CEN-BTWG197 N0231 Adopted Deliverable D1-3 - Future Gas Profi

"Gas quality" CEN/AFNOR/WG 197
Date: Doc. Number:

2010-12-29 N 231
Assistant: Your contact:
Marie BOURBIGOT Sylvie FERNANDEZ
Direct line: + 33 (0)1 41 62 87 20 Direct line : + 33 (0)1 41 62 86 59
marie.bourbigot@afnor.org sylvie.fernandez@afnor.org
GASQUAL DELIVERABLE APPROVED BY

CEN/BT WG 197 "GAS QUALITY"
D1.3 "Final WP1 report on future gas profile"
Ö The deliverable D1.3 was presented to CEN/BT WG 197 members

commented, and approved on 2010-02-08/09 by the resolution 05/2010:
Resolution 05/2010 Deliverable D.1.3 Future gas profile (document N148)

BT WG 197 accepts the deliverable D1-3 as presented in document N148 with the
addition of an addendum presented in document N183.
Ö With the following observations on the document:
CENBT WG197 Addendum to document N 148 Deliverable D1-3 " Future gas
profile" (= Doc N183)
¾ CENBTWG197 formulates the following observations on the document:
Clause Comment Follow-up

4-1 North Stream: table 4.3 obviously gives the This report is giving a view of the
composition known from Russian natural gas(~100% current situation but it is understood
C1). However, the gas offered by the north stream that the future may be rather different
consortium to some gas companies apparently is from ( for instance , north stream gas might
the Russian part of the North sea, resembling by be richer than current Russian gas.
composition far more to Norvegian natural gas. needs
to be checked with North stream.
¾ CENBTWG197 formulates the following editorial comments on the
document:
Clause Comment Follow-up

3.1.3 Page 32
3.1.3 Hungary, in the section: National Natural Gas
Page 32
Specification
Replace sentences:
The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C. To be included after being
Volume is denoted in normal m3 – that is a reference checked With M. Torok.
temperature of 0 °C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa.
The problem is that the
reference 15°C/15°C are
By sentences:
The reference temperature for combustion is 15 °C. ISO reference, and that
Volume is denoted in normal m3 – that is a reference isn't normal m3.
temperature of 15 °C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa.
Explanation from HU:

The reason of confusion is that in Hungary the official
term for the cubic metre used in gas industry
according to the national standard MSZ 1648 is: “gas
technical normal cubic metre”. The reference
conditions for that cubic metre are 15/15 oC and
1.01325 bar.
The industrial slang (in both spoken and written
Hungarian) uses the term in abbreviated form as
“normal cubic metre”. We know this is not according
to ISO 13443 but this is the practical life in Hungary.
To avoid any confusion we suggest to use sentence:
Replace by sentence:
The reference temperature for combustion is 15 °C.
Volume is denoted in “gas technical normal m3“ – that
is a reference temperature of 15 °C and a pressure of
101.325 kPa.
3-11 Here, only table 3 of DVGW Code of Practice G To be included

260 is mentioned - correct as
specification. However, DVGW G 260 gives, for gas
transport, also reference to the conditions of
EASEE-gas as table 6, although informative only.
Table Replace this old Table 3.16 Included after checked

3.16 with M. Torok
Property Gas Type 2/H Gas Type 2/S
Wobbe number (MJ/m3) 46.1 – 56.5 38.5 - 46.8
Rated Wobbe number 54 44.6
(MJ/m3)
Gross calorific value 30.2 – 47.2
(MJ/m3)
Net calorific value(MJ/m3) 27.2 – 42.6
Relative density 0.55 – 0.71
Total sulphur max (mg/m3) 100 100
Sulphur-hydrogen max 20 20
(mg/m3)
Association Française de Normalisation 11, rue Francis de Préssensé F – 93 571 La Plaine Saint Denis cedex
http://www.afnor.fr SIRET 775 724 818 00205
A solid max (mg/m3) 5 5
Oxygen Max. (vol%) 0.2 0.2
Water vapour in 0.17 g/m3
transmission pipeline
Water vapour in distribution Non-condensing
Network
Gas Quality Standard MSZ 1648
Table 3.16 Gas Quality Specification for Hungary. The

reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C and the
reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa Due to the question
above, could you confirm
By the new Table 3.16 that all that is underline is
correct.
Property Gas Type 2H Gas Type 2S
Wobbe index (GCV based) 45.66 – 54.76 36.29 – 41.58
We confirm that the data
(MJ/m3) in the replacement table
Nominal Wobbe index (GCV 50.72 39.11 are correct for Hungary.
based) (MJ/m3)
Please note we added a
Gross calorific value (MJ/m3) 31.0 – 45.28
note to the water vapour
Net calorific value (MJ/m3) 27.94 – 40.81 and hydrocarbon dew
Total sulphur max (mg/m3) 100 point denoted with *.
Hydrogen sulphide max 20
(mg/m3)
Solid impurities max (mg/m3) 5
Oxygen max. (%(V/V)) 0.2
Water vapour max. (g/m3) 0.17 1.0 *
Hydrocarbon dew point at 4 +4
MPa max. (oC)
Hydrocarbon dew point at +4 *
maximum operating
pressure max. (oC)
Reference conditions: Combustion reference temperature is
15 oC.
Volume reference conditions are 15 oC and 101.325 kPa.
* In regional gas distribution systems which are independent
from the nationwide gas transmission system.
Table 3.16 Gas Quality Specification for Hungary.
Page 56 About the Spanish Transmission System, second To be included

paragraph: add “companies” as follows: “…According to
Order ITC/3993/2006, the transmission companies
allowed…”
Page 57 About the Regional integration in SW Europe, second To be included
paragraph: remove “future” as follows: “…promoting a
common Open Subscription Procedure (OSP) to allocate
the existing and future capacities and a future Open
Season (OS)…” as the Open Season was already held this
autumn.
Association Française de Normalisation 11, rue Francis de Préssensé F – 93 571 La Plaine Saint Denis cedex
http://www.afnor.fr SIRET 775 724 818 00205
GASQUAL.EU
ANSWER TO THE CALL FOR TENDER on

GAS QUALITY- PHASE 1 of the Mandate M/400
Investigations on new acceptable EU limits for gas quality.

Influence on the performance of new and installed gas appliances.
Study Project
DELIVERABLE D1.3
Future Gas Profiles
GQWP1_09_D13_Final_v3.doc
Deliverable Work Deliverable name Type of Lead Limit date

N° package deliverable participant of issue
N°
D1.3 WP1 D1.3 Report on Future Gas Report GL Industrial 15.08.2009

Profiles Services
Author(s): S.K. Kimpton and M.J. Brown

Date: 30.03.2010
Version: v3
Document Version Control Amendment details:
Vers By Status Date Comments
1.0 GL Draft 15.08.2009 Draft to CEN, sent 14 August 2009
Presented at CEN meeting 29 September 2009
2.0 GL Final Report 30.11.2009 Comments received - CEN-BTWG197 N113, N133 and
N134
Final Report with:
1) Minor editorial changes as requested Indonesia

LNG unit names and Algeria LNG unit descriptor
2) Hungarian gas specification data altered to

include Algyő and Orosháza gas ( 2H and 2S)
(table 6.2), and text altered on indigenous gas
supply to include 2H and 2S
3) Hungarian standard changed to MSZ 1648 in

table 3.16
4) EASEE-gas oxygen specification updated to

CBP 2005-001/02 (6 November 2008)
5) Added information on Nord Stream pipeline
6) Added short section on reverse flow
7) Updated summary table in Section 7
3.0 GL Final Report 30.03.2010 Comments received - CEN-BTWG197 N183 “Addendum

to be added to the final version of the report
Deliverable D1.3 (doc N148) – dated 08.02.2010; received
by GL – 19.03.2010.
Report updated with all comments from N183 including:
1) Explanation provided by MOL regarding the

nomenclature for reference conditions “gas
technical normal cubic metre”. Also comment
about hydrocarbon and water dew-points.
2) Addition to German gas quality section to

mention informative reference to EASEE-gas.
3) Minor editorial changes to Spanish Transmission

gas specification text comments.
Executive Summary
This report has been produced for review by CEN/BT/WG 197 to record the progress to date made by the
GASQUAL consortium on Work Package 1 (WP1) Gas specification and changes to future gas quality. This
is one of six work packages being undertaken by GASQUAL to provide information for CEN in the
production of a harmonised European Standard for gas quality.
As Deliverable D1.3, the report focused on:
• Current gas specification for European Union member countries (often related to the historical
indigenous or local source of gas).
• Indigenous supplies. Generally these sources are depleting and there is increased reliance on gas
importation.
• Pipeline interconnectors. Information is provided to give an overview of current and new pipeline
infrastructure bringing different natural gases into the European region
• LNG import terminals. Information has been gathered on current and future LNG importation and
regasification together with some outline data on gas specification
• Gas storage. An overview of current and near-term gas storage capability has been presented.
Gas quality variation around Europe is an important factor and is dependent on the source of the gas. The
EASEE-gas specification and the range provided by EN 437 do not encompass the existing gas
transmission specification for all member states. With the anticipated increase in the range of Wobbe Index
of gas used in Europe through gas market liberalisation and with greater reliance on gas importation, a
greater focus on the acceptable upper Wobbe Index limit would seem appropriate.
Contents
1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Outline description of GASQUAL Project ..................................................................................... 1
1.2 Scope of Work ................................................................................................................................. 1
2 EASEE-gas Specification ............................................................................................................ 2
3 Transmission Specifications ...................................................................................................... 3
3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3
3.2 Austria .............................................................................................................................................. 4
3.3 Belgium ............................................................................................................................................ 7
3.4 Bulgaria ............................................................................................................................................ 9
3.5 Cyprus ............................................................................................................................................ 12
3.6 Czech Republic.............................................................................................................................. 13
3.7 Denmark ......................................................................................................................................... 15
3.8 Estonia ........................................................................................................................................... 18
3.9 Finland............................................................................................................................................ 20
3.10 France............................................................................................................................................. 22
3.11 Germany......................................................................................................................................... 25
3.12 Greece ............................................................................................................................................ 30
3.13 Hungary.......................................................................................................................................... 32
3.14 Ireland............................................................................................................................................. 34
3.15 Italy ................................................................................................................................................. 36
3.16 Latvia.............................................................................................................................................. 39
3.17 Lithuania ........................................................................................................................................ 41
3.18 Luxembourg................................................................................................................................... 42
3.19 Malta ............................................................................................................................................... 43
3.20 Netherlands.................................................................................................................................... 44
3.21 Poland ............................................................................................................................................ 46
3.22 Portugal.......................................................................................................................................... 48
3.23 Romania ......................................................................................................................................... 50
3.24 Slovakia.......................................................................................................................................... 52
3.25 Slovenia.......................................................................................................................................... 54
3.26 Spain............................................................................................................................................... 56
3.27 Sweden........................................................................................................................................... 59
3.28 United Kingdom............................................................................................................................. 61
3.29 Summary of EU Transmission Specifications ............................................................................ 64
4 Future Supplies.......................................................................................................................... 67
4.1 Natural Gas Pipeline Supplies...................................................................................................... 67
4.2 Pipeline reverse flow overview .................................................................................................... 75
4.3 Future LNG Supplies..................................................................................................................... 76
5 Storage ....................................................................................................................................... 82
5.1 Types of Storage ........................................................................................................................... 82
5.2 Austrian Storage Specification .................................................................................................... 83
5.3 French Storage Specification....................................................................................................... 84
5.4 German Storage Specification ..................................................................................................... 85
5.5 Italian Storage Specification ........................................................................................................ 86
5.6 UK Storage Specification.............................................................................................................. 87
6 Indigenous Gas Quality............................................................................................................. 88
7 Impact of Future Gas Quality Changes.................................................................................... 90
8 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 92
1 Introduction
Natural gas composition or quality varies as result of the different sources, extraction and processing. The
impact of the different gas qualities results in different specifications for acceptable natural gas based
typically on the historical or indigenous supply for each European country, and around the world. Utilisation
of the specific countries’ gas is thus optimised for a particular gas quality. As supplies of indigenous gas
decline and demand for natural gas increases, the resulting impact is of increased reliance on imported gas.
This imported gas may not have the same gas quality. It is essential that the different gases are
interchangeable and that they enable the utilisation equipment to operate safely and efficiently.
The primary factor used to assess natural gas interchangeability is the Wobbe Index, and it is important to
ensure that the reference conditions used for any calculation are correctly defined.
1.1 Outline description of GASQUAL Project

The European Commission has requested CEN to draw up standards that define the minimum acceptable
range for gas quality parameters for H-gas. The CEN process covered two activities:
[A] “MANDATE TO CEN FOR STANDARDISATION IN THE FIELD OF GAS QUALITIES, 16 January 2007
[B] “Call for tender on Gas Quality - Phase 1 of Mandate M/400” CEN /BT WG 197
The GASQUAL study aims at evaluating the impact of gas quality variations on appliances certified for using
gases in the H group. As such it shall cover all appliances complying with Directive 90/396/EEC and
certified for use with gases with Wobbe Index (H-gases are defined by reference to EN 437:2003) in the
range of 45.7 to 54.7 MJ/m3, at the reference conditions of 15 °C for combustion and of 15 °C and
101.325 kPa(a) for volume.
GASQUAL work package WP1 is aimed at providing a view of the existing market of appliances and its
trend. It will identify for all the countries included in the study the types of appliances present on the market
complying with Directive 90/396/EEC and certified to burn gases within the H group.
An additional aspect of this work package is the collation of information relating to natural gas specification,
network codes and regulated gas quality. This is the focus of this report.
1.2 Scope of Work

Within Work Package 1 of GASQUAL (WP1) an assessment of the trends in gas quality variations due to
increased imports of natural gas by LNG shipping and by pipeline interconnectors leading to greater trading
across European borders.
For this part of the project, existing natural gases sources have been identified country-by-country and plans
for the natural gas imports for the next decade investigated. In addition to this existing gas specification,
indigenous gas information, gas storage specification, LNG import gas characteristics and new pipeline
supplies have been reviewed. Natural gas distributed in individual European countries has to comply with
the appropriate country specification and these are compared. Overall, the work has endeavoured to
answer the following questions:
1) What are the current acceptable gas quality standards?
2) Is there a reasonably consistent view on gas quality at the present time?
3) What LNG/pipeline supplies will be used?
4) Is there compliance with EASEE-gas specification?
Page 1
2 EASEE-gas Specification
The European Association for the Streamlining of Energy Exchange – gas, EASEE-gas, has identified a
number of gas properties and parameters for harmonisation across the European Union. The parameter
units and reference conditions are in accordance with the EASEE-gas Common Business Practice (CBP)
2003-001/01. The energy unit is the kWh with a combustion reference temperature of 25 °C. The volume
unit is m3 at a reference condition of 0 °C and 101.325 kPa(a). For conversion to other reference
conditions, the procedures described in ISO 13443:1996 Natural Gas – Standard reference conditions
should be used. The parameters are defined in ISO 14532:2001 Natural gas – Vocabulary.
The specification applies only to high-calorific value (H-gas) gas without added odorants; it was not intended
to address possible interoperability issues arising from differences in odorisation practices. EASEE-gas
recommends that no gas should be refused on nitrogen content provided all other requirements of the CBP
are met.
Parameter Description Units Minimum Maximum Recommended

implementation
date
WI Gross (Superior) Wobbe Index kWh/m3 13.60 15.81 01/10/2010
D relative density m3/m3 0.555 0.700 01/10/2010
S Total sulphur mg/m3 - 30 01/10/2006
H2S + COS Hydrogen sulphide + carbonyl - 5 01/10/2006
sulphide mg/m3
RSH Mercaptans mg/m3 - 6 01/10/2006
O2 Oxygen mol % - 0.001* 01/10/2010
CO2 Carbon dioxide mol % - 2.5 01/10/2006
H2O DP Water dew point °C at 7000 kPa(a) - -8 See note **
HC DP Hydrocarbon dew point °C at 1 - 7000 kPa (a) - -2 01/10/2006
*Limit is <0.001 mol%, daily average. However, cross border point daily average levels up to 0.01 mol% will be accepted if
these are the result of the prudent operation of UGS's existing in 2006, which use oxygen for desulphurisation purposes.
(Based on the full CBP Wobbe range).
**At certain cross border points, less stringent values are used than defined in this CBP. For these cross border points, these
values can be maintained and the relevant producers, shippers and transporters should examine together how the CBP value
can be met in the long run. At all other cross border points, this value can be adopted by 1st October 2006.
Table 2.1 EASEE-gas specification for natural gas quality. The reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C. The reference
temperature and pressure for volume measurement are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.
Page 2
3 Transmission Specifications
3.1 Introduction
Gas Infrastructure Europe (GIE) is an organisation representing European Institutions (European
Commission, European Parliament, Council of the European Union) as well as European energy regulators
(ERGEG, CEER) and other stakeholders. GIE is an umbrella organisation for three organisations:
• Gas Transmission Europe (GTE) representing the Transmission System Operators (TSO)
• Gas Storage Europe (GSE) representing storage system operators (SSO)
• Gas LNG Europe (GLE) representing LNG terminal operators (TO)
Over 200000 km of transmission pipelines extend across GIE members and several thousands of
kilometres of pipelines, interconnections and extensions are being built or planned, to ensure security of
supply. A map identifying the transmission companies operating in Europe is shown in Figure 3.1.
The gas quality requirements have been obtained either from the network codes of each of the TSOs or
from the Regulator, as appropriate, for each country in the EU; the results are shown in sections 3.2 to 3.28.
Figure 3.1 Map from GIE showing the gas transportation companies for each European country. Source GIE
The Gas Infrastructure Europe website is at http://www.gie.eu.com.
Page 3
3.2 Austria
The gas quality specification for Austria is defined by the regulations of ŐVGW, the Austrian Association for
Gas and Water. The natural gas specification, G 31 (2001) is shown in Table 3.1. The standard conditions
for Austria are 25 °C for calorific value measurement and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for metering volumes –
these reference conditions are the same as those recommended by EASEE-gas.
Natural gas has been used commercially in Austria for 50 years. Approximately 20% of the gas used is
produced in Austria; the remaining 80% is imported. About 60% of the imported natural gas is from the
Russian Federation; the rest is from Norway and Germany. Austria has two major European pipelines
crossing the country – the West-Austria-Gasleitung (WAG) and the Trans-Austria-Gasleitung (TAG) – see
Figure 3.2. Although the national gas quality specification is defined by ŐVGW, there are also further gas
quality specifications for the WAG and TAG pipelines – see Table 3.2.
The WAG pipeline runs from the Slovak/Austrian border at Baumgarten an der March to the
Austrian/German border at Oberkappel. The WAG pipeline is one of the most important East-West transit
routes for Russian natural gas to Western Europe; there are compressor stations at Baumgarten and
Rainbach which can be operated bi-directionally. Dependent on conditions, WAG currently offers a technical
capacity of up to almost 1 million Nm³/h (0 °C) over its entire length of 245 km. The pipeline is owned by
OMV Gas GmbH and Baumgarten-Oberkappel Gasleitungs GmbH (BOG) is the exclusive holder of
marketing rights for transportation services.
The TAG pipeline system consists of three pipelines, four compressor stations, auxiliary equipment and
several intake and offtake points. The 380 km pipeline runs from the Slovakian-Austrian border near
Baumgarten an der March to the Austrian-Italian border near Arnoldstein. The TAG pipeline supplies
domestic customers in Austria and provides transportation of natural gas to Italy. The SOL Pipeline System
(Süd - Ost - Leitung) of OMV Gas GmbH, branches from the TAG Pipeline System at Weitendorf and
transports gas to Slovenia. The TAG pipeline is owned jointly by OMV Gas GmbH (11%) and ENI
International BV (89%).
Figure 3.2 Map of the Austrian Gas Transmission System
Page 4
Property Units Range Comment
WI kWh/m3 13.3 – 15.7
CV kWh/m3 10.7 – 12.8
RD 0.55 – 0.65
Hydrocarbon dew point temperature °C ≤0 at the maximum operating pressure
Water dew point temperature °C ≤ -8 at a pressure of 4000 kPa
Oxygen vol% < 0.5
Carbon dioxide vol% <2
Nitrogen vol% <5
Hydrogen vol% <4
Total sulphur mg(S)/m3 < 10 Normal limit
< 30 Emergency limit
Mercaptans mg(S)/m3 <6
Hydrogen sulphide H2S mg/m3 <5
Carbonyl sulphide COS mg/m3 <5
Halogen compounds mg/m3 0
Ammonia 0 Technically free
Impurities Technically free
Table 3.1 OVGW G 31 Natural Gas Quality Specification (ŐVGW G 31 “Erdgas in Österreich”)
OMV Gas & Power GmbH has established the Central European Gas Hub (CEGH) that aims to create a
commercial gas-trading platform. The CEGH is planned to develop into the biggest gas-trading platform in
Continental Europe in association with Gazprom and Wiener Boerse (Vienna Stock Exchange).
Page 5
Property Units Property Range
TAG Pipeline WAG Pipeline
Chemical Composition
Methane mol% ≥ 85.00 ≥ 85.00
Ethane mol% ≤ 7.00 ≤ 7.00
Propane mol% ≤ 3.00 ≤ 3.00
Butane mol% ≤ 2.00 ≤ 2.00
Heavier hydrocarbons C5+ mol% ≤1.00 ≤1.00
Nitrogen mol% ≤5.00 ≤5.00
Carbon dioxide mol% ≤2.00 ≤2.00
Oxygen mol% ≤0.02 ≤0.02
Sulphur Content
Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 ≤5.0 ≤6.8
Mercaptan sulphur mg/m3 ≤15.00 ≤16.9
Total sulphur mg/m3 ≤100.00 ≤120.0 (≤150.0 for short time)
Gross CV MJ/m3 36.00-40.00 38.5-46.0
kWh/m3 10.00-11.11 -
Wobbe Index MJ/m3 - 48.6-55.7
Dew point
Hydrocarbon dew point temperature °C 0 °C at ≥4120 and ≤ 6860 0 °C ≥100 and ≤7000 kPa
kPa gauge
Water dew point temperature °C -8 °C at 3920 kPa -8 °C at 6400 kPa gauge
Other Properties
Impurities The natural gas shall be The natural gas shall be
practically free of solids, dust, practically free of solid, dust,
iron oxide, mud, liquid iron oxide, mud, liquid
hydrocarbons, resins, resin hydrocarbons and shall not be
forming constituents and shall odorised
not be odorised
Temperature °C ≤42 ≤50
Pressure kPa Varies at intakes, usually >5000 kPa but may depend on
operational conditions
Table 3.2 Gas Quality Specification for the WAG and TAG pipelines
Page 6
3.3 Belgium
Belgium National Gas Quality Specification
Belgium has both an H-gas and an L-gas network. Belgium’s supply of H-gas comes from LNG producing
countries and sources in the North Sea and Russia. The H-gas network supplies the provinces of East and
West Flanders, most of the provinces of Hainaut, Namur and Liège and much of the province of Limburg.
Belgium’s supply of L-gas mainly comes from the Slochteren field in the Netherlands, which is why it is
known as ‘Slochteren gas’. The L-gas network supplies part of the Brabant and Antwerp region, as well as
parts of Limburg and Hainaut.
The transmission specification of the Belgian network is under review and it will change to any European-
wide specification as required. The reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the reference
temperature and pressure for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa respectively.
Fluxys Transmission Specification
Fluxys is the independent operator of both the natural gas transport, transit grid and storage infrastructure in
Belgium. The company also operates the Zeebrugge LNG terminal and the Zeebrugge Hub, one of the
international short-term gas markets in continental Europe. A map of the Fluxys transmission system is
shown in Figure 3.3. As Belgium does not have any indigenous gas sources, it is completely dependent on
imports. The transmission system is an integral part of the European network; gas can flow both ways
between Belgium and the UK, France, Spain and Italy and gas is exported to neighbouring Luxembourg.
There are nineteen entry points into the Belgian network, three take L-gas and sixteen take H-gas. An
indicative gas quality specification is shown in Table 2.1. Given the constraints on networks adjacent to the
Fluxys transport network, specifications for gas quality at specific points of entry may be different to the
indicative gas quality specification.
Fluxys indicate that they will make all reasonable efforts to accept gas that is out-of-specification but the
shipper must bear the cost of any processing required.
Figure 3.3 Map of the Belgium H-gas and L-gas transmission system (reproduced from the Fluxys website)
Page 7
Property Unit H-gas L-gas
Minimum CV MJ(25 °C)/m³(n) 38.9 1 34.3
Maximum CV MJ(25 °C)/m³(n) 46.055 38.686
Minimum Wobbe Index MJ(25 °C)/m³(n) 49.132 43.9
Maximum Wobbe Index MJ(25 °C)/m³(n) 56.8150 46.892
Minimum CV kWh(25 °C)/m³(n) 10.81 1 9.53
Maximum CV kWh(25 °C)/m³(n) 12.79 10.75
Minimum Wobbe Index kWh(25 °C)/m³(n) 13.65 12.19
Maximum Wobbe Index kWh(25 °C)/m³(n) 15.78 13.03
Maximum H2S (in S) incl. COS mg/m³(n) 5 5
Maximum Total S (as S) mg/m³(n) 150 150
Maximum annual Total S (as S) mg/m³(n) - -
Maximum Mercaptans (in S) mg/m³(n)
Maximum O2 ppm(vol) 5000 5000
Maximum CO2 %(vol) 2 2 3
Maximum dewpoint H2O °C @ 6900 kPa(g) -8 -8
Maximum dew point Hydrocarbon °C @ 0-6900 kPa(g) -2 -2
1 34.583 MJ/m³(n) or 9.61 kWh/m³(n) in an emergency
2 For historical reasons, ‘s Gravenvoeren 3% H Blaregnies 3% and 2.5% ZPT
Table 3.3 Indicative gas quality specification for entry into the Belgian transmission system operated by Fluxys. The reference
temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the reference temperature and pressure for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
Future Gas Supplies

Fluxys indicate that Belgium may replace the L-gas network with a H-gas network in the long term. The
future supplies of low calorific natural gas to Belgium depend on developments in supplier purchase
contracts and the remaining period left for exploitation of the Groningen field in the Netherlands. It is in this
context that the Federal Public Service Economy was given the task of setting the schedule, mode of
financing and actions that will make it possible to adapt, either partially or in full, the Fluxys network and the
distribution system operators’ networks currently used to supply low calorific gas to the supply of high
calorific gas. This conversion will require a series of investments and actions that will involve not only
Fluxys, but also the distribution system operators, suppliers, grid users, regulators and neighbouring
countries.
Page 8
3.4 Bulgaria
National Gas Quality Specification
Bulgaria has some indigenous natural gas (218 million m3 in 2008) but most of the natural gas used in
Bulgaria is imported from Russia (3487 million m3 in 2008).
The gas quality of Bulgarian gas as specified by the State Energy Regulatory Commission is shown in
Table 3.4. The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C. Reference conditions for volume are 0 °C
and 101.325 kPa.
Property Units Range
Composition
Methane % ≥ 92
Ethane % ≤4
Propane and higher % ≤2
hydrocarbons
Nitrogen % ≤2
Carbon dioxide % ≤1
Oxygen % ≤ 0.1
Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3(n) ≤ 2.0
Mercaptans mg/m3(n) ≤ 5.6
Total sulphur mg/m3(n) ≤ 20
Water and particulates
Water dew point °C -5
Particulates Free of mechanical impurities
Calorific value
Minimum at 20 °C MJ/m3 35.7
and 101.325 kPa
Odour
Natural gas shall be Detection level Gas in air ≤ 20% LEL
delivered to the
customer odorised
Table 3.4 Gas quality specification for Bulgaria as stated by the State Regulatory Commission. The reference temperature for
combustion is 20 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
Transmission Gas Quality Specification

The state-owned Bulgarian Energy Holding EAD subsidiary Bulgartransgaz EAD is the sole gas
transmission operator in Bulgaria executing the activities on transmission and gas storage and regulated by
the State Energy and Water Regulation Commission. The company is owner and operator of a gas
transmission ring system with high pressure off-takes to transport natural gas to customers and gas
distribution companies in the country. About 3.34 bcm natural gas is transported along Bulgartransgaz EAD
transmission network.
Large quantities of natural gas are transited through the Republic of Bulgaria; in 2007 a total of 17.190 bcm
passed through Bulgaria to:
• Turkey - 13.9 bcm (increase of 13% on previous year)
• Greece - 3.1 bcm (increase of 15% on previous year)
Page 9
• Macedonia - 0.1 bcm (increase of 27% on previous year)
Figure 3.4 Map of the Bulgarian Transmission System
Future Gas Supplies

Bulgaria and Greece have signed an agreement in 2009 to construct a natural gas pipeline from the
Bulgarian city of Stara Zagora to the Greek town of Komotini. The Bulgarian Energy Holding signed an
agreement with Greek natural gas monopoly DEPA and Italy's Edison SpA for the creation of a company
that will construct and operate the pipeline and a company that will supply and make commercial use of the
natural gas. The link will allow Bulgaria to import 1 billion cubic meters of Azeri gas per year from 2012
through the ITGI pipeline which is due to carry Caspian gas via Turkey and Greece to Italy.
The new pipeline will receive funding of €45 million from the EU Energy Programme.
The state-owned Bulgarian Energy Holding also signed a deal with Greece's gas grid operator DESFA to
use the capacity of the Greek LNG terminal near Athens and import 1 bcm of gas per year.
The proposed technical specification for the Romania – Bulgaria interconnector is shown in Table 3.5. The
reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C. Reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and
101.325 kPa.
Page 10
Component Units Range
Methane % ≥ 92
Ethane % ≤4
Propane % ≤2
i-Butane % ≤2
n-Butane % ≤2
i-Pentane % ≤2
n-Pentane % ≤2
Hexanes and higher % ≤2
hydrocarbons
Nitrogen % ≤2
Carbon dioxide % ≤1
Oxygen % ≤ 0.1
Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3(n) ≤ 2.0
Mercaptans mg/m3(n) ≤ 5.6
Total sulphur mg/m3(n) ≤ 20
Table 3.5 Proposed gas quality specification for the Romania-Bulgaria interconnector
Page 11
3.5 Cyprus
There is currently no natural gas supply in Cyprus. The Cyprus Energy Authority (CERA) was set up by law
in July 2003 to meet the requirements of the EU for the liberalisation of energy markets. The Republic of
Cyprus decided to establish the Energy Centre, which will include facilities for the import, storage of
strategic and operational stocks, management, distribution and export of oil products, as well as facilities for
the import, storage and regasification of LNG.
The Energy Centre will be built on the south coast of Cyprus, at a distance of 25 km east of Limassol, in the
area formerly occupied by the Hellenic Chemical Industries fertiliser manufacturing facility. This area was
considered as the most appropriate for the erection of storage and distribution facilities for petroleum
products, as well as for the establishment of a receiving and storage terminal for LNG, due to its location
and nature. Initially, natural gas will be mainly used by the nearby Power Station belonging to the Electricity
Authority of Cyprus (EAC) for power generation. The LNG is likely to be imported from Egypt, Algeria or
Libya; there is also a possibility that Gazprom could be a supplier.
With the creation of the Energy Centre at Vasilikos, the Government of Cyprus aims to achieve a secure
and cost-effective, long-term, energy supply in the country, the operation of a liberalised oil market and fair
competition, as well as better control and maximum transparency in pricing. The site of the proposed LNG
import terminal is shown in Figure 3.5.
Figure 3.5 Site of the LNG import terminal and Energy Centre on Cyprus
Page 12
3.6 Czech Republic
Czech Transmission Gas Quality Specification
The major gas transporter in the Czech Republic is RWE Transgas Net. The gas quality specification is
shown in Table 3.6 – this was valid from 1st August 2009. There are additional constraints on pressure at
border entry points – further information is contained in the RWE Transgas Net network code.
Property Value Unit

Chemical Composition
Methane ≥85 mol%
Ethane ≤7 mol%
Propane ≤3 mol%
Butanes ≤2 mol%
Pentanes and higher hydrocarbons ≤0.5 mol%
Oxygen ≤0.02 mol%
Nitrogen ≤5 mol%
Carbon dioxide ≤3 mol%
Hydrogen sulphide H2S ≤6 mg/m3
Mercaptan sulphur RSH ≤5 mg/m3
Total sulphur ≤30 mg/m3
Combustion Properties
Wobbe Index 12.7 – 14.5 kWh/m3
45.7 – 52.2 MJ/m3
Reference Conditions
Combustion 15 °C
Volume 15 °C at 101.325 kPa
Dew point
Water dew point ≤ -7 °C at a pressure of 4 MPa
Hydrocarbon dew point ≤0 °C at operating pressure
Notes
Natural gas shall not contain any mechanical impurities
The quality of gas delivered through individual delivery points from underground gas storage (UGS)
expressed as the Gross Calorific Value (kWh) may not diverge by more than –0.5% to +2.0% from the
average Gross Calorific Value of gas delivered through delivery points to UGS in the last 100 days.
Table 3.6. RWE Transgas Net Gas Quality Specification for gas entering the Czech Republic. The reference temperature for
combustion is 15 °C and the reference temperature and pressure for volume are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa.
The RWE Gastrans Net pipeline network supplies gas to the Czech Republic and also forms part of the
European international transit system. A map of the system is shown in Figure 3.6.
The transmission system delivering gas for use within the Czech Republic is 1183 km in length with nominal
pipeline diameters of DN 80 to DN 700. The nominal operating pressures are 4 MPa, 5.35 MPa and
6.1 MPa; 85% of the system operates at 6.1 MPa.
Page 13
The international transit network consists of 2460 km pipelines with nominal diameters ranging from DN 800
to DN 1400 and nominal pressures of 6.1 MPa, 7.35 MPa and 8.4 MPa. The DN 900 “Central”, “North” and
“West” pipelines have been in operation since 1973; the “South” pipeline has been in operation since 1978.
Due to increased demand, the DN 1000 pipeline was completed in 2000 in the “Central” and “North”
sections.
Natural gas is received and delivered at the inlet and outlet points from the Czech Republic; the volume and
quality are metered at the border delivery stations in Lanžhot and Hora Svaté Kateřiny in the Czech
Republic and at the border delivery stations Waidhaus and Olbernhau, which are located in Germany.
Figure 3.6 Map of the RWE Gastrans Net transmission system reproduced from the company website. The border crossing point
with Slovakia in the east is Lanžhot, the other two border crossing points are with Germany at Waidhaus in the west and
Deutschneudorf in the north.
Future Development
As a result of market surveys, two preliminary requests for increased transmission capacity are being
considered by RWE Transgas Net:
• 105 million m3/day along the Olbernhau - Waidhaus route from 2011
• Transmission to/from Poland in the area of Cesky Tesin of 1 million m3 /day.
RWE Transgas Net is due to make a decision in 2010.
Page 14
3.7 Denmark
Danish National Gas Specification
The specification for natural gas supplied to the Danish market is laid down by the Danish Safety
Technology Authority (Sikkerhedsstyrelsen) in Section A, Appendix 1A of the Danish Gas Regulations.
Natural gas received, transported and delivered in the Danish natural gas system under a transport contract
must at all times comply with the Danish Gas Regulation and the quality specifications of the Rules for Gas
Transport.
The Wobbe Index minimum of 50.8 MJ/m3 is lower than the current value in the regulations – in December
2007, the minimum Wobbe Index was lowered from 51.9 MJ/m3 to allow for the import of gas from Northern
Germany. A summary of the regulations is shown in Table 3.7. The reference conditions are 25 °C for
combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume.

Wobbe Index MJ/m3(n) 50.8 – 55.8 Under normal circumstances
Max. 56.5 In emergency circumstances. Customers sensitive to gas
quality must be alerted.
Current regulations state a minimum Wobbe of 51.9 MJ/m3 –
the new limit of 50.8 MJ/m3 is approved by the Regulator but is
not yet in the existing rules
Relative density <0.7 No lower limit
Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3(n) <5 This is a daily average. In exceptional circumstances, hourly
values of up to 10 mg/m3(n) may be permitted
Purity The gas must be free of gaseous, solid or liquid substances which may affect the operation or
corrosion of the transmission system
Hydrocarbon dew point °C -5 At pressures up to 4 bar
°C 0 At pressures above 4 bar
Water dew point °C Below soil For buried pipelines below 4 bar
temperature
°C 0 At operating pressures above 4 bar
Dust Dust that may cause malfunction of meters, regulators and other components must be filtered out.
Odorant Distributed natural gas must include an odorant in such a
concentration that a person with a normal sense of smell is
THT mg/m3(n) >10.5
able to detect a gas/air mixture of up to 20% of the lower
Mercaptans mg/m3(n) >4.0 explosion limit and a maximum of 0.025% carbon monoxide.
Table 3.7 The National Danish Gas Quality Specification. The reference conditions are 25 °C for combustion and 0 °C and
101.325 kPa for volume
Transmission System
The Danish gas transmission system is operated and owned by Energinet.dk; the system runs from Nybro in
Western Jutland to Amager in Eastern Denmark and from the German border to Aalborg. Energinet.dk also
owns the installations which meter and regulate the gas and send it into the gas distribution network.
Approximately 8 billion cubic metres of natural gas a year are transported each year. The system consists
of a transmission grid and distribution grids on land and of marine pipelines at sea. A map of the
transmission system is shown in Figure 3.7.
Page 15
The natural gas from the Danish section of the North Sea is transported in two marine pipelines from the
Tyra and Syd Arne fields to the shore just north of Esbjerg. On land the natural gas passes through a gas
treatment plant in Nybro near Varde. Here, the quality of the gas is checked and measured. The plant can
also dry the gas and remove any sulphur, if necessary. From Nybro, the gas is sent to customers in
Denmark and in other countries or for storage at one of two subterranean natural gas storage facilities. The
storage facilities are situated in Ll Thorup north of Viborg and in Stenlille near Sorø on Zealand.
The Danish gas system is connected with the rest of Europe via pipelines to Germany and Sweden, and
Denmark thus enjoys a central position in relation to the transmission of, trade in and storage of natural gas.
Figure 3.7 Map of the Danish transmission system. Source Energinet.dk.
Energinet.dk has a gas quality transmission specification which is in addition to the national gas quality
requirements – this is shown in Table 3.8.
Page 16
Property Units Range Comments
Wobbe Index MJ/m3(n) 50.8 – 55.8 In an emergency, the maximum Wobbe Index may be increased to 56.5
MJ/m3(n)
Gross Calorific Value MJ/m3(n) 39.6 – 46.0 In an emergency, the maximum calorific value may be up to 46.8
MJ/m3(n)
Relative density 0.60 to 0.69
CO2 mol% ≤2.7
Oxygen mol% 0.1
H2S + COS mg/m3(n) ≤5 Under exceptional circumstances, H2S + COS content may be up to 10
mg/m3(n) for a maximum of two hours but not more than 5 mg/m3(n) on a
24 hour basis
Mercaptan mg/m3(n) ≤6
Total sulphur mg/m3(n) ≤30
Water dew point °C -8 At any pressure up to 70 bar
Hydrate formation No hydrates may form at temperatures of -8 °C at any pressure up to 70 bar
Hydrocarbon dew °C -2 At any pressure up to 70 bar
point
Dust and liquids Technically free of gaseous, solid or liquid substances that may cause blocking, malfunction or corrosion
of the transmission system. This excludes very small droplets that may form in natural gas and that
cannot be removed
Odorisation Natural gas shall be delivered unodorised at the entry point.
Other components Natural gas shall not contain other components or contaminants such that it cannot be transported, stored
and contaminants or marketed without further adjustment of the gas quality
Temperature °C 0 - 50 -10°C under exceptional circumstances and for up to 2 hours
Table 3.8 Transmission specification for natural gas transported by Energinet.dk. The reference temperature for combustion is
25 °C and for volume the reference conditions are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.
Page 17
3.8 Estonia
National Specification
Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Finland are remote from the rest of the European transmission system; at the
present time, the sole source of gas is Russia. The EU has given the four countries exemption from the
complete unbundling of the gas industry due to the lack of competition.
The national gas specification must be the same as that agreed with Gazprom.
Transmission Specification
Eesti Gaas AS owns and operates Estonian natural gas transmission system. Eesti Gaas is owned by
Gazprom (37%), E.ON Ruhrgas (32%), Fortum OY (18%) and Itera Latvija (9%) – the remaining 2% is
owned by other shareholders. A map of the Estonian transmission system is shown in Figure 3.8.
Natural gas is imported into Estonia from Russia and from the Inčukalns underground gas storage in Latvia.
Eesti Gaas AS has two gas metering stations on the border of Estonia to determine the volume of imported
gas.
Figure 3.8 Map of the Estonian transmission system. Source Eesti Gaas
Eesti Gaas describe the properties of natural gas in a document entitled Maagaas Toote kirjeldus (Natural
Gas Product Description). Although this document is not strictly a gas specification, it gives an indication of
the type of gas delivered in Estonia – a summary of the gas properties is shown in Table 3.9.
The Balticconnector is a proposed pipeline connecting Estonia to Finland in the north; this will connect
Finland to the gas storage facilities in Latvia in the south. The gas transmission system in Estonia and
neighbouring Baltic countries is shown in more detail in Figure 3.9 in section 3.9. The reference conditions
for combustion are 20 °C. The reference pressure is 101.325 kPa.
Page 18
Methane % 96 - 99
Ethane % 0.5 – 1.5
Higher hydrocarbons % < 0.5
Inert gases % < 1.5
Gross calorific value MJ/m3 36.8 – 37.7
kWh/m3 10.2 – 10.5
Net calorific value MJ/m3 33.1 - 34
kWh/m3 9.2 – 9.5
Gross Wobbe Index MJ/m3 49.2 – 49.9
Net Wobbe Index MJ/m3 44.3 - 45
Sulphur content mg/m3 <1
Dew point (hydrocarbon?) °C < -5 in winter at a pressure of 40 bar
°C 0 in summer at pressure of 40 bar
Table 3.9 Summary of typical natural gas delivered to Estonia. The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C and the
reference temperature and pressure for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.
Page 19
3.9 Finland
The gas quality for Finland is that delivered by Gazprom. The reference combustion temperature is 20 °C
and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.
Domestic gas appliances in Finland are equipped to burn gas from the 2H group. Indicative values for the
gas composition for Finland are shown in Table 3.10.
Component Unit Value
Methane % >98
Ethane and higher hydrocarbons % <1
Nitrogen % <1
Gross calorific value MJ/m3 39.9
Net calorific value MJ/m3 36.0
Wobbe Index MJ/m3 53.0
Table 3.10 Indicative properties of natural gas in Finland. Source Maakaasuyhdistys Naturgasforeningen. The reference
temperature for combustion is 20 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
The gas specification for the Finnish distribution company Gaasienergia AS for delivery to domestic
consumers is shown in Table 3.11.
Property Range Unit
Gross calorific value 36.70 – 38.00 MJ/m3
Net calorific value 32.70 – 34.00 MJ/m3
Methane content 96.91 – 98.33 %
Table 3.11 Example of gas specification for delivery to domestic consumers. The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C
and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
Transmission System
The transmission system in Finland and neighbouring Baltic states is shown in Figure 3.9. Finland, Latvia,
Lithuania and Estonia are remote from the rest of the European gas transmission system and the four
countries are supplied solely by gas from Russia; the EU has given the four countries exemption from the
complete unbundling of the gas market due to the lack of competition.
Page 20
Figure 3.9 Transmission system in Finland and neighbouring Baltic States. Sources Gasum.
The Balticconnector will connect gas markets around the northern Baltic Sea. It will link the Finnish,
Estonian and Latvian natural gas grids. The Balticconnector will enable two-way flow between Finland and
Estonia and provide greater gas supply capacity and flexibility for the whole region. The underground gas
storage potential in Latvia at Inčukalns will be used more effectively.
The consortium for development of the pipeline is led by the Finnish natural gas company Gasum and
includes Eesti Gaas of Estonia, Latvijas Gāze of Latvia and Gazprom of Russia. The project comprises
construction of an offshore gas pipeline between Finland and Estonia, compressor stations on both landfalls
and connecting onshore pipelines to the existing gas grids. The 80-120 km long DN 500 pipeline will be laid
on the seabed of the Gulf of Finland starting from Vuosaari (district of Helsinki) or Inkoo in Finland to
Paldiski in Estonia. In Estonia the pipeline will be connected to the existing DN 700 transmission pipeline
from Latvia. The import capacity of the new gas pipeline will be 2 billion cubic metres (bcm) per annum.
The pipeline's cost would be €100 million. The pipeline is expected to be ready by 2010.
Page 21
3.10 France
French National Gas Quality Specification
France operates two transmission systems. In Northern France, the L-gas system imports gas from the
Netherlands. The rest of France is covered by the H-gas transmission system. The gas quality
specification for both L- and H-gas is shown in Table 3.12. The reference temperature for combustion is
0 °C. The reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.
Characteristic Specification
Higher Calorific Value (combustion H type gas(1) : 10.70 to 12.80 kWh/m3(n) (combustion 25 °C: 10.67 to 12.77)
conditions 0 °C and 101.325 kPa)
L type gas(1) : 9.50 to 10.50 kWh/m3(n) (combustion 25 °C: 9.48 to 10.47)
Wobbe Index (combustion H type gas(1) : 13.64 (1bis) to 15.70 (1bis) kWh/m3(n) (combustion 25 °C: 13.6 to 15.66)
conditions 0 °C and 101.325 kPa)
L type gas(1) : 12.01 to 13.06 kWh/m3(n) (combustion 25 °C: 11.98 to 13.03)
Relative density Between 0.555 and 0.700(2)
Water dew point Below -5 °C at Maximum Service Pressure on the system below the connection(3)
Hydrocarbon dew point(4) Below -2 °C from 1 to 7000 kPa(a)(2)
Total sulphur content Less than 30 mg(S)/m3(n)(2)
Total mercaptan sulphur content Less than 6 mg(S)/m3(n)(2)
H2S + COS sulphur content Less than 5 mg(S)/m3(n)(2)
CO2 content Less than 2.5% (molar)(2)
Tetrahydrothiophene content Less than 40 mg/m³(n)
(THT– odorizing product)
O2 content Less than 100 ppm (molar)(2)
Impurities Gas that can be transported, stored and distributed without further processing on
injection into the system
Notes
(1) H gas: Gas with a high calorific value. B gas: Gas with a low calorific value.
(1 bis) H gas: pending contractual changes, gas with a Wobbe Index (combustion conditions 0 °C and 101.325 kPa) between 13.64 (value recommended by
the European EASEE-gas association) and 13.50 kWh/m3(n) is likely to be accepted. As regards the upper limit for the Wobbe Index, checks are being carried
out to establish when the value of 15.85 kWh/m3(n) (instead of 15.70) discussed within EASEE-gas will be acceptable in France.
(2) These values are the ones recommended within the European EASEE-gas Association. Pending contractual changes, gases with the following
characteristics are likely to be accepted:
• hydrocarbon dew point below 0° C between 1 and 8100 kPa(a) at Obergailbach,
• total sulphur content: instant reading below 150 mg(S)/m3(n) and, for Dunkerque, Taisnières H “Ekofisk” and Taisnières H “Troll”, less than 120 mg
as an annual average,
• mercaptan sulphur content below 16.1 mg(S)/m3 (n) at Obergailbach,
• H2S content below 5 mgH2S/m3(n) at Obergailbach and Taisnières H “Troll”, and 5.4 mgH2S/m3(n) at Taisnières B and Taisnières H “Ekofisk” ,
whatever the H2S+COS content at these points,
• instant H2S content below 15 mgH2S/m3 (n) and only allowed to exceed 12 mgH2S/m3 (n) for a maximum of 8 consecutive hours, average content
over 8 days below 7 mgH2S/m3 (n) on leaving underground storage facilities and at Cruzy and Castillon.
• CO2 content below 3% at Taisnières B, Taisnières H “Ekofisk” and Obergailbach,
• O2 content below 1000 ppm at Dunkerque and Taisnières H “Troll”, below 5000 ppm at Taisnières H “Ekofisk” and Obergailbach.
(3) The conversion of the water dew point to water content and vice versa is done in accordance with ISO 18453 ”Natural gas – Correlation between water
content and water dew point.” (Gergwater correlation).
(4) This specification is applicable to natural gas, which covers only hydrocarbons and not oils.
Table 3.12 Natural gas transmission specification in France. The reference temperature for combustion is 0 °C. The reference
conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.
Page 22
French Transmission System
The French transmission system comprises over 31,000 km of pipelines and about 30 compressor stations;
it is operated by GRTgaz and TIGF. Both GRTgaz and TIGF were both formed as part of the process of
liberalising the gas and electricity markets. GRTgaz is the operator of the natural gas transmission system
previously owned by Gaz de France. TIGF is a 100% owned subsidiary of Total that only operates in the
Southern part of France, near the Spanish border. A map of the transmission systems is shown in
Figure 3.10.
There are two types of entry points into France:
• LNG terminals, of which there are two at Fos-sur-Mer and one at Montoir-de-Bretagne.
• ·Border entry points which link the transmission system to other European transmission operators,
for example, at Loon-Plage, Taisnières and Obergailbach. At these points, the gas is compressed
(using electric drive compressors), odorised and injected into the GRTgaz system.
Both GRTgaz and TIGF natural gas quality specifications comply with the French statutory requirements.
GRTgaz transports both H and L gas whereas TIGF only transports H gas. The specification for H gas
Wobbe Index lies within, but does not fully cover, the EASEE-gas range.
GRTgaz states that gas with a Wobbe Index between the lower EASEE-gas limit of 13.50 kWh/m3(n) and
the French lower limit of 13.64 kWh/m3(n) is likely to be accepted. Gas with a Wobbe Index above the
French limit will not be accepted until an assessment of the impact has been completed. Further
differences between the EASEE-gas limits and the French specification are given in the notes beneath
Table 3.12. It is interesting to note that GRTgaz can accept gas that does not meet the French
specification:
• As a temporary measure, non-compliant gas may be accepted if it is possible to guarantee that gas
leaving the system is within specification
• By special agreement between adjacent operators.
Any acceptance of such gases by GRTgaz must be subject to a prior agreement.
TIGF does not give any undertaking to accept gases outside the French specification.
Page 23
Figure 3.10 Gas transmission maps of France. The transmission network in Southern France is operated by TIGF and the
remainder of the system is operated by GRTgaz. The L-gas system is in the North of the country. Sources TIGF and GRTgaz.
Page 24
3.11 Germany
German National Gas Quality Specification
The German gas specification is contained in DVGW standard G 260 May 2008 – the specification for both
L and H natural gas supply is shown in Table 3.13. The standard conditions are 101.325 kPa and 0 °C for
volume measurement and 0 °C for combustion. Within G 260, details of the EASEE-gas specification is also
made for informative purposes (see Table 2.1).
Combustion limit data

Name Symbol Unit Group L Group H
Wobbe Index WS,n kWh/m3 10.5 to 13.0 12.8 to 15.7
MJ/m3 37.8 to 46.8 46.1 to 56.5
Nominal Wobbe Index kWh/m3 12.4 15.0
value
MJ/m3 44.6 54.0
Variation range for local kWh/m3 +0.6 +0.7
distribution area (1)
kWh/m3 -1.4 -1.4
Gross calorific value HS,n kWh/m3 8.4 to 13.1
MJ/m3 30.2 to 47.2
Relative density dn 0.55 to 0.75
Supply pressure pan
Range mbar 18 to 24
Nominal value mbar 20
Minor gas constituents

Units Maximum value
Hydrocarbon dew point °C Soil temperature at line pressure
Water dew point °C Soil temperature at line pressure
For dust, liquid Technically free
Oxygen volume % 3 in dry grids
0.5 in wet grids
Total sulphur mg/m3 30 (2,3)
Mercaptan sulphur mg/m3 6
mg/m3 16 (short term only)
Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 5
mg/m3 10 (short term only)
Notes
(1) Extended ranges are possible by contractual agreement
(2) Short duration total sulphur of 150 mg/m3 removed since October 2008 unless specified in contracts
(3) Natural gas for transmission is without odorant
Table 3.13 DVGW G 260 Requirements for natural gas in Germany (May 2008 edition). Standard pressure is 101.325 kPa and
standard temperature is 0 °C.
Page 25
German Transmission System
The transmission system in Germany is complex; there are nine international borders and numerous natural
gas import and export delivery points. The German transmission system forms a very important part of the
trans-European pipeline system and gas is both imported and exported; the EON and WINGAS
transmission systems are shown in Figure 3.11.
Imported gas originates from:
• Russia, transported via Poland, the Czech Republic and Austria
• The Netherlands (L gas)
• The British, Dutch and Norwegian sectors of the North Sea via Europipe I, Europipe II and Norpipe.
Europipe I and Europipe II run to a receiving terminal at Dornum in Germany. Europipe I runs
directly from the Draupner East North Sea platform. Europipe II runs from a processing plant at
Kårstø in Norway. The Norpipe runs from the Ekofist field and delivers gas to a receiving terminal
at Emden. Europipe I, Europipe II and Norpipe are all operated by Gassco.
Gas is exported to:
• France
• Austria
• Switzerland
• Czech Republic
• Poland
• Luxembourg
• Belgium
WINGAS operate a number of important pipelines. The JAGAL (Jamal-Gas-Anbindungs-Leitung, Yamal
gas link) and the STEGAL (Sachsen-Thüringen-ErdGAs-Leitung, Saxony-Thuringia natural gas pipeline)
pipelines transport Russian natural gas into central Germany. The MIDAL (Mitte-Deutschland-Anbindungs-
Leitung, Central Germany gas link) crosses Germany from north to south. The WEDAL (West-Deutschland-
Anbindungs-Leitung, Western German gas link) pipeline supplies Germany with British North Sea gas and,
through MIDAL, with Russian natural gas.
The German transmission system is operated by a number of different companies, most of which specify a
gas quality in accordance with DVGW G 260. The transmission companies operating at the border points
are given in Table 3.14.
There are currently no LNG import terminal facilities, although three are planned. The L gas transmission
system is shown in Figure 3.12.
On the downstream side, Germany operates market areas in which different network operators collaborate.
Transport customers can make flexible use of reserved capacity at entry and exit points. A market area
begins at the entry points (import points, domestic sources, hubs, storage facilities or grid interconnection
points between market areas) to a sub-network of wide area gas network operators and extends to the exit
points serving end consumers within the market area that network hydraulics make it possible to reach.
StatoilHydro, Gasunie and DONG operate long distance networks and are thus “market area spanning
network operators”. Currently, all the network operators operating in Germany are assigned to one or more
of the country’s market areas. Under section 20 paragraph 1 b of the Germany Energy Act (EnWG), which
came into force on June 1, 2005, they are obliged to cooperate with one another as far as is technically and
economically reasonable.
Page 26
Figure 3.11 Maps of the EON and WinGas transmission systems in Germany
Page 27
Border Transmission companies Import, export or both
France EON and GRT Gaz Deutschland Export
Austria EON, GRT Gaz Deutschland, Bayern ETS Import and Export
WINGAS Import
Switzerland EON and Eni Gas Transport Deutschland Export
Czech Republic On-Trans, WinGas Transport, EON and All import and export
GRTgaz
Poland On-Trans Export
WinGas Transport Import
Denmark EON, GasUnie and DONG Import
Norway EON via Europipe I, Europipe II and Norpipe Import
GasUnie and RWE via Europipe I and Norpipe Import
Netherlands EON, WinGas, GasUnie, EWE, Eni Gas Import
Transport Deutschland
Luxembourg EON Export
Belgium Wingas, EON, RWE and Eni Gas Transport Import and Export
Deutschland
Table 3.14 Transmission companies associated with the transportation of natural gas into and out of Germany
Page 28
Figure 3.12 The German L-gas transmission system supplied from the Netherlands. (Source RWE)
Page 29
3.12 Greece
In December 2005, the Greek Parliament ratified the Gas Law (3428/2005) in full compliance with EU
Directives 2003/55/EU and 2004/67/EU. The transmission system operator is the Hellenic Gas
Transmission Operator, DESFA, which is a 100%-owned subsidiary of DEPA the Public Gas Corporation.
DEPA, in turn, is 65% state owned.
The gas industry in Greece is regulated by the Energy Regulatory Authority, RAE. The national gas quality
specification is shown in Table 3.15.

Wobbe Index MJ/Nm3 46.80 - 58.46
Calorific value MJ/Nm3 36.45 - 48.97
Relative density 0.56 - 0.71
Methane mol% ≥75
Carbon dioxide mol% ≤3
Nitrogen mol% ≤6
Oxygen mol% ≤0.2
Hydrogen sulphide mg/Nm3 ≤5.4 Limit may be increased to 10.8 mg/Nm3 for 2 hours in
exceptional circumstances; however, the daily average limit
for hydrogen sulphide is < 6.5 mg/Nm3
Total sulphur mg/Nm3 ≤80 Limit may be increased to 120 mg/Nm3 for no more than
48 hours in exceptional cases; however, total sulphur may
not exceed an average of 90 mg/Nm3 in a week
Water dew point °C +5 At a pressure of 80 barg
Hydrocarbon dew point °C +3 At a pressure of 80 barg
Temperature °C 0 to 50 In exceptional cases the temperature may be as low as -
10 °C, but for no more than 4 hours. The gas temperature
shall be at least 5 °C above the water dew point at the
operating pressure
Pressure: The maximum and minimum gas pressure at the entry point and the maximum gas pressure at the exit point are
specific to each location. The minimum exit gas pressure is 25 barg.
Impurities: Natural gas must be virtually free of gaseous, liquid or solid substances which could be hazardous or which could
damage the pipeline or measuring equipment.
Odour: Natural gas at points of entry shall be odourless. Odour shall be added at exit points as necessary using ASME
procedures
Reference conditions: 0 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume
Table 3.15 National Gas Quality Specification for Greece. The reference conditions are 0 °C for combustion and 0 °C and
101.325 kPa for volume.
Greek Transmission System
The Greek gas transmission system comprises 512 km of high-pressure pipelines with 564 km of high-
pressure branches. There are three entry points
• Kipoi in the east receives gas from the Greece-Turkey interconnector (contract expires 2022)
• Promachonas in the north is on the Bulgarian border and it is the entry point for Russian gas
(contract expires 2016)
Page 30
• Revythousa is an LNG terminal importing LNG from Algeria (contract expires 2021).
A map of the transmission system is shown in Figure 3.13. Greece has no indigenous supply of gas and
relies 100% on imported gas from three sources. About 85% of long-term demand has been secured until
2009. Greece is at the end of the current Russian transit pipeline and there are very small seasonal
variations compared with other EU countries. In 2007, total gas consumption was 3.82 bcm (19% of total
energy consumption) with 76.7% coming from Russia, 22.5% from LNG and 0.8% from Turkey. About 74%
of imported gas is used for electricity generation.
Figure 3.13 Map of the Hellenic gas transmission system (from DESFA)
Future Gas Supplies

Future gas supplies are to be secured by extending the transit system from Turkey to Italy in the west (the
IGI pipeline) and extending the Greek transmission system further south to Corinth and Peloponesse. An
additional LNG terminal is being considered at Korakia.
Page 31
3.13 Hungary
National Natural Gas Specification
The 2003 Hungarian Gas Act XLII ensures compliance with the legislation of the EU. Hungary has two
types of gas; 2H-gases with high methane content and 2S-gases with low methane content and significant
levels of carbon dioxide – Hungarian standard MSZ 1648:2000 provides more details. The reference
temperature for combustion is 15 °C. Volume is denoted in “gas technical normal m3“ – that is a reference
temperature of 15 °C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa. Approximately 20% of Hungary’s natural gas
requirements are from indigenous supplies – the remainder is imported, chiefly from Russia. The range of
calorific values in Hungary is shown in Figure 3.14; “domestic natural gas” refers to indigenous supplies of
natural gas.
Figure 3.14 Differences in gas quality in Hungary. Source Földgáz Magazine 2008/04, E-ON Földgáz
The specification for natural gas in Hungary is shown in Table 3.16.

Property Gas Type 2H Gas Type 2S
Wobbe number (MJ/m3) 45.66 – 54.76 36.29 – 41.58
Rated Wobbe number (MJ/m3) 50.72 39.11
Gross calorific value (MJ/m3) 31.0 – 45.28
Net calorific value(MJ/m3) 27.94 – 40.81
Total sulphur max (mg/m3) 100
Hydrogen sulphide max (mg/m3) 20
Solid impurities max (mg/m3) 5
Oxygen max. (vol%) 0.2
Water vapour max. (g/m3) 0.17 1.0 *
Hydrocarbon dew point at 4 MPa max. (°C) +4
Hydrocarbon dew point at maximum operating +4 *
pressure max. (°C)
Reference conditions: Combustion reference temperature is 15 °C. Volume reference conditions are 15 °C
and 101.325 kPa.
* In regional gas distribution systems which are independent from the nationwide gas transmission system.
Table 3.16 Gas Quality Specification for Hungary.
Page 32
Transmission
E.ON Földgáz Trade Zrt. is the biggest natural gas trader in Hungary; E.ON Földgáz supplies all the Hungarian gas
distribution companies, thus, indirectly, every household customer. A map of the transmission system is shown in
Figure 3.15.
Figure 3.15 Map of the Hungarian gas transmission system. Source FGSZ.
Page 33
3.14 Ireland
The Irish energy market is regulated by the Commission for Energy Regulation, CER. Reference conditions
are the same as those of the United Kingdom; the combustion reference temperature is 15 °C and the
reference conditions for volume are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa.
Ireland imports 90% of its natural gas requirement from the United Kingdom via the Irish interconnector –
the gas quality of the imported gas is compliant the UK Gas Safety (Management) Regulations (GS(M)R) –
see section 3.28. There are some indigenous supplies of natural gas in Ireland and an LNG import terminal
is proposed at Shannon. There are proposals to bring the Irish specification in line with the GS(M)R of the
United Kingdom. The gas quality regulations in Northern Ireland are the same as those of the UK.
Transmission System
The transmission system in Ireland is owned and operated by Gaslink. Gaslink is the independent system
operator with responsibility for developing, maintaining and operating the natural gas transportation system
in Ireland. Gaslink was established in 2007 in compliance with the unbundling requirements of the EU Gas
Directive 2003/55/EC. The network code for Gaslink is shown in Table 3.17.
Combustion Characteristics
Gross calorific value MJ/m3 36.5 – 47.2 Real, gross, dry
Wobbe Index MJ/m3 45.7 – 54.7 Real, gross, dry
Upper limits on natural gas impurities
Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 ≤5
Total sulphur mg/m3 ≤ 50
Oxygen mol% 0.1
Nitrogen mol% ≤5
Water content mg/m3 ≤50
Hydrocarbon dew point °C -2 At any pressure up to and including 85 barg
Contaminants Mist, dust, liquid - Technically free in accordance with BS 3156 11.0 1998
Reference conditions
Combustion reference temperature is 15 °C. Volume reference conditions are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa.
Table 3.17 Natural gas specification for gas entering the Gaslink transmission network in Ireland
A map of the transmission system in Ireland is shown in Figure 3.16
Page 34
Figure 3.16 Gas transmission system in Ireland. Source Gaslink
Page 35
3.15 Italy
Italian National Gas Quality Specification
The Italian reference conditions are 15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume
measurement.
In 1995, the Italian government created an independent body, the Regulatory Authority for Electricity and
Gas (Autorità per l’energia elettrica e il gas) whose mission is to promote competition and protect
consumers. The EU Gas Directive (Directive 98/30/CE of 22nd June 1998) was implemented by the “Letta
Decree” (Legislative Decree no. 164 of 23rd May 2000) and, starting from 1st January 2003 the gas market
was fully liberalised.
In practice, the Italian gas quality specification is the transmission specification of Snam Rete Gas.
Italian Transmission System
Eni is the dominant company in all aspects of the Italian natural gas sector; the company controls almost all
of Italy’s natural gas production and the Italian Government owns a 30% golden share. Eni subsidiaries are:
• Snam Rete Gas S.p.A. (Snam) which owns and operates the domestic natural gas transportation
system
• Stoccaggi Gas Italia S.p.A. (Stogit) which manages most of the natural gas storage facilities
• Italgas which controls one quarter of the retail gas distribution market.
The Eni national network is connected to the international gas transportation system so that gas can be
imported from Algeria, Russia, the Netherlands and Norway.
The gas pipelines for imports are:
• TENP and Transitgas (924 and 291 km) for imports from Holland and Norway via Germany and
Switzerland – the reception point is at Griespass on the Swiss border
• TAG (1,018 km) for imports from Russia – the reception point is at Tarvisio on the Austrian border
• Transmed for imports from Algeria via Tunisia – the gas terminal is at Mazara del Vallo in Sicily
• Green Stream for imports from the Western Libyan Gas Project – the reception terminal is at Gela
in Sicily
• Via Slovenia with a reception terminal on the Slovenian border at Sempeter
There is one existing LNG terminal at
• Panigaglia on the west coast of northern Italy
All sources of gas are transported within Italy by the Snam Rete Gas transmission system; the specification
for gas entering the network is shown in Table 3.18. A map of the system is shown in Figure 3.17.
Page 36
Components Acceptable Value Measurement Unit Conditions
Methane (*) (*) The acceptable values for these
components are linked to the
Ethane (*) acceptable range of the Wobbe Index
Propane (*)
i-butane (*)
n-butane (*)
i-pentane (*)
n-pentane (*)
Hexanes and above (*)
Nitrogen (*)
Oxygen ≤ 0.6 mol%
Parameters Acceptable Value Measurement Unit Conditions
Hydrogen sulphide ≤ 6.6 mg/sm3
Sulphur by mercaptan compounds ≤ 15.5 mg/sm3
Total sulphur ≤ 150 mg/sm3
Parameters Acceptable Value Measurement Unit Conditions
Gross calorific value 34.95 – 45.28 MJ/sm3
Wobbe Index 47.31 – 52.33 MJ/sm3
Water dew point ≤ -5 °C At a pressure of 7000 kPa
Hydrocarbon dew point ≤0 °C In the pressure range 100 to 7000 kPa
Maximum temperature < 50 °C
Minimum temperature >3 °C
Other Restrictions
During operational conditions, the gas should contain no traces of:
• water and hydrocarbons in the liquid state
• solid particulate in such quantities that would damage the materials used for gas transportation
• other gases which may affect the safety or integrity of the transportation system
Special Cases
Snam Rete Gas will accept gas outside the quality specification if:
• mixing conditions are such that the gas mix is within the quality specification
• mixing conditions will persist for a sufficiently long period

Acceptance of out of specification gas will be suspended if the gas is significantly worse than that defined and/or insufficient
gas is available for mixing
Table 3.18 The gas quality specification for gas entering the Snam Rete Gas transmission system. The reference temperature
for combustion is 15 °C and the reference temperature and pressure for volume are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa.
Page 37
Future Gas Supplies for Italy
There are numerous proposed pipelines and projects to extend natural gas supplies to Italy. For example,
• The GALSI pipeline linking Algeria, Sardinia and Italy
• The Trans Adriatic pipeline (TAP) linking Italy at Brindisi with Albania and Greece
• The IGTI Poseidon interconnector linking Turkey, Greece and Italy
• Cavarzere (Porto Levante Adriatic LNG) on the Adriatic coast of northern Italy to receive LNG from
Qatar
• Three LNG facilities are under construction at Porto Levante, OLT Livorno and Brindisi
• Ten further LNG facilities are planned – see Table 4.4.
Figure 3.17 Italian transmission system. Source Annual Report 2008, Snam Rete Gas.
Page 38
3.16 Latvia
The reference temperature for combustion in Latvia is 20 °C and the reference conditions for volume are
0 °C and 101.325 bar. It was not possible to find a gas specification for Latvia, but the values in Table 3.19
were obtained from an Intelligent Energy for Europe report which was supported by the EU.
Property Unit Range
Wobbe Index MJ/m3 41.2 – 54.5
Net calorific value MJ/m3 31.8
Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 ≤ 20
Mercaptan sulphur mg/m3 ≤ 36
Oxygen % ≤ 1.0
Particles mg/m3 ≤ 1.0
Table 3.19 A typical gas specification for Latvia. Source: BiG>East Biogas Potential in Latvia – A Summary Report. EIE 07/214.
March 2009
Together with Lithuania, Finland and Estonia, the Latvian transmission system is remote from the rest of the
Europe. The EU has given all four countries special exemption from the rules requiring complete
unbundling of the gas industry due to the lack of competition in the market.
Transmission Company
A/s Latvijas Gāze is the Latvian natural gas company, which deals in the imports, transmission, storage and
sales of the natural gas. It holds the monopoly of the natural gas market in Latvia. Latvijas Gāze is owned
by E.ON Ruhrgas International AG (47.15%), AAS Gazprom (25%) and SIA "Itera-Latvija" (25%). A map of
the transmission system is shown in Figure 3.18.
Figure 3.18 Map of Latvian gas transmission system. Source Latvijas Gaze
Page 39
A pivotal part of the Latvian transmission system is the storage capacity in Inčukalns, which is north east of
Riga. The facility performs several strategic functions. During winter, it is impossible to deliver a sufficient
amount of gas to the Baltic region via the gas transmission system because the source of the gas in
northern Russia is over 3500 km away and there are other consumers along the entire route. Therefore in
summer, the gas transmission system is used to fill the Inčukalns underground gas storage facility. During
winter the gas is delivered from storage to consumers in Latvia, Estonia and Russia. For Latvia this is an
invaluable advantage; it is the only country in the world, which is able to provide natural gas supplies not
produced in its territory. The total potential volume of the facility is 6 to 7 billion m³.
Future Gas Supplies
On July 14, 2009, the Latvian natural gas company Latvijas Gāz JSC and the Lithuanian natural gas
company Lietuvos Dujos AB submitted a joint application for a programme of financial support of the
European Commission, registering a project on the increase of capacity of the Latvian-Lithuanian gas
interconnection. The project envisages the improvement of infrastructure in the territory of Latvia and
Lithuania, increasing its capacity and integrity. By implementing the project, the stability and security of gas
supply in the region will be improved. The total costs of the project are €33 million, 50% of which are
requested from the funds of the programme.
Page 40
3.17 Lithuania
The Lithuanian Gas Act was originally drafted by the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania in 2000; it was
amended in 2007 to include EU directives and it is under review again. Lithuania imports all its gas from
Russia, and together with Latvia, Finland and Estonia, the transmission system is remote from the rest of
the Europe. The EU has given Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania special exemption from the rules
requiring complete unbundling of the gas industry due to the lack of competition in the market.
Transmission System
AB Lietuvos Dujos is a company whose activities are natural gas purchase (import), transmission,
distribution, and sales. The company owns the all the natural gas infrastructure in Lithuania. The main
objectives of the company’s business activities are to secure the supply of natural gas to the consumers in
Lithuania, to assure the gas sector development and expansion and to ensure the safe operations of the
gas supply systems.
The Company imports all its natural gas from the Russian company Gazprom OAO according to a long-term
(until 2015) natural gas supply agreement. The price of natural gas depends on the actual calorific value.
Pursuant to the National Energy Strategy, the Company has been accumulating contingency gas reserves
in the Inčukalns (the Republic of Latvia) Underground Gas Storage Facility.
Figure 3.19 Transmission system in Lithuania. Source Lietuvos Dujos AB consolidated annual report 2008.
Page 41
3.18 Luxembourg
National Gas Quality
The specification for Luxembourg is the EASEE-gas specification, see section 2. The reference
temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.
Transmission Company
The gas transmission company in Luxembourg is Creos which has been formed by the merger of Cegedel
and Saar Ferngas SOTEG. A map of the network is shown in Figure 3.20.
Figure 3.20 Map of the existing transmission system of Luxembourg. Source Creos Luxembourg SA
Luxembourg has borders with France, Belgium and Germany. The border entry points are at:
• Two connections with Fluxys in Belgium at Pétange and Bras
• A single border point with Germany at Remich with EON Ruhrgas
• A single border point with France at Audun-le-Tiche
Page 42
3.19 Malta
Malta does not currently have a gas supply.
Page 43
3.20 Netherlands
The reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and
101.325 kPa. The Regulator for the Netherlands is the Office for Energy Regulation, DTe, which is part of
the competition authority NMa. The supply of gas is regulated by the 1998 Gas Act. The specification for
natural gas is specific to each entry point – there is no national gas quality specification.
The gas transportation company is Gas Transport Services BV, GTS which is a wholly owned subsidiary of
N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie. The Netherlands have extensive blending facilities for both domestic and
exported gas. A map of the Netherlands gas transmission system is shown in Figure 3.21.
The Netherlands uses two types of gas, H-gas and G-gas. G-Gas comes largely from the Groningen field;
H Gas from the “small fields”. The Netherlands almost exclusively imports H-Gas and exports L-gas.
Domestic consumption is mainly G+-Gas. This means that each year, large gas flows undergo quality
conversion.
Indicative Wobbe Index values for the different types of gas are:
• H-gas 51.6 MJ/m3

• L-gas 46.5 MJ/m3
• G+-gas 44.4 MJ/m3
• G-gas 43.8 MJ/m3
The distinction between G-Gas and G+-Gas is slightly arbitrary, since gas supplied to households may vary
within a narrow Wobbe Index bandwidth. G-gas quality (Wobbe Index 43.8 MJ/m3) is the lower boundary of
this bandwidth; G+-gas (Wobbe Index 44.4 MJ/m3) is the upper boundary of the bandwidth. Gas supplied to
small Dutch consumers is often near the upper limit of 44.4 MJ/m3.
Gas is imported mainly from Norway and, to a lesser extent, from Russia. Gas is exported mainly to
Germany, Italy and France.
Quality conversion is an essential service to provide end-users with gas of the right calorific value. Dutch
households are supplied with gas within a narrow Wobbe Index bandwidth of 43.8 to 44.4 MJ/m3. Quality
conversion takes place at conversion stations. There are two conversion methods: blending and nitrogen
dilution. In the case of blending, H-Gas and G-Gas are combined to form G+ or L-Gas. In the case of
nitrogen dilution, nitrogen is added to H-Gas. As a result, the H-Gas is, in fact, diluted to form L-Gas. Some
stations can carry out one of the two methods while others can do both. Due to the flexibility of the Wobbe
Index bandwidth for small consumers and by switching between nitrogen dilution and blending, GTS
ensures that all gas qualities are balanced.
It is possible that, in the future, GTS may purchase conversion from other parties. Large gas flows are
converted each year; the entire export flow of L-Gas, for instance, is the result of quality conversion. This
means that the conversion stations are almost always in operation. At the same time, supply and demand of
all qualities of gas must be in balance within the tolerance levels. The demand for quality conversion is
typically highest in the months at the beginning and the end of the winter (March, April, October and
November).
Further information on Dutch natural gas is available from NMa Energiekamar.
The gas quality specification shown in Table 3.20 was drawn up using a number of sources:
Page 44
• Kwaliteitsregulering Gasdistributie Nederland Informatie- & Consultatiedocument, (Netherlands Gas
Distribution Quality Control, Information & Consultation Document) published in April 2003
• Personal communications from the Dutch gas industry
Gross calorific value MJ/Nm3 31.6 – 38.7 Indicative values
Wobbe Index MJ/Nm3 43.46 – 44.41 G and G+ gas delivered to
domestic consumers.
Excludes mixing stations.
Oxygen mol% ≤ 0.5
Inorganic sulphur as mol% ≤5
hydrogen sulphide
Mercaptan sulphur mg/Nm3 ≤ 10 Before odorisation
Total sulphur mg/Nm3 ≤ 45 Before odorisation
The gas must be technically free of liquids and dust
Table 3.20 Indicative gas quality specification for the Netherlands
Figure 3.21 Map of the Netherlands transmission system. Source UBS
Page 45
3.21 Poland
The reference conditions for Poland are 25 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume. The
natural gas system is operated within The Energy Law of 10/04/1997 - consolidated text (Journal of Laws of
2006, No. 89, item 625, as amended).
Poland has two transmission networks – a high methane natural gas network (group E, GZ-50) and a high
nitrogen natural gas (group L) which is sub-divided further into Lw (GZ-41.5) and Ls (GZ-35) groups. The
high-methane gas has a nominal calorific value of 34 MJ/m3. The nitrogen-rich gas has a nominal calorific
value of 26 MJ/m3.
Transmission Gas Specification
The transmission company in Poland is Gaz-System S.A. The transmission gas quality specification is
shown in Table 3.21.

Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 ≤7.0
Oxygen % (mol/mol) ≤0.2
Carbon dioxide % (mol/mol) ≤3.0
Mercury vapour µg/m3 ≤30.0
Mercaptan sulphur content mg/m3 ≤16.0
Total sulphur content mg/m3 ≤40.0
Dew point at 5.5 MPa °C ≤+3.7 01 April to 30 September
Dew point at 5.5 MPa °C ≤-5.0 01 October to 31 March
Hydrocarbon dew point °C 0 No pressure specified
Dust content of particles of mg/m3 ≤1.0
diameter > 5 µm2
Wobbe Index – group E gas MJ/m3 45.0 – 54.0
Wobbe Index – group Lw gas MJ/m3 37.5 – 45.0
Wobbe Index – group Ls gas MJ/m3 32.5 – 37.5
Gross calorific value– group E gas MJ/m3 38.0 – 40.0 Gas with a gross calorific value between 34.0 and
38.0 MJ/m3 may be refused. Gas with a CV less than
34 MJ/m3 will be refused.
Gross calorific value– group Lw gas MJ/m3 30.0 – 33.5 Gas with a CV less than 30 MJ/m3 will be refused
Gross calorific value– group Ls gas MJ/m3 26.0 – 30.0 Gas with a CV less than 26 MJ/m3 will be refused
Table 3.21 Gas specification for the Polish transmission company Gaz-System SA. The reference condition for combustion is
25 °C and for volume 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
A map of the Polish transmission system showing the different pipelines associated with E, Lw and Ls gas is
shown in Figure 3.22.
Page 46
Figure 3.22: Map of the Polish gas transmission system Source: Gaz System S. A.
Page 47
3.22 Portugal
Portuguese National Gas Quality Specification
The national gas quality specification for Portugal is set out in legislative document Despacho no. 19 624-
A/2006 de 25 de Setembro. The reference conditions are aligned with EASEE-gas; thus the reference
temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the reference temperature and pressure for volume measurement
are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.
Portuguese Transmission System
The main transmission operator in Portugal is REN Gasodutos – the specification for gas entering their
network is shown in Table 3.22. This specification is for natural gas as defined in ISO 13686: 1998 Natural
Gas – Quality Designation.
Property Units Minimum Maximum

Wobbe Index MJ/m3(n) 48.17 57.66
Relative density m3/m3 0.555 0.700
H2S content mg/m3(n) - <5
Total sulphur mg/m3(n) - <50
H2O content °C at 8400 kPa(g) - <-5
Table 3.22 Transmission specification for REN Gasodutos. The reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the
reference temperature and pressure for volume measurement are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.
The Portuguese transmission system has two bi-directional connections with the Spanish transmission
system – one in the north at Valença do Minho and the other at Campo Maior in the east. In 2008,
international transit gas entered the REN network at Campo Maior and exited at Valença do Minho. There
is an LNG import terminal at Sines on the Atlantic coast operated by REN-Atlântico. There is also a large
underground storage facility at Carriço operated by REN-Armazenagem. A map of the REN transmission
system is shown in Figure 3.23.
In 2008, 57% (30.1 TWh) of the natural gas imports entered the transmission system from the LNG terminal
at Sines – this figure excludes international transit gas. About 2% of the LNG terminal send out is delivered
by LNG tanker trucks. The typical Wobbe Index and relative density of the LNG was about 55.3 MJ/m3(n)
and 0.61 (at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa) respectively. The remaining 43% of natural gas imports in 2008
entered from Campo Maior from Algeria via the Maghreb pipeline – typical Wobbe Index and relative density
values were 52.9 MJ/m3(n) and 0.64 (at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa) respectively.
Portugal is a member of both MIBGAS, which promotes an integrated gas market in the Iberian Peninsula
(Portugal and Spain), and the SW Europe regional energy market initiative involving Portugal, Spain and
France – see the section on Spain in section 3.26.
Page 48
Figure 3.23 The Portuguese transmission system reproduced from the REN website.
Page 49
3.23 Romania
The Romanian Regulator is Autoritatea Nationala de Reglementare în Domeniul Energiei (ANRE). The
network code is published by ANRE and it is given in Table 3.23. The reference temperature for
combustion is 15 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa. Romania is
planning to change reference conditions to 25 °C for combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for pressure.
The network code regulates the terms and rules of operation of National Transmission System. The
provisions of the network code are in compliance with the provisions of Gas Law no. 351/2004, with all its
modifications and supplements; it is enforced by the Transmission System Operator. Detailed
Measurement Rules are contained in ANRE Order no. Regulation 62/2008 dated 1 July 2008.
Romania has a lot of indigenous gas supplies which range in methane composition from 53 to 99%. Some
supplies are rich in ethane (approximately 12%) and propane (7%) and the gross calorific value is about
60 MJ/m3. Other supplies have 25% nitrogen, 4% CO2 and 1-5% of hydrocarbons ethane to pentane; the
resultant gross calorific value is about 38 MJ/m3 (source: Ioniţă, N Metrologie Vol LIV (new series) 2007, 1
to 4).
According the Regulator, ANRE, Romania imports about 20% of its natural gas requirement from Russia –
the remaining 80% is from indigenous supplies.
Composition
Methane mol% ≥70
Ethane mol% ≤10
Propane mol% ≤3.5
Butanes mol% ≤1.5
Pentanes mol% ≤0.5
Hexanes mol% ≤0.1
Heptanes mol% ≤0.05
Octanes and higher mol% ≤0.05
hydrocarbons
Nitrogen mol% ≤10
Oxygen mol% ≤0.02
Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 ≤6.8
Ethyl mercaptan mg/m3 ≤8
Total sulphur mg/m3 ≤100 Only for short periods of time
Properties
Water dew point °C ≤-15 At delivery or offtake pressure
Hydrocarbon dew point °C ≤0 At delivery or offtake pressure
Gross calorific value MJ/m3 32.80 At 15 °C
Temperature °C ≤50
Solids g/m3 ≤0.05
Table 3.23 Network code for Romania. The reference conditions for combustion are 15 °C and for volume 15 °C and
101.325 kPa. Source: ANRE
Page 50
Transmission System
The transmission company in Romania is Transgaz which will be operating on the international gas
transmission market by 2010. A map of the transmission system is shown in Figure 3.24. The NTS
infrastructure will be modernised and international connections will be developed to diversify into alternative
import sources such as the connection with Bulgaria at Negru Voda and with Ukraine at Siret/Bucecea. An
important development for Romania will be the Nabucco pipeline and a connection with the Margineni gas
storage facility in Moldova.
Figure 3.24: Map of the Romanian gas transmission system Source: Transgaz
Page 51
3.24 Slovakia
National Gas Specification
101.325 kPa.
The Slovak gas industry operates within a number of rules:
• Government Decree setting out the gas market rules
• Act 276/2001 Coll. on regulation of network industries:
• Energy Act No. 656/2004 Coll. of 26th October 2004
Natural gas is the most important energy source in Slovakia. Currently, 97% of gas used in Slovakia has to
be imported from Russia. Gas use in the power sector is negligible - there is only one gas fuelled power
plant (excluding CHP). Two thirds of total consumption is undertaken by the industrial sector, but the main
area of growth is in the residential sector. The number of communities connected to the gas distribution
system has tripled over the last seven years. Slovakia has the second densest gas distribution system in
Europe.
The main transmission pipes from Russia to EU Member States pass through Slovakia, carrying 25% of
Western Europe’s gas supply.
At the beginning of 2008 the transmission part of the gas company SPP – preprava, a.s. became a wholly
owned subsidiary and was renamed EUStream, a.s to comply with EU regulatory policy. The network code
for EUstream is shown in Table 3.24. EUStream, in its capacity as a transit company, transports 25% of
Western Europe’s energy requirements. A map of the Slovakian transmission network is shown in
Figure 3.25.
Figure 3.25: Map of the Slovakian transmission system. Source: SPP annual report 2006.
Page 52
There are four entry/exit points to the transmission system:
• Veľké Kapušany is the border interconnection point between the Slovak Republic and Ukraine
• Baumgarten is the border interconnection point between the Slovak Republic and Austria
• Lanžhot is the border interconnection point between the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic
• Domestic point is the virtual aggregated interconnection to and from domestic storages and
distribution networks
Property Unit Range Comment

Gas components
Methane mol% ≥ 92
Ethane mol% ≤4
Propane mol% ≤2
Butanes mol% ≤2
Pentanes + higher mol% ≤2
hydrocarbons
Nitrogen mol% ≤3
Oxygen mol% none
Sulphur components
Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 ≤2
Mercaptan sulphur mg/m3 ≤ 5.6
Total sulphur mg/m3 ≤ 20
Other parameters
Water dew point °C ≤ -7 At 3.92 MPa
Hydrocarbon dew point °C 0 At the operating pressure
Basic net calorific value MJ/m3 33.49
Reference conditions:
combustion temperature 20 °C, volume temperature 0 °C and pressure 101.325 kPa
Table 3.24 Transmission gas quality specification for EUStream. The reference temperature for combustion is 20 °C and the
reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.
Page 53
3.25 Slovenia
The reference conditions for Slovenia are 15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume.
The Slovenian regulator is Javna agencija RS za energijo (agen-RS). The transmission system operator is
obliged to receive and transmit gas with the characteristics shown in Table 3.25.
Parameter Units Range Comment

Composition
Methane mol% ≥ 89.7
Ethane mol% ≤ 6.3
Propane and mol% ≤ 2.1
higher
hydrocarbons
Oxygen mol% None
Nitrogen mol% ≤ 2.1
Carbon dioxide mol% ≤ 1.575
Sulphur
Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 ≤ 6.3
Mercaptan sulphur mg/m3 ≤ 15.75
Total sulphur mg/m3 ≤ 105.00
Properties
Net calorific value MJ/m3 33.650 – 36.630 At 15 °C
Water dew point °C ≤ -7 At 39 bar
Hydrocarbon dew °C ≤ -5 Between 39 and 69 bar
point
Temperature °C ≤ 42
Gas must be free from impurities, resins or compounds that form resins
Table 3.25 Gas quality specification for Slovenia as defined by the Slovenian Regulator Agen-RS. The reference conditions are
15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume.
Transmission System
In line with the Act Amending the Energy Act, Geoplin plinovodi, d.o.o is the Slovenian transmission system
operator since 1 January 2005, when it was established as a subsidiary company of Geoplin, d.o.o.; the
new company is 100-percent owned by the parent company.
Geoplin, d.o.o. operates and owns 970 km of the gas transmission network in Slovenia, which is part of the
European gas network. A map of system is shown in Figure 3.26. The central part of the Slovenian gas
network includes the main pipeline (M1) from Ceršak to Rogatec, (M2) from Rogatec, via Podlog, to Vodice,
and (M4) from Rodne to Novo mesto, with a nominal pressure of 50 bar, and the main pipeline (M3) from
Šempeter pri Novi Gorici to Vodice, with a nominal pressure of 67 bar. The transmission network ensures a
reliable supply with natural gas to Slovenia. The compressor station in Kidričevo maintains the required
pressure. The connections of the Slovenian pipeline system with the neighbouring countries of Italy,
Austria and Croatia are one of the advantages of Slovenia’s geographical position.
Page 54
Figure 3.26 Map of the Slovenian transmission network. Source Agen-SA
Page 55
3.26 Spain
Spanish National Gas Quality Specification
The Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE) regulates gas quality in Spain using the specification given in
Royal Decree 1434/2002 and the definition of H gas in standard EN 437. These gas quality limits were
established on 13 March 2006 and they are the result of harmonising the specifications at each of the entry
points. The Spanish gas quality specification is shown in Table 3.26. It is stated that transmission system
operators may reject gas that is out of specification.
Characteristic Unit Minimum Maximum

Wobbe Index kWh/m3 13.368 16.016
Superior calorific value kWh/m3 10.23 13.23
Relative density m3/m3 0.555 0.700
Total sulphur mg/m3 - 50
H2S + COS(as S) mg/m3 - 15
RHS (as S) mg/m3 - 17
O2 mol % - 0.01
CO2 mol % - 2.5
Water dew point ºC at 7000 kPa - +2
Hydrocarbon dew point ºC at 7000 kPa - +5
Table 3.26 Quality specifications for Spanish natural gas. The reference temperature for combustion is 25 ºC. The reference
temperature and pressure for volume is 0 ºC and 101.325 kPa
Spain imports nearly all its gas. It imports from Norway via a pipeline from France and from Algeria via a
pipeline under the Mediterranean. There are plans for further pipelines to France and Algeria. Spain also
imports a significant proportion of its gas as LNG from countries such as Qatar, Oman and Nigeria with
three terminals in operation and two further terminals under construction.
Spanish Transmission System
The main gas transmission operator in Spain is Enagas, which was set up in 1972 with the objective of
developing the gas pipeline network in the Iberian Peninsula. At the moment Enagas is the only system
operator and the main gas transmission company in Spain. The company owns more than 7,600 km of
high-pressure gas pipelines and three of the existing regasification plants (Barcelona, Cartagena and
Huelva), with a delivery capacity of 4,050,000 m3/h and a capacity of storage of 1,287,000 m3-liquefied
natural gas (LNG). A map of the Spanish transmission system is shown in Figure 3.27.
There are also other minor gas transmission companies engaged in LNG plant activities, or who undertake
transport activities in very specific areas of the country. According to Order ITC/3993/2006, the
transmission companies allowed to operate in Spain are the following: Enagás, Naturgas Energía
Transporte, Endesa Gas Transportista, Transportista Regional del Gas, Septentrional del Gas,
Infraestructuras Gasistas de Navarra, Planta de regasificación de Sagunto and Gas Natural Transporte.
According to CNE, in 2007, 129 TWh of gas was imported by pipeline and 281 TWh was imported as LNG,
which is a split of 32% to 68%. Enagas reported that, in 2008, the flow-weighted average calorific value in
Spain was 11.858 kWh/m3.
The gas quality specification for Enagas is identical to the Spanish national specification.
Page 56
Figure 3.27 Map of the Spanish Gas Infrastructure
Development of the Iberian gas market – MIBGAS

In January 2008, CNE and ERSE (the Portuguese regulatory authority) approved the final version of “The
proposal for the Organization Model and Principles of the Iberian Gas Market (MIBGAS)” which is available
on the websites of both regulators. MIBGAS will be a mechanism for the achievement of the principles of
the European natural gas market including:
• The harmonization of gas marketing licenses in the Iberian area
• Convergence in the structure of access tariffs
• Coordinated planning of networks.
Regional integration in SW Europe
The South Western regional energy market aims to integrate Portugal, France and Spain into one gas
market with the ultimate aim of an internal energy market for Europe. The priorities of the regional energy
market are interconnection capacity, interoperability and transparency. The process is coordinated by CNE.
French, Spanish and Portuguese transmission operators have published a common plan on the
interconnection capacities needed until 2015, describing the new infrastructures to be built, planned dates
and investments required. There is already sufficient capacity in Portugal-Spain interconnections and no
need for new investment. Therefore, the working groups have decided to focus on the Spain-France
interconnections, promoting a common Open Subscription Procedure (OSP) to allocate the existing and
future capacities and an Open Season (OS) to evaluate market needs for new interconnection capacities.
Page 57
Transmission companies from the three countries are investigating interoperability problems, some of which
have already been identified. For example:
• The Spanish Network Code will be modified to adapt to the CBP of EASEE-gas.
• Some interoperability agreements have been reached with regard to the Larrau and Irún
interconnections.
• Portugal has already accomplished the harmonization of units (measurement temperature 25 °C)
and is also progressing towards the implementation of other CBPs.
Page 58
3.27 Sweden
101.325 kPa. The natural gas industry is governed by the Swedish Natural Gas Act and three Ordinances
entered into force on the 1 August 2000. The Regulator in Sweden is the Swedish Energy Agency.
Transmission Gas Quality Specification
The transmission company in Sweden is Swedegas. The gas quality specification for entry to the
Swedegas transmission system is shown in Table 3.27.
Property Tolerance
Gross Wobbe Index 12.8-15.7 kWh/Nm3; 46.1-56.5 MJ/Nm3
Upper calorific value 9.5-13.1 kWh/Nm3; 34.2-47.2 MJ/Nm3
Relative density 0.55-0.70
Temperature 0-50 °C
Maximum values
Hydrocarbon dew point -3 ºC at pressure up to 80 bar
Water Dew Point -3 ºC at pressure up to 80 bar
Hydrate formation -3 ºC at pressure up to 80 bar
Dust Natural gas shall be technically free of vapour, solid or liquid substances in
quantities that could pose a risk of clogging, corrosion, or otherwise harm the
public gas appliances. Exceptions for the liquid which are present in very small
droplets, which are impossible to remove from natural gas.
Total sulphur excluding odorant 10 mg(S)/Nm3
sulphur
Odorant sulphur annual average 6 mg (S)/Nm3
short-term 16 mg (S)/Nm3
Hydrogen sulphide 5 mg(S)/Nm3
Table 3.27 Gas Quality Specification for Swede Gas. The reference temperature for combustion is 25 °C and the reference
conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.
A map of the Swedish transmission system is shown in Figure 3.28. The sole import point is the
Interconnector with Denmark.
Page 59
Figure 3.28 Map of the Swedegas transmission system. Source Swedegas
Page 60
3.28 United Kingdom
The Gas Safety (Management) Regulations {GS(M)R} are statutory regulations that are designed to protect
the health and safety of the domestic customer and others at risk of exposure. They recognise that the
domestic customer burns gas on appliances that have fixed aeration and therefore the range of quality of
natural gas that can safely be burnt is limited. The GS(M)R specify limits on Wobbe Index and other
interchangeability parameters as well as the total amount of sulphur components that can be present. As
the regulations are in place specifically to protect end users, there are no limits on calorific value.
A summary of the GS(M)R regulations under normal and emergency conditions is shown in Table 3.28.
The Incomplete Combustion Factor (ICF) is a measure of the amount of carbon monoxide produced by gas
appliances. The Sooting Index (SI) is a measure of the amount of soot produced. Under emergency
conditions, when the security of the gas supply is threatened, the Wobbe Index and ICF limits are widened
and gas may be supplied with these characteristics for short periods of time.
101.325 kPa. The regulatory authority is the Office for Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem).
Property Range or Limit

Hydrogen sulphide [ 5 mg/m3
Total sulphur [ 50 mg/m3
Hydrogen [ 0.1 mol%
Oxygen [ 0.2 mol%
Impurities and water and The gas shall not contain solids or liquids that may interfere with the integrity or operation
hydrocarbon dew points of the network or appliances
Wobbe Index Between 47.20 and 51.41 MJ/m3 - normal limits. Between 46.50 and 52.85 MJ/m3 -
emergency limits
ICF < 0.48 - normal conditions
<1.49 - emergency conditions
SI < 0.60
Odour Gas below 7 bar(g) will have a stenching agent added to give a distinctive odour
Table 3.28 A summary of the GS(M)R under normal and emergency conditions. The reference temperature for combustion is
15 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa
The United Kingdom transmission company is National Grid plc. The network code for entry to the National
Grid transmission system is based on the GS(M)R with additional constraints - see Table 3.29. A map of
the UK transmission system in relation to the North Sea and neighbouring countries is shown in Figure 3.29.
Page 61
Property Unit Range Comment
Hydrogen sulphide mg/m3 [5
Total sulphur mg/m3 [ 50
Hydrogen mol% [ 0.1
Oxygen mol% [ 0.001
Hydrocarbon dew point °C [ -2 At any pressure up to 85 barg
Water dew point °C [ -10 At 85 barg
Wobbe Index MJ/m3 47.20 – 51.41 Real, gross, dry
Incomplete combustion factor (ICF) [ 0.48 As defined in GS(M)R
Soot index (SI) [ 0.6
Gross calorific value MJ/m3 36.9 – 42.3 In compliance with the Wobbe
Index, ICF and SI limits. A
target for calorific value may be
set subject to location and
volumes
Carbon dioxide mol% [ 2.5
Contaminants No solid, liquid or gaseous material that may interfere with the integrity
or operation of pipes or any gas appliance that a consumer could
reasonably be expected to operate
Organo halides mg/m3 [ 1.5
Radioactivity Becquerels/g [5
Odour No odour that might interfere with the requirement for the gas to
possess a distinctive and characteristic odour
Pressure Delivery pressure shall take into account the back-pressure of the NTS
which will vary from time to time. The entry pressure shall not exceed
the maximum operating pressure at the delivery point
Delivery temperature °C 1 - 38
Table 3.29 National Grid network code. The reference temperature for combustion is 15 °C and the reference conditions for
volume are 15 °C and 101.325 kPa.
Page 62
Figure 3.29 The United Kingdom natural gas transmission system, North Sea supplies and interconnectors with Europe. Source
UBS
Page 63
3.29 Summary of EU Transmission Specifications
Country Reference Conditions Wobbe Index Range RD Wobbe Index Range RD Comment EASEE-Gas
Compliance
Combustion Volume At country reference conditions 15 °C for combustion
15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume
t/°C t/°C p/kPa MJ/m3 MJ/sm3
Austria 25 0 101.325 47.88–56.52 0.55 – 0.65 45.42-53.62 0.55 – 0.65 2
Belgium 25 0 101.325 49.132–56.815 (H-gas) Not specified 46.61 – 53.90 (H-gas) Not specified 38.9-46.055 (H-gas CV) 2
43.9–46.892 (L-gas) 41.54 – 44.37 (L-gas) 34.3-38.686 (L-gas CV)
Bulgaria 20 0 101.325 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Composition specification 2
Cyprus No existing natural gas
network
Czech Republic 15 15 101.325 45.7 – 52.2 0.56 – 0.70 45.7 – 52.2 0.56 – 0.70 2
Denmark 25 0 101.325 50.8 – 55.8 0.6 – 0.69 48.19 – 52.93 0.6 – 0.69 2
Estonia 20 0 101.325 49.2 – 49.9 0.55 – 0.58 46.65 – 47.31 0.55 – 0.58 Typical range only 2
Finland 20 0 101.325 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 2
France 0 0 101.325 49.104–56.52 (H-gas) 0.555 – 0.700 46.47 – 53.48 (H-gas) 0.555 – 0.700 2
42.236–47.016 (L-gas) 39.97 – 44.49 (L-gas)
Germany 0 0 101.325 37.8-46.8 (L-gas) 0.55 - 0.75 35.77 – 44.29 0.55 - 0.75 2
46.1-56.5 (H-gas) 43.62 – 53.46
Greece 0 0 101.325 46.80 - 58.46 0.56 - 0.71 44.29 – 55.32 0.56 - 0.71 2
Hungary 20 0 101.325 46.1 – 56.5 (2H-gas) 0.55 – 0.71 43.71 – 53.57 (2H-gas) 0.55 – 0.71 2
38.5 - 46.8 (2S-gas) 36.43 – 44.29 (2S-gas)
Ireland 15 15 101.325 45.7 – 54.7 0.55 – 0.70 45.7 – 54.7 0.55 – 0.70 EN 437 2
Page 64
Country Reference Conditions Wobbe Index Range RD Wobbe Index Range RD Comment EASEE-Gas
Compliance
Combustion Volume At country reference conditions 15 °C for combustion
t/°C t/°C p/kPa MJ/m3 MJ/sm3
Italy 15 15 101.325 47.31 – 52.33 0.5548 – 0.8 47.31 – 52.33 0.5548 – 0.8 2
Latvia 20 0 101.325 41.2 – 54.5 Not specified 39.06 – 51.67 Not specified Not a true specification 2
Lithuania 20 0 101.325 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 2
Luxembourg 25 0 101.325 48.96 – 56.92 0.555 – 0.700 46.45 – 53.99 0.555 – 0.700 EASEE-gas 3
Malta - - - - - - - No gas supply
Netherlands 25 0 101.325 43.46 – 44.41 Not specified 41.23 – 42.13 Not specified 2
Poland 25 0 101.325 45.0 – 54.0 Not specified 42.7 – 51.2 Not specified Gross CV: 38.0 – 40.0 2
37.5 – 45.0 35.6 – 42.7 Gross CV: 30.0 – 33.5
32.5 – 37.5 30.8 – 35.6 Gross CV: 26.0 –30.0
Portugal 25 0 101.325 48.17 - 57.66 0.555 - 0.700 45.70 – 54.70 0.555 - 0.700 EN 437 2
Romania 15 15 101.325 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Composition specification 2
Slovakia 20 0 101.325 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Composition specification 2
Slovenia 15 15 101.325 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Composition specification. 2
Net CV range of 33.650 –
36.630 MJ/m3
Spain 25 0 101.325 48.12 – 57.66 0.555 - 0.700 45.65 – 54.70 0.555 - 0.700 EN 437 2
Sweden 25 0 101.325 46.1 - 56.5 Not specified 43.73 – 53.60 Not specified 2
United Kingdom 15 15 101.325 47.20 - 51.41 Not specified 47.20 - 51.41 Not specified 2
Table 3.30 Summary of Wobbe Index and RD specifications at national standard conditions and at standard reference conditions. The EASEE-gas range of Wobbe Index at standard reference
conditions is 46.45 to 53.99 MJ/m3 and 0.555 to 0.700 for RD. Conversion from national reference conditions to standard reference conditions is in accordance with ISO 13443:1996.
Page 65
Table 3.30 provides a summary of the assimilated data characterising the key gas interchangeability
parameters (Wobbe Index and Relative Density) at both the reference conditions of the specified country
and standardised to the reference conditions of 15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for
volume in accordance with information provided in Standard EN 437:2003.
58
(15 °C (combustion); 15 °C metering; 101.325 kPa)
56
EN 437 Range
54
Wobbe Index (MJ/m 3)
52
50
48
46
44
EASEE-gas Range
42
40
ly
ria
ce
ry
ia
l
nd
k
nd
en
m
g
lic
m
ga
an
ar
ni
ai
ec
ur
Ita
tv
ga
iu
do
ub
an
st
la
la
ed
r tu
Sp
to
m
bo
La
lg
re
m
Au
Po
Ire
un
ng
ep
Fr
Es
Sw
en
Be
er
Po
G
m
H
Ki
R
xe
ch
d
Lu
te
ze
ni
C
U
Figure 3.30: European country specific acceptable natural gas (2H family) Wobbe Index range (at reference conditions of 15 °C
for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume) [ Note: Poland is E-gas range not H-gas.]
The diagram (Figure 3.30) shows that both the EASEE-gas and EN 437 Wobbe Index ranges do not
completely accommodate the existing member state gas transmission specifications. There are wide
variations in the breadth of the acceptable Wobbe Index range; Estonia has the narrowest range and
Greece the widest (excluding Latvia as the range they state appears to cover both H- and L-gas).
There are four member states that can currently accept gas quality with Wobbe Index greater than the
EASSE-gas upper limit and eleven member states that will accept gas quality with Wobbe Index lower than
the EASSE-gas lower limit.
Page 66
4 Future Supplies
4.1 Natural Gas Pipeline Supplies

Natural gas reserves outside Europe are considerable especially in the Caspian Sea Basin, the Middle East
and Russia. A map of the reserves is shown in Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1 Reserves of natural gas accessible to the European gas market in trillion cubic meters. Source Trans Adriatic Pipeline
In order to ensure the security and diversity of supply of natural gas to Europe there are a number of
pipeline projects currently being planned and under construction; a summary is given in Table 4.1.
Page 67
Project Transit Countries Gas Source Pipeline Length Cost Consortium Gas Volume Comment
Delivery
bcm/year
Date
Nabucco Turkey-Bulgaria- Caspian Sea Basin 3300 km €7.9 billion Nabucco Gas Pipeline 2014 31
Romania-Hungary- and Middle East International GmbH
Austria including Iran comprising MOL,
Transgaz, Bulgargaz,
BOTAŞ and RWE
Interconnector Turkey, Greece and Caspian Sea Basin Turkey to Greece 300 km. DEPA in Greece and 2012 8 initially Bulgarian Energy
Turkey-Greece-Italy Italy On-shore Greece 600 km. Edison for sub-sea Holding to take 1
ITGI Sub-sea Poseidon 215 km Poseidon connection to bcm/year
Italy
South Stream Russia to Bulgaria Russia 900 km €10 billion South Stream AG co- 31 Dec 63 Two storage facilities to
via Black Sea, then owned by Gazprom and 2015 be constructed – 1 bcm
Greece, Italy, Eni in Hungary and 3.2
Serbia, Hungary, bcm in Serbia
Slovenia and
Austria
Trans-Adriatic Greece, Albania Caspian Sea Basin 520 km €1.5 billion Trans Adriatic Pipeline 2012 10 rising to 20 EGL Group has 25
Pipeline TAP and Italy and Middle East AG owned by EGL Group year deal with Iran to
and Statoil Hydro take 5.5 bcm.
Medgaz Algeria to Spain Algeria 210 km €900 million Medgaz consortium of 2009 8 Sub-sea section
using a subsea Sonatrach, CEPSA, completed.
route Iberdrola, Endesa and
GdF Suez
Galsi (Gasdotto Algeria to Italy Algeria 640 km on-shore in Algeria, €2 billion Galsi SpA incorporating 2012 - 10
Algeria Sardegna 310 km sub-sea to Sardinia, Sonatrach, Eni, Enel, 2013
Italia) 200 km on-shore Sardinia Sfirs and Hera Trading
and 220 km to Italy
Nord Stream Russia (Vyborg) to Russia Two legs at 1200 km each €7.4 billion Nord Stream AG with First leg 55 from both Supplies from Yuzhno-
Germany partners Gazprom, BASF, 2011. pipelines Russkoye, Yamal
(Greifswald) via the EON-Ruhrgas and Second Peninsula, Ob-Taz bay
Baltic Sea Gasunie leg 2012 and Shtokmanovskoye.
Page 68
Project Transit Countries Gas Source Pipeline Length Cost Consortium Gas Volume Comment
Delivery
bcm/year
Date
Czech-Belgium Czech Republic, Russia and Middle 760 km €1 billion RWE 2011 5 RWE also planning
Pipeline Germany and East power plant
Belgium construction in UK
Central Asia Gas Russia, Turkmenistan Gazprom 2009- 20 Route around the
Pipeline System Turkmenistan and 2010 Caspian Sea
Kazakhstan
Hungary Gas Pipeline Hungary to Ukraine 100 km €210 million Extension to existing
pipeline
White Stream Georgia and the Azerbaijan 133 km from Georgia to €32 billion Led by London-based 2016 Phase 1: 8 Uses existing South
Black Sea on to Black Sea. Then either a GUEU. Other partners Phase 2:16 Caucasus Pipeline to
Also known as
Ukraine, Romania 1105 km route direct to not disclosed Phase 3:2 the Georgian town of
Georgian-Ukrainian-
and Western Romania across Black Sea Supsa. Two possible
European Union
European markets or 1540 km via Crimea in routes planned
(GUEU) gas
Ukraine to Romania
transportation project
Blue Stream Russia to Turkey Russia 1213 km €2.3 billion Blue Stream Pipeline At full 16 bcm/year Planned Blue Stream II
via Black Sea and B.V., a Netherlands- capacity project to deliver gas to
10 bcm/year
avoiding Ukraine, based joint venture of by 2010 South Eastern Europe
delivered in
Romania and Gazprom and Eni and Israel
2008
Bulgaria
Baltic Pipe Denmark and Two-way flow – 200 km €350 million Financed and owned by 5 bcm/year Still under review. Will
Poland via Baltic either from Norway Poland connect with the
Sea or Russia Scanled pipeline
Scanled Pipeline Norway to Sweden Norwegian North Financed by 10-company 2011 6 bcm/year Project not yet started
and Denmark if Sea consortium including due to financial
Baltic Pipe is built PGNig, EON Ruhrgas, problems
Skagerak
Balticonnector Finland to/from Latvia Inčukalns 80-120 km €100 million Led by Gasum including 2010 2 bcm/year Increase flexibility for
Estonia storage Latvijas Gāze, Gazprom whole region
and Eesti Gaas
Table 4.1 Summary of Future Pipeline Gas Supplies to Europe
Page 69
Nabucco Pipeline
On July 13 2009, the European Union and Turkey signed a natural gas transit agreement for the € 7.9 billion
Nabucco gas pipeline aimed at cutting Europe's natural gas dependence on Russia. The United States-
backed project aims to transport gas from the Caspian and Middle East via Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, and
Hungary to central Europe.
A partnership, Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH, has been formed between six companies – OMV
of Austria heads the consortium with partners MOL from Hungary, Transgaz from Romania, Bulgargaz from
Bulgaria, BOTAŞ from Turkey and RWE from Germany. The pipeline will be 3300 kilometres long with a
maximum discharge of 31 billion cubic metres of gas per year. The pipeline will start at Erzurum in Turkey
and finish at Baumgarten an der March in Austria. A map of the proposed pipeline route is shown in
Figure 4.2. Construction is expected to start in 2011 with the first deliveries of gas in 2014 or 2015.
Figure 4.2 A map of the proposed Nabucco pipeline bringing natural gas to Europe from Central Asia and the Middle East.
Source Wikipedia.
The gas quality specification for the Nabucco pipeline is shown in Table 4.2.
Page 70
Minimum natural gas specification for natural gas for transportation in Nabucco
Chemical composition
Methane C1 mol% ≥ 89,70
Ethane C2 mol% ≤6,00
Propane and heavier C3 mol% ≤2.10
Nitrogen N2 mol% ≤2.10
Carbon dioxide CO2 mol% ≤1.58
Oxygen O2 mol% ≤0.00
Sulphur content
Carbonylsulphide COS mg/Nm³ ≤5.00
Hydrogen sulphide H2S mg/Nm³ ≤5.00
Mercaptan sulphur RSH mg(S)/Nm³ ≤6.00
Total Sulphur S mg(S)/Nm³ ≤10.00 On a continuing basis

≤30.00 Annual average
≤105.00 For 24 hours
Combustion Properties
Gross Calorific Value GCV MJ/Nm³ ≥39.50
MJ/Nm³ ≤43.00
Wobbe Index MJ/Nm³ ≥50.20
MJ/Nm³ ≤55.70
Dew points
Hydrocarbon dew point °C ≤-5 >1.0 and <90 bar
Water dew point °C ≤-8 At 90 bar
Impurities and Temperature
The natural gas shall be practically free of solid, dust, iron oxide, mud and liquid hydrocarbons and shall not be
odorised
Temperature T °C ≤42
Nm3 at 0°C and 1.01325 bar
Table 4.2 Natural gas specification for the Nabucco pipeline. Source Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH. The reference
temperature for combustion is 0 °C and the reference conditions for volume are 0 °C and 101.325 kPa.
Interconnector Turkey-Greece-Italy
The Interconnector Turkey-Greece-Italy, ITGI, is a project to import 8 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural
gas a year from the Caspian Sea Basin via Turkey and Greece to southern Italy – it is planned that the
pipeline will open in 2012. The onshore section in Greece would run from Komotini to the coast in
Thesprotia, where it would feed into the Poseidon Pipeline running under the Mediterranean Sea to Otranto
in south east Italy. The subsea section would be laid by a joint venture of Italy's Edison and state-owned
Greek hydrocarbon company DEPA. The ITGI is an extension of the existing ITG (Interconnector Turkey-
Greece). DEPA and Edison agreed on July 14 2009 to allow Bulgarian Energy Holding to take 1 bcm/year
of the gas to cut its dependence on Russia. A map of the ITGI pipeline is shown in Figure 4.3
Page 71
Figure 4.3 Route of the ITGI pipeline. Source Edison.
Nord Stream
The Nord Stream gas pipeline is a connection from Russia to Western Europe. A map of the proposed route
of the Nord Stream pipeline is shown in Figure 4.4
The Nord Stream project is undertaken by Nord Stream AG, a joint venture set up for the planning,
construction and follow-up operation of the offshore pipeline. Nord Stream AG shareholdings are now split:
Gazprom (51%), Wintershall Holding (20%), E.ON AG (20%) and N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie (9%).
The potential gas markets for gas supply via Nord Stream are Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, France
and Denmark, with the possibility of supply to other countries as well. Nord Stream will provide a gas
pipeline connection from Russia’s Baltic coast near Vyborg to Germany’s Baltic coast near Greifswald. The
pipeline length will be about 1200 km.
The pipeline construction is in two phases. The first pipeline is planned for commissioning in 2011, and will
have a flow capacity of 27.5 bcm per year. The second pipeline is scheduled for completion by 2012 and will
have the same capacity as the first pipeline. The total Nord Stream throughput capacity is expected to be
55 bcm per year.
Figure 4.4 Route of the Nord Stream pipeline. Source: Gazprom
Page 72
The quoted natural gas specification for Nord Stream pipeline gas is shown in Table 4.3. However, it is
understood that the future gas quality may be rather different; potentially richer gas than the tabulated
composition. At the present time no details of this new composition are available. The combustion
properties shown in the table are calculated at the quoted reference conditions.
Natural gas specification for natural gas in Nord Stream

Chemical composition
Methane C1 mol% 98.1848
Ethane C2 mol% 0.6848
Propane C3 mol% 0.2057
Isobutane iC4 mol% 0.0353
n-butane nC4 mol% 0.0333
Isopentane iC5 mol% 0.0046
Carbon dioxide CO2 mol% 0.0339
Nitrogen N2 mol% 0.8176
Combustion Properties (calculated)
Gross Calorific Value GCV MJ/Nm³ 37.83
Wobbe Index WI MJ/Nm³ 50.34
Table 4.3 Natural gas composition for the Nord Stream pipeline gas. Source Nord Stream EIA report (Appendix C). For the
calculated combustion properties, the reference temperature for combustion is 15 °C and the reference conditions for volume are
15 °C and 101.325 kPa.
South Stream
Gazprom and Italian oil firm Eni plan to build a pipeline, seen as a rival to Nabucco, to take Russian gas
under the Black Sea to southeastern Europe, avoiding Ukraine with which Russia has had pricing debates.
A map of the proposed South Stream pipeline is shown in Figure 4.5.
Figure 4.5 Route of the South Stream pipeline. Source Wikipedia
Page 73
Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP)
The 520 km pipeline will transport gas via Greece and Albania across the Adriatic Sea to southern Italy from
2012. TAP is a 50/50 joint venture between Swiss EGL and Norway's Statoil-Hydro and is expected to cost
about €1.5 billion to build. It will initially have a capacity of 10 bcm per year but could be expanded to bring
up to 20 bcm per year of gas from the Caspian Sea and Middle East regions into Europe. A map of the TAP
is shown in Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.6 Map of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline. Source TAP.
Medgaz and Galsi

The 210 km deepwater pipeline, of which construction started in March 2008, will carry up to 8 bcm/year of
Algerian gas to Spain when it opens in early 2010. The project is being built by Algerian state gas company
Sonatrach and a consortium of Spanish and French companies to help diversify European supplies and cut
dependence on Russia. The Galsi gas pipeline could bring up to 10 bcm/year of Algerian gas to Italy
through Sardinia when it opens in 2012. Major shareholders include state-run Algerian gas company
Sonatrach, Italian power generator Edison and utility Enel.
Hungary Gas Pipeline

MOL from Hungary plans to build a 100 km expansion of its gas pipeline towards Ukraine by 2010 at a cost
of €240 million. The pipeline will help meet Hungary's rising domestic gas needs. MOL and Romania's
Transgas also plan to connect their networks via a new 109 km pipeline to be built by 2010 between Szeged
in Hungary and Arad in Romania.
White Stream
The White Stream pipeline will supply gas to Western Europe from Azerbaijan. The route of the pipeline is
not yet finalised – the pipeline will either cross the Black Sea to enter Romania at Constanta or cross the
Black Sea to Crimea in Ukraine and then onwards to Constanta in Romania. The two options are shown in
Figure 4.7.
Page 74
Figure 4.7 Map showing the two proposed White Stream Pipeline Routes. Source GUEU
4.2 Pipeline reverse flow overview

The European natural gas pipeline infrastructure has developed over a number of years and the overall
direction of flow has been reasonably constant. However, with the introduction of new supply/entry points
through either the development of new pipelines or LNG importation there is the possibility that flow
direction in particular European countries may alter. This overall process is called pipeline reverse flow.
Reverse flow can also be used as a method to maintain gas supplies to specific European countries when
there is a major disruption to gas supply for instance during the supply issues between Russia and Ukraine
in January 2009.
GTE commissioned a Reverse Flow Study (Ref: 09GTE+209) and this has highlighted the benefits of
bi-directional capacity within the European transmission network. The study has indicated that increased
reverse flow capacity between a number of European countries would improve the resilience of the system
and suggested that the following links would be beneficial:
• Czech Republic and Austria with additional benefits for Hungary and Slovakia
• Czech Republic and Poland – linking to the Baumgarten Hub
• Hungary and Romania (and Serbia), also improving interconnections with Bulgaria and Greece
• Italy and Austria (increase reverse flow capacity)
• Spain and France (increase reverse flow capacity)
Extending the reverse flow network capability and capacity may introduce additional gas quality concerns
and impact on any gas processing, blending/mixing facilities
Page 75
4.3 Future LNG Supplies
LNG is already widely used in Europe. There are numerous new LNG terminals planned, and expansion of
existing terminals. A map showing the position of current and potential LNG terminals is shown in
Figure 4.8. A table summarising current and future LNG import terminals in Europe is shown in Table 4.4.
Figure 4.8 Map showing the position of existing and planned LNG terminals in Europe. Source UBS
The typical gas compositions and Wobbe Index at standard metric conditions of LNG imports are shown in
Table 4.5.
Page 76
Existing LNG Facilities Countries LNG Sources of LNG Facilities under Expected date Planned LNG Facilities Expected date of
supplied Treatment LNG construction of completion completion
Austria 0 Land locked 0 0
Belgium 1 Zeebrugge Belgium, Blending in Qatar, Algeria, 0 1 Zeebrugge

Zeebrugge transmission Norway, expansion
hub system Egypt,
Trinidad
Bulgaria 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 1 Vasilikos 2014/5
Czech 0 Land locked 0 0

Republic
Denmark 0 0 1 Sitgnaes Beyond 2014
Estonia 0 0 1 Beyond 2014
Finland 0 0 0
France 2 Fos Tonkin, France, Italy Algeria, Egypt, 1 Fos Cavou 2009 4 Dunkerque 2014
(pipeline Trinidad,
Montoir Antifer/Le Havre 2013
gas swap) Nigeria,
Norway Fos Faster, unknown
Pegaz Beyond 2014
Germany 0 0 3 Wilhelmshaven on hold
Wilhelmshaven 2011
GasPort
beyond 2014
Rostock
Greece 1 Revithoussa Greece Algeria, Egypt, 0 2 Crete Beyond 2014
Trinidad
Kavala Beyond 2014
Page 77
Hungary 0 Land locked 0 0
Ireland 0 0 1 Shannon Beyond 2014
Italy 1 Panigaglia/La Italy Algeria 1 Adriatic/Rovigo/Porto 2009 11 Porto Empedocle 2012

Spezia Levante
2009 Priolo Beyond 2014
OLT Livorno
on hold awaiting Trieste/Zaule 2013
Brindisi renewed
Rosignano May no longer be active
consents
Triton/Le Marche Beyond 2014
Taranto Beyond 2014
Gialo Taura Beyond 2014
Trieste/Monfalcone Beyond 2014
San Ferdinanando Beyond 2014
Torp/Sorgenia Beyond 2014
Latvia 0 0 1 Colenco Power Beyond 2014
Lithuania 0 0 1 Lithuanian Beyond 2014
Government
Luxemburg 0 Land locked 0 0
Malta 0 0 1 EneMalta May no longer be active
Netherlands 0 1 GATE 2011/2 3 Liongas 2014
Eemshaven Beyond 2014
TAQA May no longer be active
Poland 0 0 1 Baltic 2011
LNG/Swinoujscie
Portugal 1 Sines Portugal Nigeria, Other 0 1 Madeira Beyond 2014
Spain
Romania 0 0 1 Constanta Beyond 2014
Page 78
Slovakia 0 Land locked 0 0
Slovenia 0 0 1 Koper May no longer be active
Spain 6 Barcelona Spain UAE, Algeria, 1 Gijon 2011/2 3 Huelva Beyond 2014
Egypt,
Huelva Tenerife 2013/4
Equatorial
Cartagena, Guinea, Libya, Gran Canaria 2013/4
Norway,
Bilbao Oman, Qatar,
Ferrol/Reganosa Trinidad, other
Sagunto
Sweden 0 0 2 Oxelosund On hold depending on
ELP negotiations
Beyond 2014
Nynnesheim
UK 2 Isle of Grain, UK N2 ballasting Algeria, Egypt, 3 South Hook LNG, 2009, 6 Canvey Island On hold
Trinidad,
Teesside GasPort Dragon LNG, 2009, Amwlch On hold awaiting planning
Qatar
Grain 3 2010/11 Port Meridian Waiting planning
Stag Energy Waiting planning
Port Talbot May no longer be active
Teesside On hold
Table 4.4 Summary table of current and future LNG facilities
Page 79
Property Units Indonesia Norway Abu Dhabi Algeria Nigeria Oman Trinidad and Egypt Equatorial
Tobago Guinea
(a) Arun (a) Arzew (a) Damietta
(b) Badak (b) Bethioua 1 (b) Idku
(c) Bethioua 2
(d) Skikda
Wobbe Index MJ/m3 (a) 52.69 43.34-50.06 53.19 (a) 52.65 55.92 53.33 51.31 Not reported Not reported
(b) 51.0-53.94 (b) 52.29
(c) 51.43
(d) 51.44
Methane mol% (a) 90.1 ≥ 84.55 84.8 (a) 88.0 91.3 87.9 96.8 (a) 97.7 93.4
(b) ≥ 84 (b) 87.6 (b) 97.2
(c) 94.4
(d) 91.3
Ethane mol% (a) 6.2 ≤ 8.9 13.2 (a) 9.0 4.6 7.3 2.7 (a) 1.8 6.5
(b) ≤ 8 (b) 8.4 (b) 2.3
(c) 7.2
(d) 7.1
Propane mol% (a) 2.3 ≤ 3.15 1.6 (a) 2.0 2.6 2.9 0.3 (a) 0.2 0.0
(b) ≤ 3 (b) 2.1 (b) 0.3
(c) 0.5
(d) 0.7
i-Butane mol% (a) 0.41 ≤ 0.55 < 0.1 (a) 0.2 0.6 0.8 <0.1
(b) ≤ 0.52 (b) 0.3
(c) 0
(d) <0.1
Page 80
Property Units Indonesia Norway Abu Dhabi Algeria Nigeria Oman Trinidad and Egypt Equatorial
Tobago Guinea
(a) Arun (a) Arzew (a) Damietta
(b) Badak (b) Bethioua 1 (b) Idku
(c) Bethioua 2
(d) Skikda
n-Butane mol% (a) 0.58 ≤ 0.70 < 0.1 (a) 0.2 0.8 0.7 < 0.2
(b) ≤ 0.89 (b) 0.4
(c) 0
(d) <0.1
i-Pentane mol% 0 (a) <0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1
(b) –(d) 0
n-Pentane mol% 0 (a) <0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1
(b) – (d) 0
C4+ mol% 0.1 (a) 0.5 1.4 1.6 0.7 (a)0.2

(b) 0.7 (b) 0.3
(c) 0
(d) 0.1
C5+ mol% ≤ 0.1 ≤ 0.15
Nitrogen mol% (a) ≤1 ≤ 1.1 0.1 (a) 0.6 1.0 0.4 0.1 (a) 0.1 0.0
(b) 0.4 (b) 1.2 (b) 0.0
(c) 0.9
(d) 1.0
Table 4.5 Typical gas compositions and combustion properties at standard metric conditions of 15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume. The conversion from normal standard
conditions is in accordance with ISO 13443:1996. Source IGU Program Committee D Triennium 2006-2009.
Page 81
5 Storage
5.1 Types of Storage

The principal type of storage is underground gas storage; there are three types:
• reservoirs in depleted oil or gas fields
• aquifers
• salt caverns
Additionally, above-ground storage facilities can be built (i.e. LNG peak shavers). These differ from the
underground storage in that they have significantly smaller capacity although higher deliverability rates.
There are two uses of storage:
• Base load is used to cope with seasonal demand and the facilities are capable of holding enough
gas to meet long-term demand. Base load facilities have a low delivery rate and the stock turn-over
rate is typically annual. These storage sites are normally depleted fields or aquifers.
• Peak load is used to meet short-term demand increase. Peak load facilities are usually smaller
than base load facilities with a higher delivery and injection rate. The rate of stock turn-over is less
than 1 year. These storage sites are normally salt caverns and LNG peak-shaving plant.
A further useful form of storage is line pack.
Storage requirements are rising due to increased EU demand and decreased EU gas production. An
extensive study on natural gas study has been carried out by DG TREN C1 Study on natural gas storage in
the EU Draft Final Report October 2008. Gas Storage Europe (part of GIE) calculates that the EU requires
an additional 60 bcm by 2025 and so far, investment in only 43 bcm of storage is planned by 2015.
Figure 5.1 shows the current storage volumes available in the EU.
Figure 5.1 Current storage volumes in the EU. Source Gas Storage Europe.
Page 82
5.2 Austrian Storage Specification
The specification for storage in Austria must comply with Austrian Standard G31 (see Table 3.1). Storage
facility operators additionally apply other restrictions. Storage specifications for Haidach, Jemgum and
Rehden are given in Table 5.1, Table 5.2 and Table 5.3.

Wobbe Index kWh/m3 13.60 – 15.70
Hydrocarbon dew point °C -2 at 100 – 7000 kPa
Water dew point °C -8 at 7000 kPa
Gas quality must additionally comply with Austrian Standard G31
Table 5.1 WINGAS and Gazprom storage specification for gas quality at Haidach. The reference conditions are 25 °C for
combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume.

Gross calorific value kWh/m3 10.97 – 11.61
Oxygen ppm ≤5
Hydrogen sulphide + COS mg(S)/m3 ≤5
Mercaptans mg(S)/m3 ≤6
Maximum total sulphur mg(S)/m3 ≤20
Table 5.2 WINGAS storage specification for gas quality at Jemgum. The reference conditions are 25 °C for combustion and 0 °C
and 101.325 kPa for volume

Gross calorific value kWh/m3 10.97 – 11.61
Oxygen ppm ≤10
Hydrogen sulphide + COS mg(S)/m3 ≤5
Mercaptans mg(S)/m3 ≤6
Maximum total sulphur mg(S)/m3 ≤22.4
Aromatics ppm ≤223
Table 5.3 WINGAS storage specification for gas quality at Rehden. The reference conditions are 25 °C for combustion and 0 °C
Page 83
5.3 French Storage Specification
The French storage specification ensures the integrity of the storage facility and protects the stored gas
from chemical and physical change. Gas removed from storage must be compliant with existing French
regulations.
Specifications from TIGF are shown in Table 5.4 for gas entering storage and in Table 5.5 for gas leaving
storage.
Gross Calorific Value (combustion conditions 0 °C Gas type H(1): 10.7 to 12.8 kWh/m3(n)
1.01325 bar)
(10.67 to 12.77 kWh/m3(n) combustion at 25 °C)
Wobbe Index (conditions Gas type H(1): 13.64 to 15.7 kWh/m3(n)
combustion 0 °C and 1.01325 bar) (13.6 to 15.66 kWh/m3(n) combustion at 25 °C)
Relative density 0.555 - 0.70
Dewpoint water < -5 °C at the maximum operating pressure of the network
downstream of the connection(2)
Hydrocarbon dew point(3) <-2 °C from 1 to 7000 kPa
Sulphur content < 30 mg/m3(n)
Sulphur mercaptan < 6 mg/m³(n).
Sulphur H2S + COS < 5 mg/m³(n).
CO2 content < 2.5% (molar).
Odorant <40 mg equivalent THT/m³(n)
O2 content <100 ppmv.
Gas impurities The gas can be stored without further processing before entry to
storage.
(1) H-type gas: Gas with a high calorific value.
(2) Water dew point and water content is calculated according to ISO 18453 Natural gas - Correlation between water content
and water dew point. (Gergwater).
(3) This requirement covers only the hydrocarbons of natural gas, and therefore no oil
Table 5.4 Specification from TIGF in France for gas entering storage. The reference conditions are 0 °C for combustion and
Gross Calorific Value (combustion conditions and 0 °C Gas type H(1): 10.7 to 12.8 kWh/m3 (n)
and 1.01325 bar)
(10.67 to 12.77 combustion at 25 °C)
Water dew point <- 5 ° C at the maximum operating pressure of the network(2)
Sulphur and H2S content Instantaneous concentration of H2S must be <15 mg/m3(n)
Average concentration <12 mg/m3(n) over 8 hours
The average concentration of H2S over 8 days <7 mg/m³(n).
Total sulphur content must be <150 mg/m³(n).
(1) H-type gas: Gas with a high calorific value.

(2) Water dew point and water content is calculated according to ISO 18453 Natural gas - Correlation between water
content and water dew point. (Gergwater).
Table 5.5 Specification from TIGF in France for gas leaving storage. The reference conditions are 0 °C for combustion and 0 °C
Page 84
5.4 German Storage Specification
The quality of gas delivered and re-delivered at storage delivery point and storage offtake points must
comply with the current regulations of DVGW specification G 260 for the 2nd gas family (see Table 3.13).
The gas quality specification for storage facilities operated by BEB is shown in Table 5.6.

Oxygen mol% <0.001
Carbon dioxide mol% <2.5
H2S + COS total mg(S)/m3 <5.0
RSH mg(S)/m3 <6.0
Total sulphur mg(S)/m3 <30
Water dew point °C -8 At 70 bara
Hydrocarbon dew point °C -2 At 1 to 70 bara
Wobbe Index kWh/m3 15 Fluctuation of +0.7 kWh/m3 and -1.4 kWh/m3
The natural gas may not contain any odorising agents
Table 5.6 Storage specification for storage facilities in Germany operated by BEB. The reference conditions are 0 °C for
combustion and 0 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume
Page 85
5.5 Italian Storage Specification
Access to gas storage in Italy is regulated according to Article 12 paragraph 2 of Law Decree n.164 of 23
May 2000. Edison operates depleted gas field storage facilities at Collalto and Cellino; it operates a single
virtual point for access known as the Edison Storage Hub. The specification for gas entering the Edison
Storage Hub is shown in Table 5.7.
Parameter Acceptable range Unit

Methane (*)
Ethane (*)
Propane (*)
Iso-butane (*)
Normal-butane (*)
Iso-pentane (*)
Normal-pentane (*)
Hexanes and higher (*)
hydrocarbons
Nitrogen (*)
Hydrogen sulphide ≤6.6 mg(S)/m3
Mercaptans ≤15.5 mg(S)/m3
Total sulphur 150 mg(S)/m3
Calorific value 34.95 – 45.28 MJ/Sm3
Wobbe Index 47.31 – 52.33 MJ/Sm3
Oxygen <0.6 mol%
Water dew point ≤ -5 °C at 7000 kPa
Hydrocarbon dew point ≤0 °C at 100 to 7000 kPa
Temperature ≤50 °C
Gas may not contain traces of:
(a) Water and oil in liquid form
(b) Solid particles in a quantity that will damage the transmission system
(c) Other components that could affect the security or integrity of the transmission system
Reference conditions: 15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume
(*) The limits for these components are governed by the Wobbe Index range
Table 5.7 Specification for the Edison Storage Hub in Italy. The reference conditions are 15 °C for combustion and 15 °C and
101.325 kPa for volume
Page 86
5.6 UK Storage Specification
Centrica Storage Ltd (CSL) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Centrica plc that operates the Rough storage
facility. Rough is a depleted gas field that represents 70% of the UK storage capacity. Gas is delivered to
the storage facility via the Easington gas terminal which has natural gas processing capability. The re-
delivery point is National Grid’s transmission system but Centrica does not guarantee to re-deliver gas that
complies with the National Grid specification. A typical delivery specification is shown in Table 5.8.
Inlet pressure barg 17.2
Wobbe Index MJ/sm3 48.2 – 51.2
Gross calorific value MJ/sm3 36.9 – 42.2
Hydrogen sulphide mg/sm3 0
Oxygen mol% <0.001
Hydrogen mol% <0.1
Carbon dioxide mol% <0.66
Nitrogen mol% <1.66
Total inerts mol% <7
The Easington facilities are not designed to remove carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulphide.
The gas must be free from any objectionable odour and from materials and dust or other
solid, waxes, gums or gum-forming constituents. No other chemicals or substances may
be introduced into the gas which might be carried over into Easington
Table 5.8 Typical gas quality specification for gas delivered to the Easington storage facility. The reference conditions are 15 °C
for combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for volume
Page 87
6 Indigenous Gas Quality
In 2006 UBS conducted a survey of the European gas industry and have concluded that indigenous gas
supplies in Europe will probably remain relatively constant for the next five years if Norway is included as an
indigenous source for the EU. However, a combination of falling production and rising demand will cause
Europe’s import dependency to increase to 63% by 2015. There will be declining output from the UK, Italy
and Germany, and static production from the Netherlands. Overall volumes will remain relatively constant
between 2005 and 2010 at around 300 bcm, with decline in the mature regions of Denmark, Germany, UK
and Italy offset by growth in Norway and steady volumes from the Netherlands. A plot of the predicted
indigenous gas supplies is shown in Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.1 Indigenous gas supplies in the EU. Norway is included for completeness. Source UBS Investment Research –
European Gas 12 July 2006
The remaining indigenous reserves in Europe have also been estimated by BP and these are shown in
Table 6.1. As Norway and the Russian Federation are very important pipeline suppliers to the EU, the
reserves of these two areas have been included.
Indigenous reserves in Years of production remaining at
EU Country
trillion cubic metres current extraction rates
Denmark 0.06 5.5
Germany 0.12 9.2

Italy 0.12 14.2
Netherlands 1.39 20.6
Poland 0.11 27.1
Romania 0.63 54.6
United Kingdom 0.34 4.9
Non-EU Country
Norway 2.91 29.3
Russian Federation 43.30 72.0
Table 6.1 Indigenous reserves in EU production countries. Norway and Russia have been included as key suppliers of pipeline
gas to the EU. Source BP - A Statistical Review of World Energy June 2009
Some typical gas compositions and combustion properties of indigenous supplies are shown in Table 6.2.
Page 88
Country Units Denmark Hungary Italy Netherlands Poland Romania UK
Source North Sea Algyő Orosháza Groningen North Domestic Olt Dolj Prahova Irish Sea North Sea
Sea
Classification H H S H L H L L N/A H L H H H
Methane mol% 88.3 86.2 80.0 99.6 81.3 86.7 71.0 81.2 77.5 98.16 53.8 85.9 87.4 85.2
Ethane mol% 6.25 6.19 1.87 0.06 2.85 6.01 0.78 0.22 12.2 0.86 3.6 4.45 6.69 7.24
Propane mol% 2.75 1.04 0.49 0.03 0.37 1.61 0.10 0.01 6.4 0.26 5.5 1.06 2.19 2.73
i-Butane mol% 0.39 0.12 0.15 0.01 0.07 0.16 0.02 1.1 0.02 1.3 0.25 0.22 0.46
n-Butane mol% 0.59 0.13 0.13 0.07 0.16 0.01 1.5 0.02 2.2 0.25 0.22 0.46
n-Pentane mol% 0.12 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.01 1.4 0.02 3.3 0.32 0.06 0.24
Hexanes and mol% 0.16 0.05 0.15 0.07 0.11 0.01 0.13 0.05 0.04
higher
hydrocarbons
Carbon mol% 1.15 4.4 13.29 0.03 0.89 1.33 0.50 0.62 0.39 4.6 0.43 2.28 2.63
dioxide
Nitrogen mol% 0.33 1.8 3.81 0.24 14.4 3.90 27.6 18.0 0.26 25.7 7.18 0.90 0.97
Physical Properties
Gross CV MJ/m3 41.8 38.2 32.7 37.7 33.3 38.9 27.5 30.8 48.7 38.0 37.1 37.7 40.2 41.1
Wobbe Index MJ/m3 52.0 47.3 38.5 50.6 41.5 48.7 33.3 38.6 56.5 50.4 39.3 47.3 50.2 50.4
Relative 0.645 0.651 0.723 0.557 0.644 0.637 0.679 0.636 0.742 0.568 0.892 0.637 0.643 0.665
density
Table 6.2 Typical gas compositions and combustion properties of European indigenous supplies. The physical properties have been calculated at standard reference conditions of 15 °C for
combustion and 15 °C and 101.325 kPa for metering.
Page 89
7 Impact of Future Gas Quality Changes
Changes in the source or quality of the natural gas used within Europe may impact on the performance of
appliances. With new pipelines and LNG regasification terminal infrastructure there is the potential to have
gas supplies with different characteristics. Table 7.1 provides an initial appraisal of the potential changes to
gas supply and the impact that might result. The new gas supplies will primarily be of H-gas quality and so
there may be instances where there is a decrease in the utilisation of L-gas networks. Appliance conversion
or replacement may be required in these instances. Also LNG supplies are often of richer gas and this may
impact on appliances that have received lower Wobbe Index gas historically.
Country Comment Impact of gas quality change

on appliances
Austria Currently diverse supplies from Norway, Germany and Russia. Reverse May have to accommodate
flow may become important. reverse flow gas supplies from
non-traditional sources (wider
Wobbe Index range than currently
or historically experienced)
Belgium L-gas network to be discontinued, expanding LNG sources but blending Conversion of L-gas appliances.
in transmission system already accommodating diverse range of Also wider range of gas supplies
sources with potential change to typical
Wobbe Index
Bulgaria Declining indigenous supplies. New pipeline to connect with both Appliances may see wider Wobbe
Caspian and Russian sources. Possible LNG via Bulgaria-Romania Index range than currently or
and Bulgaria-Greece interconnectors. historically experienced
Cyprus Possible LNG terminal. Only used for power generation in foreseeable Minimal – limited natural gas
future usage.
Czech Currently mainly Russian gas. Interconnector with Poland planned. May have to accommodate
Republic Reverse flow may be important. reverse flow gas supplies from
non-traditional sources (wider
Wobbe Index range than currently
or historically experienced)
Denmark Additional new supplies from Norway. Nord Stream Russian gas via Appliances may see wider Wobbe
Germany. Index range than currently or
historically experienced
Estonia Possible LNG terminal. All current supplies from Russia. Any LNG may impact on current
consistent Russian gas quality
Finland All current supplies from Russia. Balticonnector could bring in Any LNG may impact on current
alternative LNG supplies from Latvia and Estonia if projects go ahead. consistent Russian gas quality
France L-gas supplies from Netherlands. Greater import reliance on LNG. In the long-term, conversion of L-
Possible increased reverse flow from Spain. gas appliances to H-gas.
New supplies may result in a
wider Wobbe Index range than
currently or historically
experienced.
Germany L-gas supplies from Netherlands. H-gas from Russia and North Sea. In the long-term, conversion of L-
New sources of LNG planned. New supplies via Nord Stream gas gas appliances to H-gas.
pipeline
Also wider range of gas supplies
with potential change to typical
Wobbe Index
Page 90
on appliances
Greece Diverse sources of gas but mainly Russian and used for power Very wide Wobbe Index range in
generation specification but typical supplies
have a much smaller variation.
New supplies will give a possible
experienced.
Hungary Indigenous supplies are gas group 2S and 2H. Remaining 80% of In the long-term, conversion of 2S
supplies from Russia. Nabucco pipeline to pass through Hungary. appliances to 2H.
Reverse flow may be important.
experienced.
Ireland LNG imports planned. 90% imports from UK, which is increasingly New supplies may result in a
dependent on LNG. wider Wobbe Index range than
experienced.
Italy Diverse supplies from the Netherlands, Norway, Germany, Russia, Appliances may see wider Wobbe
Algeria and Libya Index range than currently or
Latvia 100% imports from Russia. LNG import terminal planned. Any LNG may impact on current
Lithuania 100% imports from Russia. LNG import terminal planned. Any LNG may impact on current
Luxembourg 100% imports to EASEE-gas specification Appliances may see wider Wobbe
Index range than currently or
Malta No gas at the present time
Netherlands Extensive blending facilities available. Indigenous Groningen gas In the long-term, conversion of L-
supplies available for further 20 years. gas appliances to 2H. Also wider
range of gas supplies with
potential change to typical Wobbe
Index
Poland Two types of indigenous supplies - high-methane gas and high-nitrogen In the long-term, conversion of L-
gas. Imported gas from Russia and LNG terminal planned on Baltic gas appliances to 2H.
coast. Reverse flow may be important.
experienced.
Portugal Mainly LNG either from Spain/France or direct import from Sines Appliances may see wider Wobbe
Romania Extensive indigenous supplies with varied methane content In the long term, may become
(54-98 mol%). Current 20% dependency on Russian gas. Reverse flow more dependent on H-gas and
may be important. appliance conversion may be an
issue. New supplies may result in
a wider Wobbe Index range than
experienced.
Page 91
on appliances
Slovakia 97% dependence on Russian gas which is expected to continue Any LNG may impact on current
consistent Russian gas quality.
Extended network may result in
wider range of gas qualities and
Wobbe Index than is currently
used.
Slovenia Existing supplies from Russia but with LNG import terminal planned New supplies, especially LNG,
may result in a wider Wobbe
historically experienced.
Spain Existing and planned pipelines from North African sources. Expansion Possible wider range of gas types
of current LNG import facilities. varying the Wobbe Index of gas
distributed to domestic appliances
Sweden Current interconnector with Denmark. Additional new supplies from New supplies may result in a
Norway. Nord Stream Russian gas via Germany. wider Wobbe Index range than
experienced.
United Declining indigenous supplies and greater reliance on imported LNG New supplies may result in a
Kingdom and interconnectors with mainland Europe. Imported gases may have wider Wobbe Index range than
to be treated to comply with GS(M)R. currently or historically
experienced, resulting in
additional gas processing to
comply with UK legislation.
Table 7.1 Summary of impact of gas quality changes on appliances
8 Conclusions
Gas quality variation around Europe is an important factor and is dependent on the source of the gas. This
report has:
• collated details on current gas specifications (often related to the historical indigenous or local
source of gas)
• provided details on the current and future gas supplies to member states, together with a view on
the changes to indigenous supplies of natural gas
• provided an overview of the proposed new pipeline infrastructure bringing different natural gases
into the European region
• provided an overview of current and future LNG importation and regasification together with some
outline data on gas specification
• provided details of the current and near-term gas storage capability.
The proposed EASEE-gas specification does not encompass all the existing gas transmission specifications
but it does cover the bulk of the range.
Page 92

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"Gas quality" CEN/AFNOR/WG 197

Date: Doc. Number:

GASQUAL DELIVERABLE APPROVED BY

D1.3 "Final WP1 report on future gas profile"

Ö The deliverable D1.3 was presented to CEN/BT WG 197 members

Resolution 05/2010 Deliverable D.1.3 Future gas profile (document N148)

Ö With the following observations on the document:

¾ CENBTWG197 formulates the following observations on the document:

Clause Comment Follow-up

Clause Comment Follow-up

Explanation from HU:

3-11 Here, only table 3 of DVGW Code of Practice G To be included

Table Replace this old Table 3.16 Included after checked

Table 3.16 Gas Quality Specification for Hungary. The

Table 3.16 Gas Quality Specification for Hungary.

Page 56 About the Spanish Transmission System, second To be included

ANSWER TO THE CALL FOR TENDER on

Investigations on new acceptable EU limits for gas quality.

Future Gas Profiles

Deliverable Work Deliverable name Type of Lead Limit date

D1.3 WP1 D1.3 Report on Future Gas Report GL Industrial 15.08.2009

Author(s): S.K. Kimpton and M.J. Brown

Vers By Status Date Comments

1.0 GL Draft 15.08.2009 Draft to CEN, sent 14 August 2009

Presented at CEN meeting 29 September 2009

Final Report with:

1) Minor editorial changes as requested Indonesia

2) Hungarian gas specification data altered to

3) Hungarian standard changed to MSZ 1648 in

4) EASEE-gas oxygen specification updated to

5) Added information on Nord Stream pipeline

6) Added short section on reverse flow

7) Updated summary table in Section 7

3.0 GL Final Report 30.03.2010 Comments received - CEN-BTWG197 N183 “Addendum

Report updated with all comments from N183 including:

1) Explanation provided by MOL regarding the

2) Addition to German gas quality section to

3) Minor editorial changes to Spanish Transmission

1.1 Outline description of GASQUAL Project

1.2 Scope of Work

Parameter Description Units Minimum Maximum Recommended

The Gas Infrastructure Europe website is at http://www.gie.eu.com.

Figure 3.2 Map of the Austrian Gas Transmission System

Future Gas Supplies

Transmission Gas Quality Specification

Figure 3.4 Map of the Bulgarian Transmission System

Future Gas Supplies

Property Value Unit

Property Units Range Comment

Figure 3.7 Map of the Danish transmission system. Source Energinet.dk.

Combustion limit data

Minor gas constituents

Property Units Range Comments

Future Gas Supplies

The specification for natural gas in Hungary is shown in Table 3.16.

Table 3.16 Gas Quality Specification for Hungary.

A map of the transmission system in Ireland is shown in Figure 3.16

• water and hydrocarbons in the liquid state

• mixing conditions will persist for a sufficiently long period

• H-gas 51.6 MJ/m3

Table 3.20 Indicative gas quality specification for the Netherlands

Figure 3.21 Map of the Netherlands transmission system. Source UBS

Property Units Range Comments