There have been
victims who died from smoking. many victims who died from
Every 10 minutes, there are died smoking. Every 10 minutes,
people due to smoking in there are died people due to
Indonesia. Based on data smoking in Indonesia.
presented by the Ministry of Indeed, the effects of death
Health, it was recorded every 10 caused by cigarettes cannot be
minutes once an individual died felt directly by smokers but it
due to cigarette in the country of takes a long time to several
Indonesia. years.
Indeed, the effects of death The longer they smoke, the
caused by cigarettes cannot be more they speed up their death.
felt directly by smokers but it Then, why is smoking so
takes a long time to several dangerous? A cigarette
years. According to dr. Aria contains of harmful chemicals
Nugraha, the smoke will that it resembles toxins.
undermine their respiratory Not only the cigarettes but
organs such as throat, lungs and also smoke and tar are
others. It causes several diseases dangerous which cause cancer.
such as bronchitis, heart attacks, The content of nicotine is very
and pregnancy disorders in harmful to our bodies.
pregnant mothers. Therefore, smoking can cause
The longer they smoke, the death because smoking can
more they speed up their death. cause various diseases that can
Then, why is smoking so kill you.
dangerous? A cigarette contains
of harmful chemicals that it
resembles toxins, such as floor
bleach and fuel for rockets.
Not only are the cigarettes
but also smoke and tar
dangerous which cause cancer.
The content of nicotine is very
harmful to our bodies.
Therefore, smoking can cause
death because smoking can
cause various diseases that can
kill you.
As a society that is aware of
health, we have to do something
in socializing the dangers of
smoking. To create a healthy
life, smoke-free life should start
now. We would better leave
cigarettes now in a state of
healthy. We must leave a
cigarette which will lead to
death. For the sake of the people
we love, it's good to stop
smoking from now on.
No Answer Explanation
1. A good Many people do not understand clearly with the
critical influence of alcohol they drink. It actually endangers
reading themselves. Liquor is regarded as a thing to increase
body temperature as well as to give a feeling of pleasure
to those who drink it. Actually, there are adverse effects
to the health of stomach, liver, kidneys, and brain. Most
who like to consume alcoholic drinks is a young child.
Harrington, (2000) confirmed that young people’s use
of alcohol has paid particular attention to ‘under-age’
drinking. They are totally unaware of the physical
dangers that will be faced. For example, alcohol
eliminates a sense of self-control and nourishes one's
senses.
Personally, drinking alcohol can lead to death.
Rehm et al. (2009b) declared that alcohol consumption
has been identified as an important risk factor for
illness, disability, and mortality As in the book of
Internal Medicine Disease published by Internal
publishing, it states that the consequences of drinking
alcoholic beverages can cause epidemiological pain.
Overall outbreaks of cirrhosis in America are estimated
360 per 100,000 population causes. Most of the illness
are caused by liver disease because of drinking alcohol
and chronic infection. Elizabeth's book stated that
alcoholic drinks will cause cirrhosis. Alcohol is the
toxin that most commonly causes injury and
inflammation of the liver. The next disease is Hepatitis.
The total number of cases of liver disease due to
alcoholic steatohepatitis was reported 0.3%. In
Indonesia, the total numbers of cases of liver cirrhosis
have not existed. It is only reported from some
education centers. In 2004, Dr.Sardjito Hospital
Yogyakarta treated 4.1% of patiens in the Internal
Medicine Section within one year. In Medan, there were
819 (4%) patients of liver cirrhosis within four years.
In this modern era, most people may think that
going to night clubs and drinking alcohol are ordinary
thing. However, they do not think about the impacts.
Their health will be threatened. They will often get sick
because their body condition is no longer fit. If you do
not want to damage yourself. Then, you should not
touch alcoholic beverages and drink plenty of mineral
water. Healthy is expensive. Alcoholic drinks will
disrupt our health later.
Refferences:
Harrington, V. 2000. Underage Drinking: Findings
from the 1998–99 Youth Lifestyles Survey.
Research Findings, No. 125. London: Home
Office